盛云建,何鴻雁
CYP2E1和NAT2基因多態(tài)性與抗結(jié)核藥物誘導(dǎo)的藥物性肝損傷關(guān)系的薈萃分析
盛云建,何鴻雁
目的 明確細(xì)胞色素氧化酶P450 2E1(cytochrome P450 2E1, CYP2E1)和 N-乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶-2(N-acetyltransferase-2,NAT2)基因多態(tài)性與抗結(jié)核藥誘導(dǎo)的藥物性肝損傷(anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, ATDH)之間的關(guān)系。方法 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Medline/Pubmed、EMBASE、Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和Cochrane圖書館中所有有關(guān)CYP2E1基因多態(tài)性與ATDH關(guān)系的研究文獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選文獻(xiàn),并對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。采用OR及95% CI作為分析療效的統(tǒng)計(jì)量。采用Revman 5.0軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果 共計(jì)納入研究文獻(xiàn)9篇,入選2049例研究對(duì)象。CYP2E1基因PstI/RsaI多態(tài)性中, c1/c1型比c1/c2和c2/c2型有更高的ATDH發(fā)生率(OR=1.38,95% CI: 1.08~1.77,P=0.01);在DraI多態(tài)性中各型之間無差異(OR=0.78,95% CI: 0.51~1.18,P=0.23)。與攜帶NAT2快速或中速乙?;腸1/c1型人群比較,攜帶NAT2慢速乙酰化的c1/c1型人群具有更高的ATDH風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR=3.10,P<0.0001)。結(jié)論 CYP2E1基因c1/c1型是ATDH發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,且合并慢速乙?;腘AT2基因型時(shí)可進(jìn)一步增加ATDH發(fā)生率。
細(xì)胞色素氧化酶P450 2E1;基因多態(tài)性;結(jié)核;藥物性肝損傷;薈萃分析
結(jié)核病目前在全球?qū)е滤劳龅膫魅静≈信琶?位,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的成人肺結(jié)核采用異煙肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺和乙胺丁醇進(jìn)行治療[1]??菇Y(jié)核治療最常見的不良反應(yīng)有肝損傷、胃腸道反應(yīng)和皮疹等??菇Y(jié)核藥物誘導(dǎo)的肝損傷(anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, ATDH) 在結(jié)核病標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療中發(fā)生率約為2%~28%[2],如果沒有及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并停止用藥,將導(dǎo)致患者肝衰竭甚至死亡。新近多篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了細(xì)胞色素氧化酶P450 2E1(cytochrome P450 2E1, CYP2E1)基因型與ATDH的關(guān)系,但各研究結(jié)論仍存在爭(zhēng)議,且單個(gè)研究樣本量偏小,不能提供高級(jí)別的循證依據(jù)。本研究的目的是通過系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),明確CYP2E1和 N-乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶-2(N-acetyltransferase-2, NAT2)基因多態(tài)性與ATDH間的關(guān)系,以期提供高級(jí)別的循證醫(yī)學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①病例對(duì)照研究,病例組為有肝損傷結(jié)核病患者,對(duì)照組為無肝損傷結(jié)核病患者;②基因檢測(cè)方法描述清楚,研究方案和設(shè)備描述清楚;③研究對(duì)象有明確的納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),結(jié)核病和ATDH有清楚的定義;④有足夠數(shù)據(jù)來分析。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對(duì)象為兒童;②重疊HBV或HCV或HIV感染;③非英文發(fā)表文獻(xiàn);④單純治療而無CYP2E1基因多態(tài)性分布數(shù)據(jù)。
1.2 檢索策略 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Medline/Pubmed、EMBASE、Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和Cochrane圖書館公開發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),并追蹤所納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)。檢索年限均從建庫(kù)到2017年1月。檢索詞包括“cytochrome P450 2E1”或“CYP2E1”,“polymorphism”, “tuberculosis”或“TB”。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)提取和文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 資料提取由2位作者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,結(jié)果有分歧時(shí)應(yīng)由2位作者商議決定。按照Little核對(duì)表[3]進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià):①設(shè)計(jì)合理;②清晰的納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn);③說明了研究對(duì)象信息;④說明了結(jié)核病和ATDH的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);⑤基因檢測(cè)方法;⑥正確的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析;⑦有邏輯的討論。滿足1條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為1分,大于4分為高質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 用Revman 5.3軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料計(jì)算OR及95% CI。各效應(yīng)量計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)量前先進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),無異質(zhì)性(P≥0.1)時(shí)采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量。敏感性分析為對(duì)種族進(jìn)行分層分析。
2.1 納入文獻(xiàn)特征及質(zhì)量評(píng)分 檢索總共得到文獻(xiàn)105篇,最終納入研究文獻(xiàn)9篇[4-12],總共納入研究對(duì)象2049例,其中有ATDH 506例,無ATDH 1543例。納入文獻(xiàn)特征及質(zhì)量評(píng)分見表1。
表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征Table 1 Basic feature of studies included in this meta-analysis
2.2 薈萃分析結(jié)果
2.2.1 CYP2E1-PstI/RsaI基因多態(tài)性 CYP2E1-PstI/RsaI基 因 型c1/c1、c1/c2+c2/c2在ATDH和無ATDH分布頻率分別為72.47%、27.53%和67.64%、32.36%。基因型c1/c1在ATDH組中的分布頻率高于無ATDH組。當(dāng)純合子的野生型(c1/c1)與有c2攜帶的基因型(c1/c2+c2/c2)比較,整體的ATDH的OR為1.38(95% CI: 1.08~1.77,P=0.010)。結(jié)果顯示CYP2E1 c1/c1基因型將增加發(fā)生ATDH的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(圖1)。
2.2.2 CYP2E1-DraI 基因多態(tài)性 本研究也對(duì)基因CYP2E1-DraI多態(tài)性進(jìn)行了分析。CYP2E1-DraI D/D基因型在有ATDH和無ATDH分布頻率分別為35.10%、37.10%。基因型D/D與C/D+C/C比較,ATDH的合并OR為0.78(95%CI: 0.51~1.18,P=0.230)。結(jié)果表明CYP2E1-DraI基因型與ATDH的發(fā)生之間無明顯的相關(guān)性(圖2)。
2.2.3 NAT2乙?;癄顟B(tài)與CYP2E1基因型的聯(lián)合效應(yīng) CYP2E1 c1/c1 基因型的NAT2 慢乙酰化與中速、快速乙?;容^,合并的ATDH OR為3.10(95% CI: 1.83~5.26, P<0.0001)。在基因c1/c2+c2/c2中,慢乙?;c中速、快速乙酰化比較,合并的ATDH OR為5.14 (95% CI: 2.32~11.40,P<0.0001)。表明慢乙?;瘯?huì)增加ATDH的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 見表2。
圖1 CYP2E1 c1/c1基因型與c1/c2+c2/c2基因型發(fā)生ATDH比較的森林圖Figure 1 A forest map of CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype versus c1/c2+c2/c2 genotype for ATDH
圖2 CYP2E1 D/D基因型與C/D+C/C基因型發(fā)生ATDH比較的森林圖Figure 2 A forest map of CYP2E1 D/D genotype versus C/D+C/C genotype for inducing ATDH
表2 CYP2E1基因型與NAT2乙?;癄顟B(tài)合并發(fā)生ATDH的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Table 2 ATDH risk of NAT2 acetylator status combined with CYP2E1 genotype
2.3 敏感性分析 對(duì)種族進(jìn)行分層分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),CYP2E c1/c1基因型在亞洲人群中能明顯增加發(fā)生ATDH的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR=1.41,95% CI: 1.09~1.82,P=0.008)(圖3)。
藥物代謝酶的基因多態(tài)性可明顯影響酶的活性。在CYP2E1基因多態(tài)性中,僅PstI/RsaI、DraI基因多態(tài)性被研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與ATDH的發(fā)生相關(guān)[13]。有等位基因c1的個(gè)體在蛋白水平和酶活性上,比c2等位基因顯示出來更高的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性;DraI位于CYP2E1的6號(hào)內(nèi)含子,與外顯子區(qū)域的其他多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)相關(guān)[14]。
本研究分析了 CYP2E1(PstI/RsaI、DraI)基因多態(tài)性與ATDH發(fā)生之間的關(guān)系。CYP2E1-PstI/RsaI c1/c1基因型在ATDH患者中的分布頻率明顯高于無ATDH組。研究結(jié)果顯示CYP2E1-PstI/RsaI c1/c1野生型基因型具有更高的ATDH發(fā)生易感性。本研究同時(shí)進(jìn)行了敏感性分析,在進(jìn)行分層分析中發(fā)現(xiàn),亞洲人群中該基因型也具有更高的ATDH發(fā)生的易感性。Chamorro等[15]的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)c1/c1基因型在阿根廷和玻利維亞人群中與ATDH的發(fā)生無明顯相關(guān)性。本文推測(cè)CYP2E1-PstI/RsaI c1/c1基因型不是非亞洲人群發(fā)生ATDH的危險(xiǎn)因素,但需更多關(guān)于非亞洲人群的研究文獻(xiàn)來證實(shí)。本研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)CYP2E1-DraI基因多態(tài)性與ATDH的發(fā)生有相關(guān)性,因研究?jī)H納入了3篇關(guān)于該基因的研究,樣本量和統(tǒng)計(jì)效能偏小,需要更多相關(guān)研究來進(jìn)一步明確DraI多態(tài)性與ATDH風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系。
有數(shù)篇文獻(xiàn)分析了NAT2與ATDH之間的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示NAT2慢乙酰化是發(fā)生ATDH的一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[4,16]。本研究也探討了NAT2乙?;癄顟B(tài)與CYP2E1基因型聯(lián)合的效果,結(jié)果顯示在基因c1/c1中,慢乙酰化狀態(tài)較中速、快速乙?;懈叩腁TDH發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);而且在基因c1/c2+c2/c2中也有同樣的研究結(jié)果。當(dāng)患者為慢乙?;癄顟B(tài)時(shí),乙酰肼的脫毒作用將減弱,更多的將被CYP2E1氧化為有毒性的中間物[13]。因此基因c1/c1型合并NAT2慢乙?;瘜?huì)進(jìn)一步增加發(fā)生ATDH的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在結(jié)核病的聯(lián)合治療中,與單用異煙肼比較,發(fā)生ATDH的幾率明顯增高。因?yàn)槔F酵瑯邮歉闻KCYP450的酶誘導(dǎo)劑,而且可以降低NAT2的活性,導(dǎo)致其他多種化合物的代謝。
圖3 CYP2E1 c1/c1基因型與c1/c2+c2/c2基因型在亞洲人群中發(fā)生ATDH比較的森林圖Figure 3 A forest map of CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype and c1/c2+c2/c2 genotype for inducing ATDH in Asian population
本研究存在一些不足:納入的研究相對(duì)較少;排除不符合哈迪-溫伯格平衡的文獻(xiàn)后,結(jié)論發(fā)生了改變;僅僅納入了英文發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),可能會(huì)有語言偏倚;納入的文獻(xiàn)大部分來自亞洲,尚須跟蹤非亞洲人群的研究。盡管有以上缺點(diǎn),本研究也證明了NAT2慢乙?;癄顟B(tài)和CYP2E1 c1/c1基因型的并存效應(yīng)。
本研究表明CYP2E1 c1/c1基因型是發(fā)生ATDH的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,而且當(dāng)合并存在NAT2慢乙酰化狀態(tài)時(shí),會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其是在亞洲人群中。需要進(jìn)一步的研究來明確在非亞洲人群中的這種基因型和ATDH發(fā)生的相關(guān)性。
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(2017-03-15收稿 2017-04-25修回)
(本文編輯 張?jiān)戚x)
Association between CYP2E1 and NAT2 polymorphisms and hepatotoxicity due to anti-tuberculosis drugs: a meta-analysis
SHENG Yun-jian, HE Hong-yan*
Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University College, Luzhou 646000, China
Objective To explore the potential association between cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and N-acetyltransferase-2(NAT2) polymorphisms and the risk of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for the literatures about CYP2E1 polymorphism and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity were retrieved. All literatures were screened according to the inclusive and exclusive criteria, and the quality was measured. The efficacy was analyzed by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using Revman 5.0 software. Results A total of 9 literatures involving 2049 cases were included. Compared with the c1/c2 and c2/c2 genotypes, the c1/c1 genotype induced a higher risk of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.08-1.77, P=0.01) for the PstI/RsaI polymorphism, and there was no significant difference for the DraI polymorphism (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.51-1.18, P=0.23). Compared with individuals with NAT2 fast or intermediate acetylator genotype and c1/c1 genotype, patients who were NAT2 slow acetylators and carried the high activity CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype had higher risk for anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (OR=3.10, P<0.0001). Conclusions CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype is a risk factor for anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, and the concomitant presence of slow acetylator NAT2 genotype may further increase this risk.
CYP2E1; polymorphisms; tuberculosis; drug-induced hepatotoxicity; meta-analysis
R52
A
1007-8134(2017)04-0212-04
10.3969/j.issn.1007-8134.2017.04.007
四川省重點(diǎn)學(xué)科建設(shè)項(xiàng)目資助(SZD0421)
646000 瀘州,西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院感染科(盛云建);西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)中心(何鴻雁)
何鴻雁,E-mail: hehongyanboy@163.com
*Corresponding author, E-mail: hehongyanboy@163.com