金辰綜述,楊躍進(jìn)審校
綜述
經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈與經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈路徑進(jìn)行冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療院內(nèi)費(fèi)用和預(yù)后差異的研究進(jìn)展
金辰綜述,楊躍進(jìn)審校
經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療( percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI),是經(jīng)心導(dǎo)管技術(shù)疏通狹窄甚至閉塞的冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔,從而改善心肌的血流灌注的治療方法。與傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈路徑介入治療(transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention, TFI)相比,經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈路徑冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(transradial percutaneous coronary intervention, TRI)具有并發(fā)癥較少,住院時(shí)間較短,且患者滿意度較高的優(yōu)勢。由于目前尚不清楚接受這兩種路徑治療的冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病患者住院期間費(fèi)用及臨床預(yù)后是否存在差異,評價(jià)TRI和TFI的衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)效益和醫(yī)療結(jié)果的研究報(bào)道少見,因此,評價(jià)PCI患者中TFI和TRI的衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及醫(yī)療預(yù)后差異具有重要意義。本文通過對國際PCI的水平與現(xiàn)狀、國內(nèi)PCI的水平與現(xiàn)狀以及中國TFI與TRI兩種介入術(shù)式治療的院內(nèi)費(fèi)用和相關(guān)醫(yī)療風(fēng)險(xiǎn)作一綜述。
綜述;血管成形術(shù),經(jīng)腔,經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈;導(dǎo)管留置;費(fèi)用,醫(yī)療
經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療( percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是一種治療冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的導(dǎo)管技術(shù),包括經(jīng)皮腔內(nèi)冠狀動(dòng)脈成形術(shù)、旋切術(shù)、定向切除術(shù)、抽吸切除術(shù)、激光血管成形術(shù)和冠狀動(dòng)脈支架術(shù)。目前已成為治療冠狀動(dòng)脈相關(guān)疾病的核心手段之一,關(guān)于PCI的相關(guān)研究也已取得長足進(jìn)展。隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展,人民生活水平提高,高血壓、糖尿病、吸煙等心腦血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素上升。伴隨而來冠心病發(fā)病率大幅度增加,需要接受PCI治療的患者人數(shù)在逐年增加,PCI的衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)也成為不可忽視的重要問題。本文從住院期間費(fèi)用及臨床結(jié)果層面探討經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈路徑冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(transradial percutaneous coronary intervention,TRI)與經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈路徑介入治療(transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention,TFI)的差異。
現(xiàn)今,PCI已經(jīng)成為冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。╟oronary artery disease,CAD)最重要的診療手段之一,有效的PCI可以顯著降低冠心病患者的病死率,提高生存質(zhì)量[1-3]?,F(xiàn)代微創(chuàng)化冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療的理念就是以最小的創(chuàng)傷為患者帶來最大的臨床獲益。1989年,Campeau[4]首次報(bào)道了經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈入徑行選擇性冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的有效性與安全性。與傳統(tǒng)的股動(dòng)脈入徑或肱動(dòng)脈入徑相比,橈動(dòng)脈入徑的優(yōu)勢在于減少了局部穿刺部位的并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后患者無體位限制,提高了患者術(shù)后的舒適程度的同時(shí),也提高了成本效益。
橈動(dòng)脈解剖位置表淺易于壓迫止血,周圍無重要的血管和神經(jīng),不易發(fā)生血管、神經(jīng)損害,所以經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑穿刺是PCI的理想途徑[5]。由于橈動(dòng)脈和尺動(dòng)脈通過掌深弓和掌淺弓間相互吻合交通形成豐富的側(cè)支循環(huán),因此即便橈動(dòng)脈閉塞也不容易發(fā)生手部的缺血[6]。大量的文獻(xiàn)也證實(shí),與TFI相比,TRI的圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥,尤其是出血并發(fā)癥較少,住院時(shí)間較短,患者滿意度較高[5-7]。自1993年Kiemeneij和Laarman開展了第一例TRI后,TRI便逐漸成為冠心病介入診治的重要途徑[1]。橈動(dòng)脈處的穿刺點(diǎn)位置表淺,通??捎脧椓δz條包扎,術(shù)后數(shù)小時(shí)即可取下膠條,患者術(shù)后無需臥床。而對于經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈途徑介入的患者,因?yàn)榇┐厅c(diǎn)位于腹股溝深處,同時(shí)股動(dòng)脈處血流較快,故常規(guī)建議患者術(shù)后制動(dòng),以盡可能減少穿刺點(diǎn)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并用沙袋壓迫至少8 h。Hu等[8]的研究顯示對于橈動(dòng)脈和股動(dòng)脈途徑行介入治療的患者,平均的術(shù)后制動(dòng)時(shí)間分別為(5±2)h和(20±4) h。對于老年冠心病患者而言,因?yàn)橛休^高比例的患者處于高凝狀態(tài),極易形成深靜脈血栓,故較早的下地活動(dòng)有助于患者避免該類并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,減少不必要的花費(fèi)。
既往許多文獻(xiàn)包括隨機(jī)對照臨床試驗(yàn)和觀察性數(shù)據(jù)已分析討論了PCI患者行TRI手術(shù)的優(yōu)勢。TRI可減少住院時(shí)間,降低手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,以及降低住院花費(fèi)[7,9-13]。與此同時(shí),有衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究表明,與TFI相比,TRI可以節(jié)省住院費(fèi)用和治療費(fèi)用[8,14,15]。例如在一項(xiàng)單中心、共計(jì)200例患者的隨機(jī)對照臨床試驗(yàn)中[14],TRI組在病床、藥物和總醫(yī)院費(fèi)用比TRI組減少(美元,2 010 vs 2 299)。在一項(xiàng)多中心、總計(jì)8 000余例患者的觀察性研究中[8],TRI患者(17%)平均費(fèi)用減少830美元。其中130美元與手術(shù)有關(guān),705美元與術(shù)后費(fèi)用節(jié)省相關(guān)。
但上述研究局限于西方發(fā)達(dá)國家,西方國家尤其是美國由于術(shù)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)、技術(shù)、習(xí)慣、患者來源、TRI學(xué)習(xí)曲線等因素,TRI未能在美國大規(guī)模展開。在美國PCI以TFI為主,TRI僅用于少數(shù)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)療中心、高度選擇的人群[16,17]。據(jù)美國國家心血管數(shù)據(jù)登記庫(National Cardiovascular Data Registry,NCDR) CathPCI研究表明2007年~2012年間,TRI僅占全美PCI手術(shù)的6.3%,因而不具備代表性。TRI患者與TFI患者相比,明顯更年輕、男性更多、體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI) 更高,并罕伴有腎功能不全、外周血管疾病、既往心肌梗塞等合并癥。TRI絕大多數(shù)用于穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者。雖然材料和技術(shù)的改進(jìn)對TRI的局限性已有很大改善,但路徑的小口徑,橈動(dòng)脈易痙攣,以及解剖學(xué)個(gè)體化差異的存在仍然限制了TRI手術(shù)的應(yīng)用,尤其是在多支病變和復(fù)雜病變[18-20]。更重要的是西方國家醫(yī)療費(fèi)用高昂,由于不同國家的醫(yī)療體系以及醫(yī)療實(shí)踐方式的差異,TRI所帶來的上述獲益在其他國家(尤其是發(fā)展中國家)是否仍然存在尚屬未知。因此TRI具有極大的選擇性,從美國等的西方國家獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)未必適用于中國人群[21]。
在2014年第17屆介入心臟病學(xué)論壇上,中華醫(yī)學(xué)會心血管病分會報(bào)道了中國PCI介入治療現(xiàn)狀[22],2013年中國PCI達(dá)到454 505例,增長率16.9%,我國PCI總例數(shù)穩(wěn)定增長,但平均百萬人口的PCI例數(shù)為309.42例,而美國約為1 800例/百萬人,我國PCI存在較大的增長空間。評價(jià)中國PCI患者中TRI和TFI的臨床結(jié)果和衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)差異具有重要意義。
我國PCI起步較西方國家晚,但是在介入技術(shù)、術(shù)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)等方面在近十年內(nèi)已經(jīng)接近、甚至超過歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家。目前國內(nèi)多數(shù)醫(yī)院、患者使用TRI進(jìn)行介入治療。然而,中國PCI患者不同路徑的比較尚缺乏相關(guān)研究,尤其是在衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評價(jià)方面處于空白,評價(jià)TRI和TFI在中國的衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)效益和醫(yī)療結(jié)果的研究報(bào)道還很少見。
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外醫(yī)院擁有豐富的數(shù)據(jù)資源。2013年P(guān)CI總數(shù)量到12 277例,經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈微創(chuàng)化PCI為11 090例,占90.33%;PCI質(zhì)量維持高水平,擇期PCI住院病死率為0.08%(9/11 847),遠(yuǎn)低于衛(wèi)生部<0. 5%的要求,急診PCI死亡率2.09%(9/430)達(dá)到國際領(lǐng)先水平。通過對中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外醫(yī)院這一中國最大、質(zhì)控嚴(yán)格的心血管病中心PCI數(shù)據(jù)庫顯示的結(jié)果,大致可以映射中國PCI的現(xiàn)狀與水平,2013年P(guān)CI總量TRI所占比例反映出中國人民對于該技術(shù)的接納程度遠(yuǎn)高于TFI。
隨著介入治療、阿司匹林、二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP) 受體抑制劑、肝素、糖蛋白IIb/IIIa抑制劑(Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors) 等抗血小板、抗凝藥物的應(yīng)用,圍手術(shù)期間出血并發(fā)癥也有所上升[23]。與傳統(tǒng)的股動(dòng)脈入徑相比,橈動(dòng)脈入徑不僅體現(xiàn)出明顯的入徑優(yōu)勢,減少了入徑血管穿刺損傷和術(shù)后穿刺局部并發(fā)癥,患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)更快,縮短了住院時(shí)間[24,25];更體現(xiàn)出患者的全身獲益,降低了急性 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死患者的死亡率[26-28]。2013 年中國 86.01%的PCI 手術(shù)是通過橈動(dòng)脈入徑完成。ACUITY研究 (The Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) 表明,TRI與TFI相比,圍手術(shù)期間主要出血并發(fā)癥明顯降低 (3.0% vs. 4.8%)[4]。
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外醫(yī)院李佳等[29]對于冠狀動(dòng)脈三支病變患者同期進(jìn)行經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈和經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈介入治療對比的觀察性隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果顯示,三支病變患者進(jìn)行同期介入治療時(shí),TRI出血并發(fā)癥明顯減少,住院時(shí)間縮短,死亡率顯著降低。與TFI相比,TRI出血并發(fā)癥明顯減少(1.1%vs 2.9%),住院時(shí)間縮短(d,7.49±4.46 vs 8.63±6.23)。TRI治療三支病變的全因死亡率(1.7% vs 4.2%)和心原性死亡率(1.1% vs 2.7%)顯著降低,除此之外,兩組其他長期臨床預(yù)后終點(diǎn)相似。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[30],與TFI相比,TRI患者的住院花費(fèi)明顯減少,住院總費(fèi)用可以平均節(jié)省8 241元。目前我國每年有近454 505例PCI手術(shù),假設(shè)接受TFI治療的患者中有50%改為TRI,每年將為國家節(jié)省約2.5億元人民幣,這對于社會總體醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的降低具有顯著意義。同時(shí)TRI住院時(shí)間短,患者耐受性好,滿意度高,并發(fā)癥少。廣泛推廣TRI技術(shù)將對于提高醫(yī)療質(zhì)量、改善醫(yī)患關(guān)系產(chǎn)生巨大影響。
隨著PCI技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和完善,越來越多的患者選擇TRI作為支架置入的治療方式,TRI住院時(shí)間短,患者耐受性好,滿意度高,并發(fā)癥少。廣泛推廣TRI技術(shù)將對于提高醫(yī)療質(zhì)量、改善醫(yī)患關(guān)系產(chǎn)生巨大影響。我們希望從衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和醫(yī)療結(jié)果評價(jià)兩個(gè)方面指導(dǎo)PCI中介入路徑選擇,并為制定相關(guān)的衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)政策提供客觀依據(jù)。
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2016-05-23)
(編輯:曹洪紅)
100037 北京市,中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 國家心血管病中心 阜外醫(yī)院 冠心病診治中心
金辰 護(hù)師 Email:fwgxb@126.com 通訊作者:楊躍進(jìn) Email: yangyjfw@126.com
R541
A
1000-3614(2017)03-0292 -03
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2017. 03.020