沈雄飛,江禮娟,馬冬華,王 強(qiáng)
(重慶市長(zhǎng)壽區(qū)人民醫(yī)院普外科 401220)
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腹腔鏡下全腹膜外修補(bǔ)術(shù)治療腹股溝疝的學(xué)習(xí)曲線
沈雄飛,江禮娟△,馬冬華,王 強(qiáng)
(重慶市長(zhǎng)壽區(qū)人民醫(yī)院普外科 401220)
目的 探討腹腔鏡下全腹膜外修補(bǔ)術(shù)(TEP)治療腹股溝疝的學(xué)習(xí)曲線。方法 收集該院2012年12月至2016年8月同一組醫(yī)師行腹腔鏡的腹股溝疝患者450例,按手術(shù)開(kāi)展時(shí)間的先后順序分為3組,每組150例。提取各組行TEP手術(shù)的患者相關(guān)信息,分為A、B、C 3組,比較各組術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后各相應(yīng)指標(biāo)。結(jié)果 3組年齡、性別,術(shù)前陰囊疝、復(fù)發(fā)疝與雙側(cè)疝發(fā)生率,以及疝類型比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。3組術(shù)后尿潴留、術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛、血清腫發(fā)生率及住院費(fèi)用比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。3組術(shù)中中轉(zhuǎn)率、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);且A組與B組上述3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),B組與C組比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。以術(shù)中出血、手術(shù)時(shí)間和手術(shù)例數(shù)作回歸曲線,可見(jiàn)約150例有拐點(diǎn)。結(jié)論 腹股溝疝腹腔鏡下TEP的學(xué)習(xí)曲線約為150例腹腔鏡疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)(包含16例TEP),經(jīng)過(guò)術(shù)前評(píng)估及合適的病例篩選,學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)的TEP手術(shù)亦可以安全進(jìn)行。
疝,腹股溝;腹腔鏡檢查;陰囊疝;學(xué)習(xí)曲線
腹腔鏡全腹膜外修補(bǔ)術(shù)(total extraperitoneal repair,TEP)作為治療腹股溝疝的一種可以選擇的有效途徑,其優(yōu)勢(shì)及可行性得到較廣泛認(rèn)可[1-2]。較腹腔鏡經(jīng)腹腹膜外疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)(TAPP)而言,需要經(jīng)過(guò)一定的手術(shù)量才能渡過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)曲線。本研究回顧性分析本院同一組手術(shù)醫(yī)師從TAPP到TEP的過(guò)渡期,以探討TEP的學(xué)習(xí)曲線。
1.1 一般資料 收集本院2012年12月至2016年8月同一組醫(yī)師行腹腔鏡的腹股溝疝患者450例,按手術(shù)開(kāi)展時(shí)間的先后順序分為 3組,每組150例。提取各組行TEP手術(shù)的患者納入A、B、C組,分別為16、66、64例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 手術(shù)方法 氣管插管全身麻醉,手術(shù)操作步驟遵循腹股溝疝腹腔鏡手術(shù)的規(guī)范化操作指南[3]。補(bǔ)片選擇美國(guó)BARD公司的大號(hào)3DMax補(bǔ)片(10.8 cm×16.0 cm)或者美國(guó)強(qiáng)生公司的Ultrapro補(bǔ)片(10.0 cm×15.0 cm),固定材料選擇北京康派特醫(yī)療器械有限公司康派特醫(yī)用膠或者美國(guó)BARD公司Perma-Fix固定系統(tǒng)予以固定。
1.2.2 觀察指標(biāo) (1)術(shù)前指標(biāo):年齡、性別、陰囊疝、雙側(cè)疝、復(fù)發(fā)疝、疝的類型(術(shù)前診斷股疝未納入統(tǒng)計(jì),術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)隱匿性股疝納入病例統(tǒng)計(jì));(2)術(shù)中指標(biāo):手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、中轉(zhuǎn)(TEP轉(zhuǎn)TAPP手術(shù));(3)術(shù)后指標(biāo):尿潴留(需要留置尿管)、術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛(術(shù)后需1次或多次應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物)、血清腫(有局部包塊的臨床表現(xiàn);無(wú)臨床表現(xiàn)僅彩色超聲發(fā)現(xiàn)的隱匿性血清腫未納入統(tǒng)計(jì))、住院費(fèi)用(入院到出院所產(chǎn)生的總費(fèi)用)。
2.1 3組術(shù)前各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較 3組患者年齡、性別,陰囊疝、復(fù)發(fā)疝、雙側(cè)疝發(fā)生率及疝類型比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 3組術(shù)中及術(shù)后各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較 3組術(shù)后尿潴留、術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛、血清腫發(fā)生率及住院費(fèi)用比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。3組術(shù)中中轉(zhuǎn)率、手術(shù)時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且其中A組與B組中轉(zhuǎn)率、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.002、0.000、0.002),而B(niǎo)組與C組中轉(zhuǎn)率、手術(shù)時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.547、0.061、0.052),見(jiàn)表2。
表1 3組患者一般資料比較
表2 3組患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較
*:P<0.05,與B組比較
2.3 回歸曲線 以術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間和手術(shù)例數(shù)作回歸曲線(圖1、2),可見(jiàn)約150例有拐點(diǎn)。
圖1 術(shù)中出血量與手術(shù)例數(shù)的關(guān)系圖
圖2 手術(shù)時(shí)間與手術(shù)例數(shù)的關(guān)系圖
腹腔鏡TEP較TAPP疝修補(bǔ)手術(shù)而言,手術(shù)難度大[4]、學(xué)習(xí)曲線長(zhǎng),術(shù)中及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率可能更高[1,5]。認(rèn)識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)曲線并且在學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)規(guī)避手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的發(fā)生,是開(kāi)展該術(shù)式亟待解決的問(wèn)題。本研究回顧分析了本院開(kāi)展該術(shù)式以來(lái)TAPP向TEP過(guò)渡的情況,具有一定的普遍性。
3.1 腹腔鏡腹股溝疝TEP學(xué)習(xí)曲線的判定 Schouten等[6]認(rèn)為,即使有400例TEP手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),也僅僅表現(xiàn)出手術(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)率降低,手術(shù)時(shí)間縮短,短期手術(shù)并發(fā)癥減少,表示TEP手術(shù)有一個(gè)相當(dāng)漫長(zhǎng)的學(xué)習(xí)曲線。其他研究也顯示,TEP手術(shù)的提高依賴于手術(shù)量的積累[7-8]。本研究顯示,3組術(shù)中中轉(zhuǎn)率、手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)中出血量比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中A組與B組上述3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05) ;而B(niǎo)組與C組上述3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示腹股溝疝腹腔鏡下TEP的學(xué)習(xí)曲線約為150例腹腔鏡疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)(包含16例TEP),與Bansal等[9]的研究結(jié)果類似。與Schouten等[6]出現(xiàn)差異,可能存在以下原因:(1)本研究在TAPP基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)展TEP手術(shù),有明確的過(guò)渡,局部解剖及操作技能的熟悉較直接進(jìn)行TEP手術(shù)相對(duì)容易;(2)隨著腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)的廣泛開(kāi)展,培訓(xùn)及經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流的增加,可以進(jìn)一步提高經(jīng)驗(yàn)與技能。B?keler等[10]認(rèn)為,經(jīng)過(guò)規(guī)范的培訓(xùn)與相應(yīng)的訓(xùn)練,學(xué)習(xí)曲線可以明顯縮短。以術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間與手術(shù)例數(shù)作回歸曲線估計(jì)可見(jiàn)150例有拐點(diǎn),提示學(xué)習(xí)曲線過(guò)后穩(wěn)定期的存在。
3.2 學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估 本研究納入病例,其中前150例腹腔鏡疝修補(bǔ)手術(shù)中僅16例患者行TEP手術(shù),第150至第300例,第300至第450例腹腔鏡疝手術(shù)患者中,分別有66、64例行TEP手術(shù)。而術(shù)后指標(biāo)尿潴留、術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛、血清腫及住院費(fèi)用在3組比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示在學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)經(jīng)過(guò)術(shù)前病例的選擇,并不以犧牲患者的近期療效,以及增加患者的住院費(fèi)用為代價(jià)。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,針對(duì)TEP手術(shù)適當(dāng)?shù)牟±x擇可以提高患者手術(shù)的安全性[11]。本研究排除了術(shù)前確診的股疝,因?yàn)楣绅薅嘁郧额D為主要的臨床表現(xiàn),而術(shù)中嵌頓組織的回納、局部充血水腫、解剖間隙的辨認(rèn)等無(wú)疑會(huì)增加手術(shù)難度。學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)實(shí)行該手術(shù)可能會(huì)增加手術(shù)的難度系數(shù)與手術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生概率。有研究顯示疝的分型是學(xué)習(xí)曲線的影響因素之一,早期處理Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型疝,當(dāng)技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)達(dá)到一定的水平再嘗試Ⅲ和Ⅳ型疝[12]。本研究未納入巨大的陰囊疝,是因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)疝囊處理有相當(dāng)大的難度和挑戰(zhàn)[11],曠置疝囊可能會(huì)增加術(shù)后血清腫,完整剝離疝囊技術(shù)難度較大而且增加副損傷的概率。另有研究認(rèn)為,患者體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)≥25 kg/m2增加了學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)TEP手術(shù)的難度[13];也有研究顯示,相對(duì)于男性而言,女性行腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)后有更強(qiáng)的疼痛與不適感[14]。本研究未將BMI與性別作為研究終點(diǎn),但是肥胖及子宮圓韌帶的處理可能也是學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)腹腔鏡腹股溝疝TEP手術(shù)的難點(diǎn)。本研究屬于回顧性分析,難免存在術(shù)前評(píng)估、病例的篩選等選擇性偏倚,正是這種選擇性偏倚的存在,可能從側(cè)面進(jìn)一步證實(shí)嚴(yán)格的手術(shù)前評(píng)估對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)規(guī)避手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的重要性。
綜上所述,腹股溝疝腹腔鏡下TEP的學(xué)習(xí)曲線約為150例腹腔鏡疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)(包含16例TEP)。TEP手術(shù)隨著手術(shù)病例數(shù)的增多,可以有效地縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少術(shù)中出血、降低中轉(zhuǎn)率。經(jīng)過(guò)術(shù)前評(píng)估與合適的病例篩選,學(xué)習(xí)曲線內(nèi)的TEP手術(shù)亦可以安全進(jìn)行。
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The learning curve of laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair
ShenXiongfei,JiangLijuan△,MaDonghua,WangQiang
(thePeople′sHospitalofChangshouDistrict,Chongqing401220,China)
Objective To investigate the learning curve of laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair.Methods The clinical data of 450 cases of patients who
laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair by the same group of surgeons from December 2012 to August 2016 in our hospital were sequentially divided into three groups,with 150 cases in each group.The cases of each group who received TEP inguinal hernia repair were extracted and enrolled into group A,B and C.The preoperative,intraoperative and postoperative indicators were compared among the three groups.Results Before operation,no statistically significant difference was found in age,gender,incidence rates of scrotum hernia,recurrent hernia and bilateral hernia,and types of hernia among the three groups (P>0.05).And there was no statistically significant difference in incidence rates of postoperative urinary retention,analgesia and seromas,and hospitalization expenses among the three groups (P>0.05).During operation,differences in conversion rate,operative time and volume of blood loss among the three groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).Moreover,statistically significant differences in conversion rate,operative time and volume of blood loss were found between group A and group B (P<0.05),while there was no statistically significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05).The regression curves were drawn based on operation time,volume of blood loss and the number of cases,which estimated the inflection point was 150.Conclusion The learning curve of TEP inguinal hernia repair include approximately 150 cases of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (including 16 cases of patients received TEP).The TEP inguinal hernia repair operation during the learning curve can be safety on the basis of preoperative evaluation and appropriate case selection.
hernia,inguinal;laparoscopy;hernia,scrotal;learning curve
沈雄飛(1979-),主治醫(yī)師,碩士,主要從事胃腸道疾病及疝疾病的微創(chuàng)治療研究?!?/p>
,E-mail:jlj1218@163.com。
??·臨床研究
10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2017.19.021
R619+.5
A
1671-8348(2017)19-2662-03
2017-02-23
2017-04-28)