石海英,張 強,王學靜,郝林軍
自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的危險因素分析
石海英,張 強,王學靜,郝林軍
目的 探討自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的危險因素。方法 選擇2011年1月—2016年1月內蒙古醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院收治的自發(fā)性腦出血342例,根據(jù)患者入院30 d內是否死亡將其分為病死組(86例)和存活組(256例)兩組。觀察比較兩組主要臨床特征,采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積分析年齡、格拉斯哥昏迷評分(GCS)和出血量預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的臨床價值,采用單因素和多因素Logistic回歸分析分析自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的危險因素。結果 與存活組比較,病死組GCS較低,出血量較大,基底節(jié)出血發(fā)生率較低,小腦出血發(fā)生率及合并腦室出血發(fā)生率較高,手術治療率較低,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義 (P<0.05)。經分析ROC曲線下面積發(fā)現(xiàn)GCS和出血量預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡具有一定臨床價值(均P<0.001)。單因素和多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示GCS、出血量和小腦出血是自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的獨立危險因素。結論 GCS、出血量和小腦出血是自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的獨立危險因素。
腦出血;死亡;危險因素
近年隨著高血壓病、糖尿病和高脂血癥等人群增加,自發(fā)性腦出血發(fā)病率呈逐年增高趨勢[1-2]。自發(fā)性腦出血致殘率和病死率較高,嚴重影響中老年患者生活質量[3-4]。自發(fā)性腦出血患者死亡高峰主要集中在入院30 d內,Chan等[5]研究顯示自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院后30 d內和1年內病死率分別為19.8%和29.6%,可見約2/3的自發(fā)性腦出血死亡患者死亡時間在入院后30 d內。因此,探討自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院后30 d內死亡的危險因素具有重要臨床意義。到目前為止,盡管已有較多研究顯示格拉斯哥昏迷評分(glasgow coma scale, GCS)、出血部位、年齡和合并癥等是導致自發(fā)性腦出血患者死亡的危險因素[6-7],但是現(xiàn)臨床探討自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30內死亡的研究極為缺乏,尤其是國內,尚無相關系統(tǒng)研究。本研究探討自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的危險因素,以識別這類高?;颊?,為臨床加強對此類患者的監(jiān)護與治療提供依據(jù),從而改善此類患者預后。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2011年1月—2016年1月內蒙古醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院收治的符合納入及排除標準的自發(fā)性腦出血342例。342例中男172例,女170例;年齡(67.32±11.20)歲。GCS評分(9.21±3.66)分。296例合并高血壓病,96例合并糖尿病,30例長期嗜酒,86例長期吸煙。158例為基底節(jié)出血,134例為腦小葉出血,36例為小腦出血,14例為腦干出血;198例合并腦室出血,32例合并蛛網膜下腔出血;出血量(62.91±59.22)ml。102例行微創(chuàng)或開顱手術進行止血或血腫清除,其余240例采用保守治療。根據(jù)患者入院30 d內是否死亡,將342例分為病死組和存活組兩組,病死組86例,存活組256例。本研究經我院倫理委員會批準。
1.2 納入及排除標準 納入標準:①自發(fā)性腦出血(均有影像學檢查如CT或MRI輔助診斷);②臨床資料齊全;③發(fā)病至入院時間<6 h。排除標準:①創(chuàng)傷性腦出血或其他繼發(fā)性腦出血;②顱內腫瘤或其他惡性腫瘤;③顱內動靜脈畸形;④入院時即死亡(無腦干反射);⑤放棄治療或治療期間轉院;⑥不配合治療。
1.3 研究方法和觀察指標 觀察比較兩組主要臨床特征,采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積分析年齡、GCS和出血量預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的臨床價值,采用單因素和多因素Logistic回歸分析分析自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的危險因素。主要臨床特征包括年齡、性別、GCS、既往史(高血壓病、糖尿病、吸煙和嗜酒)、出血量、出血部位、合并腦室出血、合并蛛網膜下腔出血和手術治療。
2.1 主要臨床特征比較 與存活組比較,病死組GCS較低,出血量較大,基底節(jié)出血發(fā)生率較低,小腦出血發(fā)生率及合并腦室出血發(fā)生率較高,手術治療率較低,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義 (P<0.05),見表1。
表1 入院30 d內病死和存活自發(fā)性腦出血兩組主要臨床特征比較±s,例(%)]
注:GCS為格拉斯哥昏迷評分
2.2 年齡、GCS和出血量預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的臨床價值 年齡、GCS和出血量預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.563(0.490,0.636)、0.812(0.784,0.840)和0.821(0.772,0.870),經分析發(fā)現(xiàn)GCS和出血量預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡具有一定臨床價值(均P<0.001),年齡預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡未發(fā)現(xiàn)臨床價值(P=0.738)。
2.3 自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的危險因素分析 單因素和多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示GCS、出血量和小腦出血是自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的獨立危險因素,見表2。
表2 自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的危險因素分析
注:GCS為格拉斯哥昏迷評分
自發(fā)性腦出血是一種常見的、致死性較高的中老年疾病,死亡的主要時間段為入院30 d內[5-8]。近年雖然手術等治療方法不斷改善,但自發(fā)性腦出血的臨床病死率無明顯下降[9-10]。早期識別自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的危險因素,對加強這類患者的救治具有重要臨床意義。Bakhshayesh等[3]2014年對98例自發(fā)性腦出血院內死亡的危險因素進行研究,結果顯示年齡增大、糖尿病、美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)評分增加、大血腫和血腫周圍水腫是自發(fā)性腦出血患者院內死亡的危險因素。2011年Stein等[8]研究顯示腦室出血和腦積水分級在預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡中具有較好的臨床應用價值。本研究結果與Bakhshayesh等[3]和Stein等[8]的研究結果不同,本研究單因素和多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示GCS、出血量和小腦出血是自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的獨立危險因素。另外,本研究還同時觀察了年齡、GCS和出血量預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者30 d內死亡的臨床價值,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)GCS和出血量在預測自發(fā)性腦出血患者30 d內死亡中具有良好價值。相比較其他相關研究,本研究觀察指標更多、統(tǒng)計方法更全面,且目前國內尚無相關研究,因此具有一定臨床價值和創(chuàng)新性。
GCS根據(jù)睜眼反應、語言反應和肢體運動等3個方面對患者進行評分,最高為15分,最低為0分,得分越低表明患者病情越嚴重[11]。有學者對腦創(chuàng)傷患者進行研究,結果顯示隨著GCS降低,患者病死率顯著增高[12]。說明GCS可以較為客觀地反映腦創(chuàng)傷患者臨床情況,且評分相對簡單、快捷,有利于臨床應用。出血量是造成腦出血患者顱內壓增高的主要因素,出血量越大,顱內壓越高,而顱內壓增高是導致腦出血患者死亡的主要原因[13-14]。Mac Laughlin等[15]和Yuan等[16]研究均顯示監(jiān)測患者顱內壓,防止顱內壓過高,有助于降低腦創(chuàng)傷患者院內病死率。小腦出血可表現(xiàn)為小腦占位性病變,大量出血時可導致顱內壓增高,進而造成昏迷,最終可導致患者枕大孔疝而死亡,與基底節(jié)等部位出血比較,更容易致殘和致死[17-18]。
綜上所述,GCS、出血量和小腦出血是自發(fā)性腦出血患者入院30 d內死亡的獨立危險因素。
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Analysis of Risk Factors of Death within 30 Days after Admission in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
SHI Hai-yinga, ZHANG Qianga, WANG Xue-jinga, HAO Lin-junb
(a. Medical Examination Center, b. Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China)
Objective To investigate risk factors of death within 30 days after admission in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods A total of 342 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage admitted during January 2011 and January 2016 were divided into death group (n=86) and survival group (n=256) according to whether or not death within 30 days after admission. Mainly clinical characteristics were observed in two groups. The age was analyzed using the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score and bleeding volume within 30 days after admission in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were used to predict death, and the risk factors of death within 30 days after admission in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were analyzed using single factor and multiple factors logistic regression analysis. Results Compared with those in survival group, in death group, GCS score was significantly lower; bleeding volume was significantly more; incidence rate of basal ganglia hemorrhage was significantly lower; incidence rates of cerebellar hemorrhage and combination of intraventricular hemorrhage were significantly higher; therapy rate of surgery was lower ((P<0.05). Analysis of the area under the ROC curve showed that GCS and the bleeding volume had a certain clinical value in prediction of death within 30 days after admission in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (P<0.001). Single factor and multiple factors logistic regression analysis showed that CGS, bleeding volume and cerebellar hemorrhage were the independent risk factors of death within 30 days after admission in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusion GSC, the bleeding volume and cerebellar hemorrhage are the independent risk factors of death within 30 days after admission in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
Cerebral hemorrhage; Death; Risk factors
內蒙古自治區(qū)自然科學基金項目(2016LH0820)
010050 呼和浩特,內蒙古醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院體檢中心(石海英、張強、王學靜),急救中心(郝林軍)
R743.34
A
1002-3429(2017)08-0083-04
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.08.025
2017-05-24 修回時間:2017-06-18)