馬霄虹,王爽,趙心明,王倩,朱永健,歐陽漢,周純武
體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像對(duì)肝癌經(jīng)導(dǎo)管肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞治療短期療效預(yù)測(cè)及評(píng)估價(jià)值
馬霄虹,王爽,趙心明,王倩,朱永健,歐陽漢,周純武*
作者單位:
國家癌癥中心/中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院影像診斷科,北京100021
目的探討體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging,IVIM-DWI)定量指標(biāo)在肝細(xì)胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)經(jīng)導(dǎo)管肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)治療的短期療效預(yù)測(cè)及評(píng)估價(jià)值。材料與方法90例HCC患者1次TACE治療前后均行IVIM-DWI檢查,測(cè)得腫瘤最大層面的IVIMDWI定量指標(biāo):慢速擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(slow apparent diffusion coefficient,D)、快速擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(fast apparent diffusion coefficient,D*)、快速擴(kuò)散系數(shù)所占比例(fraction of fast apparent diffusion coefficient,f)值。根據(jù)實(shí)體腫瘤療效評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,mRECIST)進(jìn)行隨診,將病例分為穩(wěn)定組和進(jìn)展組。組內(nèi)用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)、組間用獨(dú)立t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果(1)TACE治療前,穩(wěn)定組與進(jìn)展組的D、D*值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);(2)1次TACE治療后,兩組之間的ΔD、ΔD*值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);(3)1次TACE治療前后的D及D*值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論IVIM-DWI定量指標(biāo)(D和D*值及其變化值)對(duì)肝癌TACE短期療效預(yù)測(cè)和評(píng)估具有一定價(jià)值。
肝腫瘤;磁共振成像;擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像;體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng);肝動(dòng)脈;栓塞,治療性
Key wordsLiver neoplasms; Magnetic resonance imaging; Diffusion-weighted imaging; Intravoxel incoherent motion; Hepatic artery; Embolization, therapeutic
經(jīng)導(dǎo)管肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)是原發(fā)性肝細(xì)胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“肝癌”)主要的非手術(shù)治療方式,既往評(píng)價(jià)HCC的TACE療效主要依靠實(shí)體腫瘤療效評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,mRECIST)——集中于形態(tài)學(xué)的評(píng)價(jià),已不能滿足目前臨床早期判斷及預(yù)測(cè)HCC治療療效的需求[1-4],因?yàn)門ACE治療后早期在未出現(xiàn)形態(tài)學(xué)改變時(shí),在細(xì)胞密度和腫瘤血流灌注方面已經(jīng)發(fā)生變化,目前的磁共振功能成像技術(shù)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)在腫瘤形態(tài)改變前,定量評(píng)價(jià)腫瘤細(xì)胞密度和/或灌注的變化,既往已有一些關(guān)于MR功能成像的定量及半定量指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)TACE療效的研究[5-6],但是體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging,IVIM-DWI)作為一種以DWI為理論基礎(chǔ)的最新磁共振功能成像技術(shù),定量分析及預(yù)測(cè)TACE短期療效等方面,國內(nèi)外相關(guān)報(bào)道較少。本研究旨在通過短期隨訪結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)IVIM-DWI定量指標(biāo)在TACE治療前及1次治療后早期預(yù)測(cè)其短期療效的價(jià)值,為臨床醫(yī)生在治療前制定更個(gè)性化、更準(zhǔn)確的治療方案提供客觀依據(jù),同時(shí)使患者得到最恰當(dāng)、及時(shí)的治療。
收集2013年11月1日至2016年2月28日期間,在我院就診的未經(jīng)任何治療的明確診斷為肝癌(臨床診斷不明確的,經(jīng)穿刺確診)并擬行TACE治療的患者。腫瘤呈單結(jié)節(jié)型或巨塊型,最大徑(maximal tumor diameter,MTD)大于2.0 cm,分期為T1~3N0M。所有入組患者需在TACE治療前1 w內(nèi)行肝臟常規(guī)MRI平掃、IVIM-DWI及多期動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描,并在TACE治療后1~1.5個(gè)月再次進(jìn)行磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)檢查,此后定期通過MRI或電子計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)隨訪觀察。入組病例開始時(shí)間為:MR確診日期;隨訪觀察終點(diǎn)時(shí)間設(shè)定為:2016年8月30日。TACE治療前最終入組病例為90例(10例為穿刺病理證實(shí)為HCC,80例根據(jù)臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定診斷為HCC),男性68例,女性22例,年齡25~79歲,中位年齡58歲;患者既往均有乙型肝炎病史;其中66 例(66/90,73.3%)甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)指標(biāo)升高。本研究方案獲得本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有入組患者于檢查前征得其(或其監(jiān)護(hù)人)同意,并且簽署知情同意書。
使用GE Discovery MR 750 3.0 T MR掃描儀,使用8通道體部相控陣線圈。檢查前患者均需禁食4 h及訓(xùn)練呼吸(均勻自由呼吸及呼氣末屏氣),為避免腸道蠕動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的偽影,對(duì)沒有禁忌證的受檢者肌注654-2,劑量為1 ml。
MR掃描序列包括:屏氣橫軸位T1WI雙回波序列;橫軸位T2WI脂肪抑制序列;呼吸觸發(fā)橫軸面IVIM-DWI,掃描參數(shù):TE 60.8 ms,TR 3529 ms,矩陣128×160,F(xiàn)OV 28 cm×34.0 cm~32.0 cm×40.0 cm,層厚/層間距: 5 mm/0.5 mm,共選用9個(gè)b值(0、20、50、100、200、400、600、800、1200 s/mm2);橫軸位屏氣3D肝臟加速容積采集序列(liver acquisition with volume acceleration-extended volume,LAVA-XV)多期動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描:使用高壓注射器經(jīng)手背靜脈注入對(duì)比劑二亞乙基三胺五乙酸釓(gadolinium diethylenetrianmine pentaacetic acid,Gd-DTPA),劑量0.2 ml/kg,流率2~2.5 ml/s,隨后采用同樣流率注入20 ml生理鹽水沖管,于注射對(duì)比劑后20 s開始采集,于注射對(duì)比劑后20 s、60 s、2 min及3 min分別采集肝臟動(dòng)脈期、門脈早期、門脈晚期及延遲期圖像。
將全部IVIM-DWI(包括治療前及1次TACE治療后)原始數(shù)據(jù)傳到GE AW4.6工作站,應(yīng)用Function Tools工具包的MADC軟件中,采用雙指數(shù)模型計(jì)算分別得到慢速表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(slow apparent diffusion coefficient,D)、快速表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(fast apparent diffusion coefficient,D*)及快速擴(kuò)散成分所占比例(fraction of fast apparent diffusioncoefficient,f)。結(jié)合T1WI雙回波、T2WI脂肪抑制及動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)圖像,將感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)置于病灶含實(shí)性成分最多的最大層面,盡量避開病變含有出血區(qū)的層面;ROI手動(dòng)繪制,包括整個(gè)病變區(qū)域;同一病灶的所有數(shù)據(jù)均需測(cè)量3次,并計(jì)算平均值。
根據(jù)隨診終點(diǎn)時(shí)的CT或MRI,將本組病例分成進(jìn)展組和穩(wěn)定組;進(jìn)展組:經(jīng)MRI或CT明確證實(shí)疾病進(jìn)展(包括腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)、肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移),局部病灶進(jìn)展是根據(jù)mRECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定為疾病進(jìn)展和疾病穩(wěn)定的病例;穩(wěn)定組:根據(jù)mRECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定為完全緩解和部分緩解的病例。隨診終點(diǎn):1次TACE后,根據(jù)MRI或CT確診病例進(jìn)展的時(shí)間;隨診超過半年一直未進(jìn)展的病例,其分組根據(jù)2016年8月30日前最后1次CT或MRI檢查結(jié)果。
所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,定量數(shù)據(jù)以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示。首先采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行正態(tài)分布檢驗(yàn),符合正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。兩組間各參數(shù)比較,使用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
90個(gè)病灶中,位于肝左葉33個(gè),肝右葉50個(gè),肝左右葉交界區(qū)7個(gè);MTD范圍為2.5~9.8 cm,中位數(shù)為4.8 cm;病灶最大層面ROI面積范圍為235~3729 mm2,中位數(shù)為2416 mm2。
穩(wěn)定組與進(jìn)展組之間的MTD、D、D*值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且穩(wěn)定組的D值大于進(jìn)展組,穩(wěn)定組的MTD及D*值小于進(jìn)展組(表1、圖1);其他因素如年齡、AFP及f值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
在1次TACE治療后,穩(wěn)定組與進(jìn)展組的MTD、1次TACE治療前后的變化值ΔMTD、ΔD、ΔD*值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且穩(wěn)定組的ΔMTD、ΔD、ΔD*值均大于進(jìn)展組;在1次TACE治療后的AFP、D、D*及f值和1次TACE治療前后的ΔAFP及Δf值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2、圖2。
MTD、AFP、D、D*值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),治療后MTD、AFP、D*值降低,而D值治療后升高;治療前后f值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
表觀彌散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)并不能單純地反映活體組織內(nèi)水分子擴(kuò)散,它同時(shí)也受毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)血流灌注效應(yīng)的影響,因而存在一定的局限性。Le等[7]1986年首次提出基于IVIM的DWI,在活體生物組織內(nèi),IVIM測(cè)得的是體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng),可同時(shí)得到微循環(huán)灌注相關(guān)參數(shù)(?,D*)和真性擴(kuò)散參數(shù)(D),恰好彌補(bǔ)了DWI的不足,可為腫瘤的特點(diǎn)、腫瘤治療反應(yīng)提供更多的信息[8]。目前IVIM-DWI技術(shù)在肝臟的運(yùn)用,主要集中在D值和ADC值在局灶性肝臟良惡性病變的診斷及鑒別診斷、HCC病理分級(jí)及肝硬化分級(jí)方面[9-11],而關(guān)于HCC TACE療效預(yù)測(cè)及評(píng)估方面的研究鮮見報(bào)道。
D值去除了灌注效應(yīng)的影響,代表單純的擴(kuò)散效應(yīng),比ADC值更準(zhǔn)確地反映擴(kuò)散。Hauser等[12]在頭頸部鱗癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),放化療有反應(yīng)的腫瘤D值及f值均增高。本研究結(jié)果顯示1次TACE治療后腫瘤的D值升高,與Hauser等結(jié)果一致,反映壞死引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞密度減??;但f值在1次TACE治療后減低,提示腫瘤微循環(huán)降低,可能是由于治療后腫瘤血管減少致灌注降低有關(guān)。Hauser等[12]認(rèn)為放化療后f值升高,可能是小血管擴(kuò)張以及炎性改變導(dǎo)致高灌注,兩個(gè)研究結(jié)果截然不同的原因與治療方式不同,殺滅腫瘤的原理不同有關(guān)。另外,本研究結(jié)果顯示D值高及ΔD值大的,短期預(yù)后好。
Park等[13]認(rèn)為富血供腫瘤的D*值一般較高,并在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)HCC TACE治療后碘油沉積好的病例,治療前的D*值較高,但他們同時(shí)認(rèn)為HCC TACE治療前D*值高的,預(yù)后較差。本研究結(jié)果顯示HCC治療前,進(jìn)展組的D*值高于穩(wěn)定組,即治療前D*值高的預(yù)后差,因?yàn)镈*值高與腫瘤的侵襲性和細(xì)胞膜不完整性有關(guān)。但理論上,HCC的D*值較低,是因?yàn)橛行律苌?,新生血管可表現(xiàn)出緩慢血液流動(dòng),血流量很慢的血管是通過擴(kuò)散效應(yīng)而非灌注效應(yīng)被檢測(cè)到的,且腫瘤新生微血管管徑細(xì)小、基底膜不完整,毛細(xì)血管血流減慢、甚至滯留,快速流動(dòng)的血液減少,導(dǎo)致HCC的D*及f值較低[14]。本組研究結(jié)果顯示,在TACE治療前后的D*值和f值均較低,與理論相符。此外,治療前D*值低和1次TACE前后ΔD*值大的,短期內(nèi)療效較好。
表1 穩(wěn)定組與進(jìn)展組治療前IVIM相關(guān)參數(shù)比較Tab.1 Comparison of parameters of IVIM between the stable group and the progressive group before TACE
表2 穩(wěn)定組與進(jìn)展組1次TACE治療后各參數(shù)及治療前后各指標(biāo)變化值比較Tab.2 Comparison of the changes of the parameters and the changes of the indexes before and after treatment with TACE in the stable group and the progress group
表3 1次TACE治療前后IVIM各參數(shù)比較Tab.3 Comparison of parameters of IVIM in all patients before and after TACE
從理論上來說,IVIM-DWI參數(shù)D*和f描述的均是毛細(xì)血管微循環(huán)灌注的影響,因此,D*和f的變化趨勢(shì)應(yīng)該是相同的。本研究結(jié)果顯示,D*和f值的變化趨勢(shì)一致,但D*值在治療前穩(wěn)定組與進(jìn)展組、治療前后的ΔD*值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而f值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。關(guān)于D*和f一致性的問題,文獻(xiàn)中也各有討論。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[15],D*和f值一致性與HCC形成過程的“動(dòng)脈化”有關(guān),即門靜脈血流減少,但發(fā)生了肝動(dòng)脈血流增加和/或血管擴(kuò)張。但也有文獻(xiàn)[16]對(duì)D*和f值之間的不一致性進(jìn)行分析,認(rèn)為D*值取決于微血管的平均血流速度和毛細(xì)血管段的長(zhǎng)度,f值反映毛細(xì)血管的容量,D*與f值代表了灌注的不同方面,所以結(jié)果可以不統(tǒng)一??傊?,到目前為止,關(guān)于D*與f值的一致性問題,尚無統(tǒng)一、確定的解釋。晚期HCC索拉菲尼治療研究中[17],治療有反應(yīng)者在服藥2 w后f值顯著增高,治療后2個(gè)月f值的變化率與患者總體生存率和有癥狀的腫瘤進(jìn)展時(shí)間相關(guān)[17]。Hauser等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)放化療前,f值高的頭頸部鱗癌療效差,Chawla等[18]的研究結(jié)果卻與此相反,但是以上兩項(xiàng)研究差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本研究結(jié)果顯示在TACE治療前,穩(wěn)定組的f值雖然小于進(jìn)展組,但差異也不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義??傊狙芯拷Y(jié)果認(rèn)為D*及ΔD*值是HCC TACE短期療效的預(yù)測(cè)和評(píng)估指標(biāo)之一,而f值能否預(yù)測(cè)和評(píng)估HCC TACE療效,尚需進(jìn)一步研究加以驗(yàn)證。
本研究局限性:(1)本研究樣本量不夠充足,未進(jìn)行有價(jià)值預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)的受試者工作特征曲線繪制;(2) IVIM-DWI選用的b值是否最優(yōu)化,需要進(jìn)一步研究;(3)由于臨床實(shí)際情況所限,未能測(cè)量治療極早期(治療后24 h及3~7 d)的IVIM-DWI定量指標(biāo)。
圖1 TACE治療前IVIM后處理圖像。A~C:穩(wěn)定組,男,38歲,最長(zhǎng)徑6.5 cm,位于肝臟右前葉。A:D圖像,值為0.85×10-3mm2/s;B:D*圖像,值為23.8×10-3mm2/s,C:f圖像,值為15.6%。D~F:進(jìn)展組,男,46歲,最長(zhǎng)徑14.2 cm,位于肝臟左葉及右前葉。D:D圖像,值為0.79×10-3mm2/s;E:D*圖像,值為28.5×10-3mm2/s;F:f圖像,值為12.8% 圖2 1次TACE治療后IVIM-DWI處理圖像。A~C:穩(wěn)定組,男,38歲,最長(zhǎng)徑5.6 cm,位于肝臟右前葉。A:D圖像,值為0.96×10-3mm2/s;B:D*圖像,值為21.6×10-3mm2/s;C:f圖像,值為11.5%。D~F:進(jìn)展組,男,46歲,最長(zhǎng)徑18.2 cm,位于肝臟左葉及右前葉。D:D圖像,值為0.84×10-3mm2/s;E:D*圖像,值為20.6×10-3mm2/s;F:f圖像,值為10.8%Fig. 1 The IVIM post-processing images before TACE. A—C: The stable group, male, 38-year-old, MTD 6.5 cm, located in the right frontal lobe of the liver.A: D figure, D value=0.85×10-3mm2/s; B: D*figure, D*value=23.8×10-3mm2/s; C: f figure, f value=15.6%. D—F: The progressive group, male, 46-year-old,MTD 14.2 cm, located in the left and right frontal lobe of the liver. D: D figure, D value=0.79×10-3mm2/s; E: D*figure, D*value=28.5×10-3mm2/s; F: f figure, f value=12.8%. Fig. 2 The IVIM post-processing images after TACE. A—C: The stable group, male, 38-year-old, MTD 5.6 cm, located in the right frontal lobe of the liver. A: D figure, D value=0.96×10-3mm2/s; B: D*figure, D*value=21.6×10-3mm2/s; C: f figure, f value=11.5%. D—F: The progressive group, male,46-year-old, MTD 18.2 cm, located in the left and right frontal lobe of the liver. D: D figure, D value=0.84×10-3mm2/s; E: D*figure, D*value=20.6×10-3mm2/s;F: f figure, f value=10.8%.
綜上所述,IVIM-DWI是一種無創(chuàng)且有效的檢查方法,可通過定量分析腫瘤微觀病理生理狀態(tài),對(duì)HCC TACE治療的短期療效預(yù)測(cè)及評(píng)估具有一定價(jià)值。本研究表明,治療前MTD、D*值低及D值高的HCC,1次治療前后的ΔMTD、ΔD、ΔD*值高,HCC TACE療效好;TACE治療前后的MTD、AFP、D、D*的值可評(píng)價(jià)療效。未來,可將IVIM-DWI定量指標(biāo)與磁共振灌注的定量參數(shù)之間的聯(lián)系及一致性加以研究,尤其對(duì)那些對(duì)磁共振增強(qiáng)對(duì)比劑過敏或腎臟功能異常的患者,IVIMDWI具有重要意義
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The predictive value of IVIM-DWI on short-term therapeutic effect and prognosis of TACE on hepatocellular carcinoma
MA Xiao-hong, WANG Shuang, ZHAO Xin-ming, WANG Qian, ZHU Yong-jian,OUYANG Han, ZHOU Chun-wu*
Department of Diagnostic, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
*Correspondence to: Zhou CW, E-mail: cjr.zhouchunwu@vip.163.com
Objective:To investigate the postoperative early response and short-term prognosis value of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIMDWI) quantitative parameters for the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).Materials and Methods:Ninety patients with biopsy-proven or clinical diagnostic HCC underwent IVIM-DWI on a 3.0 T MR scanner before TACE, and 90 HCC patients took the same MR scan one month after TACE. The quantitative parameters were measured on the maximal tumor region, including D, D*and f value before and after TACE. The patients were divided into progress group and stable group based on mRECIST as criterion. All data were statistically analyzed.Results:There were significant differences between progress group and the stable group in D and D*values of the tumor before TACE (P<0.05, respectively). One month after TACE, the ΔD and ΔD*values of the tumor had significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05, respectively). The D and D*values of tumors had significant differences before and after TACE (P<0.05,respectively).Conclusion:The D, D*values of the IVIM-DWI could predict the efficacy before TACE in HCC patients. Furthermore, the IVIM-DWI as a noninvasive method might evaluate the early response after TACE in HCC patients.
14 Dec 2016, Accepted 21 Feb 2017
公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)基金資助(編號(hào):201402019);中國癌癥基金會(huì)北京馬拉松專項(xiàng)基金資助(編號(hào):LC2016B15)
周純武,E-mail:cjr.zhouchunwu@vip.163.com
2016-12-14
接受日期:2017-02-21
R445.2;R735.7
A
10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2017.04.003
馬霄虹, 王爽, 趙心明, 等. 體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像對(duì)肝癌經(jīng)導(dǎo)管肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞治療短期療效預(yù)測(cè)及評(píng)估價(jià)值. 磁共振成像, 2017, 8(4):248-253.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was part of Public Welfare Scienti fic Research Project of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 201402019); Beijing Hope Run Special Fund of Cancer Foundation of China (No. LC2016B15).