王小武,丁新華,吐爾遜,付開赟,何 江,李廣闊,高海峰,白微微,郭文超(. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 植物保護(hù)研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部西北荒漠綠洲作物有害生物綜合治理重點實驗室,烏魯木齊 83009;. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 微生物應(yīng)用研究所,烏魯木齊 83009)
新疆荒漠綠洲稻區(qū)稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹的空間分布型及抽樣技術(shù)
王小武1,2,丁新華1,吐爾遜1,付開赟1,何 江1,李廣闊1,高海峰1,白微微1,郭文超2
(1. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 植物保護(hù)研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部西北荒漠綠洲作物有害生物綜合治理重點實驗室,烏魯木齊 830091;2. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 微生物應(yīng)用研究所,烏魯木齊 830091)
稻水象甲;荒漠綠洲;空間分布型;t檢驗;抽樣技術(shù)
稻水象甲(LissorhoptrusoryzophilusKuschel)屬鞘翅目象甲科,是中國水稻入侵害蟲[1]。其主要分布于南美洲[2-3]、北美洲[3-4]、歐洲[3,5]及亞洲[3,6]。在中國,1988年于河北省唐海縣首次發(fā)現(xiàn)該蟲[7],截至目前,疫區(qū)已擴(kuò)散至華北、華中、華東、華南、西北、西南、東北等19個省(自治區(qū),直轄市)463個縣(市或地區(qū))[4,8-9],并呈進(jìn)一步向其他省份蔓延擴(kuò)散趨勢。
稻水象甲的空間分布格局是該種群的重要特性之一 ,是由種群遺傳特性和生態(tài)環(huán)境因子協(xié)同進(jìn)化所致[10-11],研究稻水象甲的空間格局,將有助于了解其生物生態(tài)特性,揭示其種群猖獗的原因,并對其預(yù)測預(yù)報及綜合治理具有重要意義[10-12]。此外,在開展稻水象甲危害損失、消長動態(tài)及其流行的主導(dǎo)環(huán)境因子研究時,均需要通過抽樣來評估總體,而空間格局信息則是抽樣的基礎(chǔ),其不僅有利于抽樣方案的確定或改進(jìn),還將有助于最佳統(tǒng)計處理方法的提出[13]。
目前,針對稻水象甲各個蟲態(tài)的空間分布型及抽樣技術(shù)已有大量報道,涉及中國東北、華東、華北、西南、西北[14-25]等地區(qū),但有關(guān)新疆荒漠綠洲稻區(qū)這一特殊生態(tài)環(huán)境下稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹的空間分布型及抽樣技術(shù)的研究還未見報道,且空間分布格局常因研究地昆蟲種類、寄主組成、作物栽培方式、作物受害程度、土壤、地形和氣候等因素的差異而有所不同[22,26]。在此背景下,通過開展新疆荒漠綠洲稻區(qū)稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹的空間分布型及抽樣技術(shù)研究,有助于提出改進(jìn)適宜本地生產(chǎn)實際的,簡便快捷、可操作性強(qiáng)的最佳田間抽樣方法,并為新疆該重大外來有害生物的科學(xué)監(jiān)測、預(yù)報和綜合防控提供指導(dǎo)。
1.1 調(diào)查方法
于2015年7月中旬第1代幼蟲及化蛹高峰期在新疆伊犁州察布查爾錫伯自治縣良繁場2連有機(jī)水稻示范田(E 81°12′07″,N 43°49′11″)進(jìn)行調(diào)查。選取長勢一致、有代表性的水稻秧田8塊,試驗田彼此相鄰,各項田間管理措施保持一致。幼蟲試驗每7 d 調(diào)查1次,共計調(diào)查5次;蛹每7 d 調(diào)查1次,共調(diào)查7次。每塊試驗田以整株秧苗為抽樣單元,采用平行取樣法,分為8行3列,行列距均為25 m,行列交匯處取一穴水稻,逐一統(tǒng)計并記錄每株幼蟲和蛹的數(shù)量。
1.2 空間分布型測定
1.3 抽樣技術(shù)
1.3.2 序貫抽樣模型 Iwaom*-m關(guān)系的序貫抽樣模型:
1.3.3U檢驗 選有代表性的稻田1塊進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)調(diào)查,記錄每穴幼蟲和蛹的數(shù)量,將調(diào)查結(jié)果繪制成坐標(biāo)圖,在平面分布圖上分別用大五點法、平行線法、棋盤法、“Z”字形和雙對角線法進(jìn)行抽樣[22,30],應(yīng)用U測驗[29-30]比較不同抽樣方法的準(zhǔn)確程度,以此為依據(jù)確定最佳抽樣方法。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析
采用SPSS 17.0對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行方差分析(ANOVA),采用LSD進(jìn)行5%水平上的顯著性分析,并用Microsoft Excel 2007軟件進(jìn)行處理。
2.1 空間分布型
2.1.1 聚集度指標(biāo)分析 經(jīng)擴(kuò)散系數(shù)t檢驗(表1)稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹均為聚集分布,與其他各指標(biāo)檢驗結(jié)果相互印證(表2)。從叢生指數(shù)I、平均擁擠度m*、聚集度指數(shù)C、Cassie指標(biāo)CA、負(fù)二項分布k值及擴(kuò)散指數(shù)IQ等指標(biāo)可知,稻水象甲聚集強(qiáng)度存有差異(表2)且蛹的聚集程度高于幼蟲的聚集強(qiáng)度。
由表2知,聚集度指數(shù)m*/m和k值對稻水象甲排序結(jié)果相同,而叢生指數(shù)I、平均擁擠度m*指數(shù)、Cassie指標(biāo)CA及擴(kuò)散指數(shù)IQ的稻水象甲排序與其不同。故對上述各個指數(shù)進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析(表3),結(jié)果表明,叢生指數(shù)I、平均擁擠度m*指數(shù)、Cassie指標(biāo)CA及擴(kuò)散指數(shù)IQ之間呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),表明其表征的生態(tài)學(xué)意義相同,可用叢生指數(shù)I代替平均擁擠度m*指數(shù)、Cassie指標(biāo)CA及擴(kuò)散指數(shù)IQ進(jìn)行種群格局判斷[31]。而k與叢生指數(shù)I、聚集度指數(shù)m*/m、擴(kuò)散指數(shù)IQ及Cassie指標(biāo)CA呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),其中k與聚集度指數(shù)m*/m和Cassie指標(biāo)CA之間呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.01),表明聚集強(qiáng)度k與其他指數(shù)存有差異。
2.1.2 線性m*-m回歸方程檢驗 稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹的m*-m回歸方程依次為m*=1.580 6m-0.521 3 (R2=0.858 7)和m*=1.781 8m+0.310 1 (R2=0.733 8),線性回歸關(guān)系均顯著(P<0.05)(圖1)。幼蟲:α= -0.521 3<0、β=1.580 6>1,表明該蟲態(tài)下稻水象甲為聚集分布,但個體間相互排斥;蛹:α=0.310 1>0、β=1.781 8>1,表明該蟲態(tài)下稻水象甲為聚集分布,田間分布的基本成分是個體群,且個體間相互吸引。
表1 稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹空間格局類型t檢驗(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 1 Spatial patterns of larvae and pupae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel type t-test (Qapqal county, Yili river valley in Xinjiang, 2015)
表2 稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹空間分布型的聚集強(qiáng)度分析(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 2 Aggregation indices of larvae and pupae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel(Qapqal county, Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
注:數(shù)據(jù)為“平均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤”。數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示經(jīng)LSD檢驗差異顯著(P<0.05)。下表同。
Note: Data in the table are “mean±SE”. Data followed by different letters are significant difference atP<0.05 level by LSD tests.The same below.
表3 稻水象甲格局指數(shù)間的相關(guān)系數(shù)(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 3 Correlation coefficients among pattern of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel(Qapqal county, Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
注:*表示在0.05水平(單側(cè))上顯著相關(guān),**表示在0.01水平(單側(cè))上顯著相關(guān)。
Note:*.Correlation is significant correlation at 0.05 level (1-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at 0.01 level (1-tailed).
圖1 稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹的空間格局(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Fig.1 Spatial patterns of larvae and pupae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel(Qapqal county, Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
2.1.3 Taylor冪法則 通過擬合得稻水象甲幼蟲和蛹的S2-mTaylor冪法則方程依次為:幼蟲lgS2=0.031 4+1.618 5*lgm(R2=0.861 4),蛹lgS2=0.203 7+1.952 3*lgm(R2=0.844 7),式中l(wèi)ga均>0,b均>1;表明2種蟲態(tài)下稻水象甲均呈現(xiàn)密度依賴性的聚集分布,即m與聚集度呈顯著正相關(guān)(圖2)。
2.1.4 聚集原因分析 由表4可得,試驗中稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹所取的8組樣本的λ值均>2,表明稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹的聚集原因是由其本身的聚集行為與環(huán)境共同影響所致。
圖2 稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹方差S2對數(shù)與均值對數(shù)的回歸曲線(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Fig.2 Regression curve of larvae and pupae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel between logarithm value of variance and mean (Qapqal county,Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
2.2 稻水象甲田間抽樣技術(shù)
2.2.1 理論抽樣數(shù)模型 田間調(diào)查時,抽樣樣本數(shù)決定抽樣精度,故需確定最適抽樣數(shù)[32],將m*-m回歸方程中的α、β值帶入到最適理論抽樣數(shù)模型中,得稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹的最適理論抽樣公式依次為
N=t2(0.478 7/m+0.580 6)/D2=(0.478 7/m+0.580 6)(1.96/D)2
N=t2(1.310 1/m+0.781 8)/D2=(1.310 1/m+0.781 8)(1.96/D)2
當(dāng)t=1.96時,可求得稻水象甲幼蟲和蛹在不同密度(m)下的理論抽樣數(shù),允許誤差(D)為0.1、0.2和0.3時,可得稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹在不同密度下的理論抽樣數(shù)。從表5可知,在同一允許誤差值下,隨著幼蟲、蛹密度的增大,所需抽樣數(shù)逐漸減少;密度相同時,隨著允許誤差的增大,所需抽樣數(shù)依次減少。
表4 稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹聚集原因分析(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 4 Aggregation values of larvae and pupae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel(Qapqal county,Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
表5 稻水象甲幼蟲和蛹在田間不同發(fā)生密度下的理論抽樣數(shù)(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 5 The theoretical sampling numbers of the larvae and pupaeof Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel(Qapqal county, Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
2.2.3U檢驗 由表9可見,在稻水象甲幼蟲、蛹的各主要田間抽樣方法中,其U值均<1.96,因此本研究中所涉及的各抽樣方法均可靠。此外,上述兩種蟲態(tài)的田間最適抽樣方法為:幼蟲采用“Z”字形取樣法(0.140),其余依次是棋盤式法(0.663)、雙對角線法(0.775)、平行線法(0.841)和大5點取樣法(0.893)。蛹則采用大5點取樣法(0.177),其余依次是棋盤式法(0.328)、“Z”字形取樣法(0.563)、雙對角線法(1.016)和平行線法(1.076)。
表6 稻水象甲幼蟲序貫抽樣列表(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 6 Index list for sequential sampling of larvae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel(Qapqal county, Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
表7 不同防治指標(biāo)下稻水象甲蛹序貫抽樣模型 (新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 7 Sequential sampling model of pupae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel of different control indexes(Qapqal county, Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
表8 稻水象甲蛹序貫抽樣檢索表(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 8 Index list for sequential sampling of pupae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel(Qapqal county, Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
表9 稻水象甲幾種常用抽樣方法U檢驗(新疆伊犁河谷,察布查爾縣,2015)Table 9 Results of several sampling methods on Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel by U-test(Qapqal county,Yili river valley in Xinjiang,2015)
本研究表明,荒漠綠洲稻區(qū)稻水象甲幼蟲在稻田呈現(xiàn)密度依賴性的聚集分布,其田間分布的基本成分是個體群且聚集原因是由環(huán)境因素引起,與田春暉等[14]、顏仁賢[15]、峗薇等[22]、張燕杏等[25]的研究結(jié)果一致。此外,稻水象甲蛹于田間也呈密度依賴性的聚集分布,而參數(shù)I、m*、m*/m、CA及IQ越大、k越小則表明稻水象甲的聚集強(qiáng)度越大[31],荒漠綠洲稻區(qū)蛹狀態(tài)下,上述各參數(shù)均大于幼蟲,k值均小于幼蟲蟲態(tài)下的參數(shù)值,因此該生境下蛹的聚集程度高于幼蟲的聚集強(qiáng)度,又因α>0、β>1,故其為普通的聚集負(fù)二項分布,分布的基本成分是個體群并且聚集原因也是由環(huán)境因素引起。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),稻水象甲幼蟲大多分布在水稻根際3~6 cm[15,18],較成蟲其再次擴(kuò)散能力有限,故其聚集的原因取決于卵的分布型,而卵的空間格局顯然與稻水象甲成蟲聚集有關(guān);這主要是由于成蟲受水稻栽培措施、移栽期[34-35]長勢等影響,趨向早栽、返青快的秧苗產(chǎn)卵所致[20,36],此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)稻水象甲老熟幼蟲化蛹后,直接附著于水稻根部直到羽化,期間再無再次擴(kuò)散能力,且稻田深水區(qū)其分布數(shù)量明顯多于淺水區(qū),而幼蟲較蛹其可隨流水進(jìn)行再次擴(kuò)散,因而其聚集程度弱于蛹。
此外,通過U檢測,比較大5點法、平行線法、棋盤式法、“Z”字形法和雙對角線法等田間常用抽樣方法,確定新疆荒漠綠洲稻區(qū)稻水象甲幼蟲和蛹最適田間抽樣。本研究表明,幼蟲最佳調(diào)查法是 “Z”字形法,蛹則為大5點法。而峗薇等[22]認(rèn)為旱育秧稻田稻水象甲幼蟲最適宜的抽樣方法為平行線法,兩段式育秧稻田則為棋盤式法,造成上述差異的原因與調(diào)查地昆蟲種類、寄主組成、作物栽培方式、作物受害程度、土壤、地形和氣候等因素的差異有關(guān)[22,26],但關(guān)于造成此差異的機(jī)理還需進(jìn)一步研究。
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SpatialDistributionPatternandSamplingTechniqueforLarvaeandPupaofRiceWaterWeevilinEcologicalRegionsofOasisinXinjiang
WANG Xiaowu1,2,DING Xinhua1, Tursun1, FU Kaiyun1, HE Jiang1,LI Guangkuo1, GAO Haifeng1, BAI Weiwei1and GUO Wenchao2
(1.Plant Protection Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091, China; 2.Institute of Microorganism Application in Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091,China)
LissorhoptrusoryzophilusKuschel;Desert oasis;Spatial distribution patterns;t-text;Sampling technique
2016-12-09
2017-01-02
The National Key Research Project(No.2016YFC1202100);Key Research Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.2016B01007-2);Construction Project of Innovation Environment(Talent & Base)Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.2017D01B29).
WANG Xiaowu,male,marsteral student. Research area:agricultural insect and pest control. E-mail:wxw303528@163.com
S815.3
A
1004-1389(2017)09-1385-10
(責(zé)任編輯:郭柏壽Responsibleeditor:GUOBaishou)
日期:2017-09-12
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20170912.1740.030.html
2016-12-09
2017-01-02
國家重點研發(fā)計劃(2016YFC1202100);新疆維爾區(qū)自治區(qū)重點研發(fā)計劃(2016B01007-2);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)創(chuàng)新環(huán)境(人才、基地)建設(shè)專項-自然科學(xué)基金(2017D01B29)。
王小武,男,碩士研究生,研究方向為農(nóng)業(yè)昆蟲與害蟲防治。E-mail:wxw303528@163.com
郭文超,男,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向為害蟲生物防治和農(nóng)業(yè)外來入侵生物防控。E-mail:gwc1966@163.com
CorrespondingauthorGUO Wenchao,male,research fellow,doctoral supervisor . Research area:agricultural invasive pests biological control and biological control.E-mail:gwc1966@163.com