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右美托咪定對(duì)肥胖患者蘇醒期的影響

2017-10-12 06:48肖甄男龍波于礫淳白茹冰
關(guān)鍵詞:時(shí)點(diǎn)躁動(dòng)咪定

肖甄男,龍波,于礫淳,白茹冰

(1. 中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院麻醉科,沈陽(yáng) 110004; 2. 遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科,沈陽(yáng) 110042;3. 中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第四醫(yī)院第四普通外科,沈陽(yáng) 110032)

右美托咪定對(duì)肥胖患者蘇醒期的影響

肖甄男1,龍波1,于礫淳2,白茹冰3

(1. 中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院麻醉科,沈陽(yáng) 110004; 2. 遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科,沈陽(yáng) 110042;3. 中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第四醫(yī)院第四普通外科,沈陽(yáng) 110032)

目的探討右美托咪定0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1對(duì)肥胖患者腹腔鏡手術(shù)蘇醒期的影響。方法選擇擇期行腹腔鏡下Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)且體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)≥30 kg/m2的患者30例,隨機(jī)分為右美托咪定組(D組)和對(duì)照組(C組),每組15例。D組于手術(shù)開(kāi)始時(shí)泵注右美托咪定0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1,手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min停止泵注;C組同時(shí)泵注等量的生理鹽水。2組采用相同的麻醉誘導(dǎo)及維持方案。記錄患者各時(shí)點(diǎn)的心率(HR),平均動(dòng)脈壓(MBP),心率變異性指標(biāo):低頻率(LF)、高頻率(HF)、LF/HF,拔管時(shí)間,拔管時(shí)鎮(zhèn)靜躁動(dòng)評(píng)分(SAS),蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)及不良事件的發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果C組蘇醒期HR、MBP及LF/HF均較基礎(chǔ)值高,且均高于D組(P <0.05);C組在拔管前及拔管時(shí)LF均高于D組(P < 0.05);D組蘇醒期MBP較基礎(chǔ)值低(P < 0.05),且拔管時(shí)SAS、蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)均低于C組(P < 0.05);2組間HF及拔管時(shí)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P > 0.05)。結(jié)論給予肥胖患者術(shù)中泵注鹽酸右美托咪定0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1不僅不延長(zhǎng)蘇醒拔管時(shí)間,還能提高蘇醒期質(zhì)量。

右美托咪定; 肥胖; 心率變異性; 蘇醒期

Abstract ObjectiveTo explore the effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine (0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1) on the recovery period in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y surgery.MethodsThirty patients (ASA ⅠtoⅡ,body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) presenting for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned 1∶1 to the dexmedetomidine group (group D) or control group(group C). Dexmedetomidine was infused at 0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1at the beginning of the operation and was discontinued 30 minutes before the end of the surgery in group D. Simultaneously,normal saline was infused at 0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1in group C. The two groups received the same method of induction and maintenance anesthesia. The intraoperative variables measured included heart rate (HR),mean blood pressure(MBP),low frequency (LF),high frequency (HF),LF/HF ratio extubation time,Silverman-Andersen score (SAS) at the time of extubation,level of agitation during the recovery period,and adverse events.ResultsHR,MBP,and LF/HF of group C were higher than the baseline values and that of group D (P < 0.05) during the recovery period. LF was higher in group C those in group D (P < 0.05) during the recovery period. MBP was lower than the baseline values (P < 0.05) and SAS at the time of extubation and level of agitation during the anesthesia recovery period were lower in group D (P < 0.05) than in group C. There was no significant difference in HF and extubation time between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionInfusion of dexmedetomidine during anesthesia in obese patients may improve the quality of emergence from anesthesia without increasing the duration of the anesthesia recovery period.

Keywordsdexmedetomidine; obesity; heart rate variability; anesthesia recovery period

肥胖患者多伴有高血壓、糖尿病等相關(guān)疾病, 尤其是病態(tài)肥胖患者約77%伴有睡眠呼吸暫停[1-2]。肥胖可引起交感迷走神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)過(guò)度激活[3],使其較同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體質(zhì)量患者在圍術(shù)期更易發(fā)生循環(huán)的劇烈波動(dòng)。右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)是一種高選擇性的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,具有良好的鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛及抗焦慮作用[4],且對(duì)呼吸功能基本沒(méi)有抑制作用[5],可安全地應(yīng)用于肥胖患者[6]。Dex具有親脂性,肥胖患者由于其表觀分布容積較大,脂肪組織含量較高,因此,Dex應(yīng)用于肥胖患者時(shí)是否需要延長(zhǎng)拔管時(shí)間,以及對(duì)于肥胖患者交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)過(guò)度激活的抑制效果如何,有待于進(jìn)一步研究探討。

1 材料與方法

1.1 一般資料

經(jīng)我院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),選擇擇期行腹腔鏡Roux-en-Y吻合手術(shù)患者30例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí);年齡18~65歲;體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)≥30 kg/m2。 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):全麻禁忌證;手術(shù)時(shí)間>4 h或<1 h;預(yù)計(jì)面罩通氣困難和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea hyponea syndrome,OSAS)患者;嚴(yán)重心肺功能疾病,嚴(yán)重肝腎功能疾?。恍锞?、吸毒及長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛藥物者;有精神系統(tǒng)疾病及無(wú)法合作者;有三度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯、入室心率(heart rate,HR) <50次/min;蘇醒期應(yīng)用肌松拮抗藥物新斯的明及阿托品者。按照抽簽法將患者分為右美托咪定組(D組)和對(duì)照組(C組),每組15例。

1.2 麻醉方法

1.2.1 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:禁食8 h,禁飲4 h,停用減肥藥物,無(wú)術(shù)前用藥,麻醉用藥劑量均按照J(rèn)AWON X-SCAN PLUSⅡ?qū)<倚腿梭w成分分析儀(韓國(guó)杰文制造商制造)測(cè)得的去脂體質(zhì)量進(jìn)行計(jì)算。

1.2.2 麻醉誘導(dǎo)維持及蘇醒:入室后監(jiān)測(cè)HR、血壓(blood pressure,BP)、血氧飽和度(blood oxygen saturation,SpO2)、腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)并監(jiān)測(cè)心率變異性(heart rate variability,HRV)頻域相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)(秦皇島康泰醫(yī)學(xué)系統(tǒng)TLC9804動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖儀)。建立靜脈通路,平靜5 min后,予以麻醉誘導(dǎo)[舒芬太尼0.3~0.5 μ g/kg,異丙酚(得普利麻) 2.0 mg/kg,琥珀膽堿(司克林) 2 mg/kg],待插管成功后給予順式阿曲庫(kù)銨0.2 mg/kg。麻醉維持階段2組均采用七氟醚(喜保福寧)聯(lián)合瑞芬太尼(remifentani,RF)維持麻醉。將最低肺泡氣有效濃度值維持于1.3,根據(jù)平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean blood pressure,MBP)、HR及BIS值調(diào)整RF的用量,BIS值維持在40~60。根據(jù)手術(shù)需要及預(yù)計(jì)手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)間給予肌松藥(單次追加米庫(kù)氯胺0.07 mg/kg),手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min不再追加肌松藥。D組于手術(shù)開(kāi)始時(shí)泵注鹽酸右美托咪定(艾貝寧) 0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1;C組于同一時(shí)段泵注等量的生理鹽水,2組均于手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min停止泵注鹽酸右美托咪定或生理鹽水及RF,并給予舒芬太尼注射液0.1 μ g/kg。術(shù)中O2∶N2O=1∶1,流量為2 L/min,潮氣量為10 mL/kg,呼氣末二氧化碳(end-tidal carbon dioxide,EtCO2)為35~45 mmHg。術(shù)中補(bǔ)液按照4-2-1法則進(jìn)行,給予乳酸林格氏液,尿量維持1~2 mL·kg-1·h-1。關(guān)閉氣腹時(shí)將呼出七氟醚濃度調(diào)為1%,手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)2組均停止吸入七氟醚,并將氧濃度調(diào)至100%,流量為6 L/min。待患者符合拔管指征(自主呼吸規(guī)律,且潮氣量≥5 mL/kg,呼之睜眼,意識(shí)恢復(fù),抬高上肢持續(xù)5 s以上)后拔出氣管導(dǎo)管。如肌松恢復(fù)不完全,則給予拮抗藥物,并將此例排除。待吸空氣SpO2維持在入室水平即送入麻醉后監(jiān)測(cè)治療室(postanesthesia care unit,PACU),嚴(yán)密觀察30 min,待生命體征平穩(wěn)后送回病房。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

觀察記錄麻醉誘導(dǎo)前5 min (T0)、停止泵注Dex或生理鹽水時(shí)(T1)、拔管前(即開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)自主呼吸時(shí))(T2)、拔管時(shí)(T3)、拔管后10 min (T4)的HR、MBP、BIS值及HRV的相關(guān)指標(biāo):低頻率(low frequency,LF),高頻率(high frequency,HF)和LF/HF。記錄恢復(fù)自主呼吸、睜眼、拔管距離手術(shù)結(jié)束的時(shí)間及不良事件的發(fā)生情況(如拔管后需再次插管);由不知分組情況的第三者進(jìn)行拔管時(shí)鎮(zhèn)靜躁動(dòng)評(píng)分(sedation-agitation scale,SAS)和蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以x-±s表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)方差分析比較,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),HRV相關(guān)指標(biāo)因數(shù)值變化較大故進(jìn)行常用對(duì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換后采用重復(fù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)方差分析進(jìn)行比較,P <0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 一般情況

2組在性別、年齡、身高、實(shí)際體質(zhì)量、去脂體質(zhì)量、BMI值及手術(shù)時(shí)間方面均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P >0.05)。

2.2 血流動(dòng)力學(xué)比較(圖1、2)

組內(nèi)比較:與T0相比,C組T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)HR、MBP均升高(P < 0.05),D組T1、T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)MBP均降低(P <0.05),各時(shí)段HR則均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P > 0.05)。

組間比較:C組T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的HR和MBP均高于D組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。

2.3 HRV指標(biāo)比較(表1)

圖1 C組與D組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)心率的比較Fig.1 Comparison of heart rate between groups D and C at different time points

圖2 C組與D組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)平均動(dòng)脈壓的比較Fig.2 Comparison of the mean blood pressure between groups D and C at different time points

組內(nèi)比較:C組T1時(shí)點(diǎn)LF、HF及T2時(shí)點(diǎn)HF均低于T0(P < 0.05),T1、T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)LF/HF比值均高于T0(P <0.05);D組T1、T2時(shí)點(diǎn)的LF、HF均低于T0(P < 0.05),T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的LF/HF比值均低于T0(P < 0.05)。

組間比較:C組T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)LF高于D組,T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)LF/HF比值高于D組(P < 0.05);2組HF值在各時(shí)間點(diǎn)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。

2.4 拔管時(shí)SAS評(píng)分及蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)比較(表2)

2組間拔管時(shí)SAS評(píng)分及蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P < 0.05),D組較C組拔管時(shí)及蘇醒期更加安靜、合作。2組拔管時(shí)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P >0.05)。2組均無(wú)再次插管等不良事件的發(fā)生。

3 討論

蘇醒期躁動(dòng)是屬于麻醉蘇醒期的一種嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,極易發(fā)生血流動(dòng)力學(xué)劇烈波動(dòng)[7],尤其是肥胖患者,由于代謝紊亂導(dǎo)致其交感迷走神經(jīng)張力過(guò)度激活,更易發(fā)生心腦血管意外,而Dex的降壓作用取決于機(jī)體原有交感神經(jīng)的緊張力[8]。有研究[9]表明,對(duì)肥胖患者泵注Dex 0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1與等效劑量的芬太尼1.0 μ g·kg-1·h-1相比,兩者均能有效抑制自主神經(jīng)活性、減少血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)。MANSOUR等[10]研究顯示,對(duì)于肥胖癥患者應(yīng)用非阿片類(lèi)的藥物進(jìn)行全身麻醉同阿片類(lèi)藥物一樣有效,且更為安全。本研究從血流動(dòng)力學(xué)、交感與迷走神經(jīng)張力及蘇醒期評(píng)分3個(gè)方面探討了Dex對(duì)肥胖患者蘇醒期的影響。

表1 C組與D組心率變異性指標(biāo)在組內(nèi)及組間的比較Tab.1 Comparison of the variability in heart rate between groups D and C and within each group

表2 2組拔管時(shí)SAS評(píng)分及蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)的比較Tab.2 Comparison of the SAS of extubation and level of agitation during the period of recovery from anesthesia between the groups

本研究中,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分析結(jié)果顯示,D組蘇醒期HR同入室基礎(chǔ)HR相比,變化無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而C組蘇醒期HR則高于入室基礎(chǔ)HR;D組蘇醒期MBP低于入室基礎(chǔ)值,表明Dex可使蘇醒期血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更穩(wěn)定。而組間比較發(fā)現(xiàn),在拔管前、拔管時(shí)及拔管后,D組HR、MBP均小于C組。在手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min時(shí)停用了RF,由于其終末半衰期為9.5 min,從而排除了RF對(duì)蘇醒期的影響。Dex的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)研究[11]表明,持續(xù)靜脈泵注1 h后可達(dá)峰濃度,停止泵注后終末半衰期為2 h,因此,蘇醒期表現(xiàn)是由Dex的藥理作用所致。

本研究還對(duì)HRV的相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了分析,HRV是指逐次心搏間期的微小差異,是一種監(jiān)測(cè)心臟自主神經(jīng)功能及其動(dòng)態(tài)活動(dòng)變化的無(wú)創(chuàng)方法。HRV的頻率包括主要受交感神經(jīng)支配的LF (<0.15 Hz)、主要受迷走神經(jīng)支配的HF (0.15~0.5 Hz)以及反映交感與迷走神經(jīng)活性平衡的LF/HF。本研究結(jié)果表明,與C組相比,D組在蘇醒期交感神經(jīng)張力降低,迷走神經(jīng)張力本身并無(wú)變化,只是由于交感神經(jīng)張力降低使迷走神經(jīng)相對(duì)占優(yōu)勢(shì),從而使交感與迷走神經(jīng)平衡發(fā)生變化,這也再次印證了α2受體激動(dòng)藥物的主要藥理作用是降低交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的興奮性。另外,在蘇醒期的早期(T2) C組交感神經(jīng)張力已處于較高的水平,并持續(xù)至拔管后10 min;而D組于T2時(shí)交感神經(jīng)張力與麻醉維持期相近,且隨著蘇醒期交感神經(jīng)張力逐漸增加;而2組迷走神經(jīng)的變化相似,最終使D組交感與迷走神經(jīng)平衡效應(yīng)優(yōu)于C組。

本研究中,拔管時(shí)及蘇醒期的SAS評(píng)分結(jié)果顯示了對(duì)肥胖患者應(yīng)用Dex 0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1的優(yōu)越性,且應(yīng)用Dex并不影響拔管時(shí)間,與AKSU等[12]的研究結(jié)果相似。而TUFANOGULLARI等[13]的研究則表明,即使Dex泵注劑量增加到0.8 μ g·kg-1·h-1,也不延長(zhǎng)拔管時(shí)間。

本研究中,出于倫理要求,為了減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛,在手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min給予了0.1 μ g/kg的舒芬太尼,雖然該藥增強(qiáng)了蘇醒期平穩(wěn)性,但影響了對(duì)Dex作用的單獨(dú)觀察。雖然有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)表明Dex具有一定的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,但尚無(wú)可單獨(dú)應(yīng)用Dex作為術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的報(bào)道。

綜上所述,Dex 0.4 μ g·kg-1·h-1應(yīng)用于肥胖患者可穩(wěn)定蘇醒期血流動(dòng)力學(xué),抑制交感神經(jīng)張力,減少蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生,且不延長(zhǎng)拔管時(shí)間,可提高蘇醒期質(zhì)量。

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[5] ABD-AZIZ N,CHUE MC,YONG CY,et al. Efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine versus morphine in post-operative cardiac surgery patients [J]. Int J Clin Pharm,2011,33(2):150-154. DOI:10.1007/s11096-011-9480-7.

[6] HSU YW,CORTINEZ LI,ROBERTSON KM,et al. Dexmedetomidine pharmacodynamics:part I:crossover comparison of the respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil in healthy volunteers [J].Anesthesiology,2004,101(5):1066-1076. DOI:10.1097/00000542-200411000-00005.

[7] 沈勤,肖建軍. 右美托咪定預(yù)防全麻蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的臨床觀察[J]. 蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2012,37(3):294-295,298. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2200.2012.03.018

[8] 戴體俊,喻田. 麻醉藥理學(xué)[M]. 北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2000:140.

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[10] MANSOUR MA,MAHMOUD AA,GEDDAWY M,et al. Nonopioid versus opioid based general anesthesia technique for bariatric surgery:a randomized double-blind study [J]. Saudi J Anaesth,2013,7(4):387-391. DOI:10.4103/1658-354X.121045.

[11] 徐蓉蓉,黃文起. 右美托咪定藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)和藥效動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究進(jìn) 展[J]. 廣 東 醫(yī) 學(xué),2012,33(8):1037-1039. DOI:10.3969/j.is sn.1001-9448.2012.08.002.

[12] AKSU R,AKIN A,BI ER C,et al. Comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl on airway reflexes and hemodynamic responses to tracheal extubation during rhinoplasty:a double-blind,randomized,controlled study [J]. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp,2009,70(3):209-220. DOI:10.1016/j.curtheres.2009.06.003.

[13] TUFANOGULLARI B,WHITE PF,PEIXOTO MP,et al. Dexmedetomidine infusion during laparoscopic bariatric surgery:the effect on recovery outcome variables[J]. Anesth Analg,2008,106(6):1741-1748. DOI:10.1213/ane.0b013e318172c47c.

(編輯 王又冬)

Effect of Dexmedetomidine on the Anesthesia Recovery Period in Obese Patients

XIAO Zhennan1,LONG Bo1,YU Lichun2,BAI Rubing3

(1. Department of Anesthesiology,Shengjing Hospital ,China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China; 2. Department of Anesthesiology,Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Insitute,Shenyang 110042,China; 3. Department of Forensic Sursery,The Fourth Affiliated Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110032,China)

R614.2

A

0258-4646(2017)10-0913-05

http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/21.1227.R.20170927.1452.024.html

10.12007/j.issn.0258‐4646.2017.10.012

遼寧省社會(huì)發(fā)展攻關(guān)計(jì)劃(2012225021)

肖甄男(1988-),男,醫(yī)師,碩士.

龍波,E-mail:longbo_27@163.com

2017-01-09

網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2017-09-27 14:52

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