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雷帕霉素預(yù)處理對(duì)大鼠肢體缺血-再灌注肺損傷的影響

2017-11-02 09:00袁志軍唐斌羅振中黃丹
中國(guó)藥業(yè) 2017年21期
關(guān)鍵詞:光鏡雷帕肺泡

袁志軍,唐斌,羅振中,黃丹

(1.江西省分宜縣中醫(yī)院,江西新余336600;2.南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院,江西南昌336600)

雷帕霉素預(yù)處理對(duì)大鼠肢體缺血-再灌注肺損傷的影響

袁志軍1,唐斌2,羅振中2,黃丹2

(1.江西省分宜縣中醫(yī)院,江西新余336600;2.南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院,江西南昌336600)

目的探討雷帕霉素預(yù)處理對(duì)大鼠肢體缺血-再灌注肺損傷的影響,為臨床應(yīng)用及預(yù)防提供理論參考。方法將60只健康雄性SD大鼠采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法均分為對(duì)照組(C組)、肢體缺血-再灌注組(I/R組)、雷帕霉素預(yù)處理組(R組)3組,各20只。所有動(dòng)物缺血前12 h禁食,自由飲水,麻醉后固定于操作臺(tái),于右側(cè)腹股溝處切開(kāi)皮膚,暴露股動(dòng)脈、股靜脈和股神經(jīng);C組僅分離股動(dòng)脈、股靜脈和股神經(jīng);I/R組和R組用無(wú)創(chuàng)血管夾于接近腹股溝韌帶處夾閉股動(dòng)脈,迫使大鼠雙后肢缺血2 h,后取去血管夾使得再灌注3 h;R組于下肢缺血前灌胃雷帕霉素。應(yīng)用超聲血流儀監(jiān)測(cè)血流,以未監(jiān)測(cè)到血液流動(dòng)為缺血,監(jiān)測(cè)到血液流動(dòng)為再灌注的指標(biāo);再灌注3 h后處死大鼠,心臟取血2 mL,離心取血清,硫代巴比妥法測(cè)定丙二醛(MDA)的濃度,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附(ELISA)法檢測(cè)白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1 、IL-6和腫瘤壞死因子- (TNF- )的濃度;取肺組織計(jì)算干濕比及行免疫組化觀察肺組織病理學(xué)結(jié)果。結(jié)果與C組比較,I/R組肺W/D、血清MDA,IL-1 ,IL-6和TNF- 水平均明顯升高(P<0.01),與I/R組比較,R組肺W/D,血清MDA,IL-1 ,IL-6和TNF-水平均明顯降低(P<0.05);光鏡下C組大鼠的肺組織紋理結(jié)構(gòu)尚完整,肺泡間隔均勻一致,見(jiàn)少量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺泡腔清楚可見(jiàn);I/R組大鼠肺泡上皮細(xì)胞增生,肺間質(zhì)明顯增生,肺泡壁增厚,可見(jiàn)大量的炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),毛細(xì)血管明顯擴(kuò)張充血,肺泡壁及肺泡間質(zhì)中可見(jiàn)大量中性粒細(xì)胞;R組大鼠肺組織病理改變較I/R組明顯減輕,炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)明顯減少,僅有少量紅細(xì)胞滲出。結(jié)論雷帕霉素預(yù)處理可減輕肢體缺血-再灌注誘發(fā)肺損傷,其機(jī)制可能與抗氧化應(yīng)激和抗炎反應(yīng)有關(guān)。

雷帕霉素;肢體缺血-再灌注;肺損傷

肢體缺血-再灌注損傷是臨床常見(jiàn)的病理過(guò)程,壓迫止血帶的臨床應(yīng)用、冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化致血栓的形成等因素均可引起下肢缺血-再灌注[1-3]。雷帕霉素(rapamycin,RPM)是放線菌培養(yǎng)液中分離的大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類抗生素,最早作為一種抗真菌藥物被研究。20世紀(jì)初,由美國(guó)食品藥物管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn),其又成為應(yīng)用于器官移植抗排斥反應(yīng)的一種安全性較高的新型免疫抑制劑[3]。RPM可結(jié)合哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶點(diǎn)(mTOR),通過(guò)不同的細(xì)胞因子受體阻斷信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),特異性抑制mTOR,阻斷T淋巴細(xì)胞及其他細(xì)胞由G1期至S期的進(jìn)程,抑制細(xì)胞增殖,降低誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA的穩(wěn)定性,進(jìn)而減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)一氧化氮的生成[4],從而發(fā)揮免疫抑制效應(yīng)[5]。RPM還可以通過(guò)抑制mTOR誘導(dǎo)自噬,從而有助于正常的細(xì)胞代謝[6]。有研究表明,在體內(nèi)和體外的相關(guān)疾病模型中,RPM均能明顯抑制小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活化和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)水平的下調(diào),從而阻止細(xì)胞的程序性死亡[7-8]。近期研究表明,RPM在腎臟缺血-再灌注及肝臟缺血-再灌注損傷中具有保護(hù)作用,但是否對(duì)肢體缺血-再灌注肺損傷具有保護(hù)作用尚不清楚。本研究中通過(guò)利用大鼠肢體缺血-再灌注肺損傷模型,探討RPM預(yù)處理對(duì)肢體缺血-再灌注大鼠肺損傷的影響,以期為臨床RPM的藥物應(yīng)用預(yù)防治療缺血-再灌注肺損傷提供參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與分組

60只健康雄性SD大鼠(編號(hào)為S20785),體質(zhì)量200~250 g,由南昌大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物科學(xué)部提供。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組(C組)、肢體缺血-再灌注組(I/R組)、雷帕霉素預(yù)處理組(R組),各20只。

1.2 建模型

所有大鼠缺血前12 h禁食,自由飲水,腹腔內(nèi)注射10%水合氯醛(青島宇龍海藻有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H37022673,規(guī)格為3 mL/kg)麻醉,麻醉生效后固定于操作臺(tái)。在右側(cè)腹股溝處切開(kāi)皮膚,暴露股動(dòng)脈、股靜脈和股神經(jīng)。C組僅分離股動(dòng)脈、股靜脈和股神經(jīng),不做任何操作。于大鼠雙后肢股三角區(qū)切開(kāi)皮膚,分離股動(dòng)脈、股靜脈;I/R組和R組用無(wú)創(chuàng)血管夾于近腹股溝韌帶處夾閉股動(dòng)脈,使雙后肢缺血2 h再灌注3 h。采用超聲血流儀監(jiān)測(cè)血流以保證肢體缺血-再灌注成功實(shí)施,以未監(jiān)測(cè)到血流為缺血,監(jiān)測(cè)到血流為再灌注的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。R組于下肢缺血前灌胃給藥雷帕霉素[武漢德美凱生物科技有限公司,CAS號(hào)為53123-88-9,規(guī)格為10 mg/(kg·d)],最后1次于術(shù)前2 h灌胃。I/R組和C組于下肢缺血前給等量生理鹽水灌胃,作為陰性對(duì)照。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與方法

再灌注3 h時(shí),心臟放血處死大鼠,開(kāi)胸,用注射器經(jīng)心尖部刺入心臟,緩慢抽血液2 mL,離心,取血清,采用硫代巴比妥法測(cè)定丙二醛(MDA)的濃度,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附(ELISA)法檢測(cè)白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)的濃度。采集血樣后,取右肺上葉組織,常規(guī)進(jìn)行石蠟包埋、切片和HE染色,光鏡下(×100)觀察肺組織病理學(xué)結(jié)果。取右肺下葉組織,沖洗干凈后,吸干表面水分,用干燥錫紙包裹標(biāo)本,取肺組織約100 mg,于分析天平上測(cè)定濕重(W),后于120℃下烘烤8 h后稱取其干重(D),計(jì)算并比較肺W/D比值。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 觀察指標(biāo)

與C組比較,I/R 組肺W/D(t=3.53,P=0.01),血清MDA(t=4.41,P=0.00),IL-1β(t=4.01,P=0.01),IL-6(t=5.93,P=0.03)和TNF-α(t=4.92,P=0.00)水平均明顯升高;R組肺W/D(t=3.12,P=0.03),血清MDA(t=3.93,P=0.01),IL-1β(t=4.00,P=0.00),IL-6(t=4.61,P=0.00)和TNF-α(t=4.13,P=0.01)水平均明顯升高;與I/R組比較,R組肺W/D(t=2.53,P=0.04),血清MDA(t=2.81,P=0.01),IL-1β(t=3.01,P=0.00),IL-6(t=4.73,P=0.01)和TNF-α(t=4.59,P=0.00)水平均明顯降低。詳見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 光鏡下肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)

光鏡下C組大鼠的肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整,肺泡間隔均勻一致,可見(jiàn)少量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺泡腔清晰(圖1 A);I/R組大鼠肺泡上皮細(xì)胞增生,肺間質(zhì)明顯增生,肺泡壁增厚,可見(jiàn)大量的炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),毛細(xì)血管明顯擴(kuò)張充血,肺泡壁及肺泡間質(zhì)中可見(jiàn)大量中性粒細(xì)胞(圖1 B);R組大鼠肺組織病理改變較I/R組明顯減輕,炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)明顯減少,僅有少量紅細(xì)胞滲出(圖1 C)。

表1 3組大鼠各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較(s,n=20)

表1 3組大鼠各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較(s,n=20)

注:與C組比較, P<0.01;與I/R組比較,#P<0.05。

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圖1 光鏡下3組大鼠肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)(HE,×100)

3 討論

肢體缺血-再灌注不僅可引起局部組織的不同程度改變,還可以引起其他遠(yuǎn)處器官系統(tǒng)的損傷,嚴(yán)重者甚至導(dǎo)致多器官功能障礙(MODS)[9],肺臟因容易呈高灌注狀態(tài)、與外界空間接觸面積大和對(duì)LIR產(chǎn)生的炎性介質(zhì)非常敏感等多種因素而導(dǎo)致其最易受累病變,嚴(yán)重時(shí)臨床表現(xiàn)多為急性肺損傷(ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)[10-11],臨床表現(xiàn)常為非心源性的肺水腫、肺動(dòng)脈壓升高、動(dòng)脈血氧分壓降低及肺的順應(yīng)性下降等改變。目前認(rèn)為,氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)是LIR致肺損傷的重要機(jī)制[12],多形核中性粒細(xì)胞(PMN)的激活、粘附、運(yùn)輸而生成的有毒物質(zhì)是造成此種病癥的關(guān)鍵因素,從再灌注組織中釋放入血的物質(zhì)是使中性粒細(xì)胞激活及在肺中聚集而產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)的必要物質(zhì)。氧自由基的大量生成、白細(xì)胞的滲透作用及炎性因子釋放等多種因素同時(shí)作用于肺部血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,破壞其完整性,增加血管通透性,引起肺組織水腫和換氣功能的障礙[13]。常見(jiàn)于肢體再植、大血管栓塞及損傷、高位離斷、嚴(yán)重?cái)D壓傷及肢體手術(shù)時(shí)期長(zhǎng)時(shí)間止血帶壓迫恢復(fù)血流灌注時(shí)引起的肺功能損害。因此,加強(qiáng)圍術(shù)期肺組織的保護(hù),減少肺的損傷,對(duì)術(shù)后疾病的預(yù)后轉(zhuǎn)歸有較深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

RPM為免疫抑制劑,也是一種經(jīng)典的自噬誘導(dǎo)劑,通過(guò)抑制自噬反應(yīng)途徑中RPM靶蛋白從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞自噬的發(fā)生。但RPM對(duì)臨床上最常見(jiàn)的LIR導(dǎo)致肺損傷是否具有保護(hù)作用目前報(bào)道尚少,本試驗(yàn)通過(guò)RPM對(duì)LIR肺損傷的保護(hù)效應(yīng),效果滿意,為預(yù)防和減輕肢體缺血-再灌注肺損傷提供參考。

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Effect of Rapamycin Pretreatment on Lung Injury Induced by Limb Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats

Yuan Zhijun1,Tang Bin2,Luo Zhenzhong2,Huang Dan2
(1.Fenyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Xinyu,Jiangxi,China 336600;2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,Nanchang,Jiangxi,China 336600)

Objective To investigate the effect of rapamycin pretreatment on lung injury induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion in rats,to provide theoretical basis for clinical application and its prevention and treatment of lung injury induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion.M ethodsTotally 60 healthy male SD rats were divided into control group(group C),limb ischemia reperfusion group(group I/R),rapamycin pretreatment group(group R)by random number table method,20 cases in each group.12 h before ischemia,all were fasted,free drinking water and fixed on the operating table after anesthesia.In the right groin skin incision,the exposed femoral artery,femoral vein and femoral nerve.Only femoral artery,femoral vein and femoral nerve separated in group C,the femoral artery was clamped at the proximal inguinal ligament with a noninvasive vascular clamp in group I/R and group R,in order to force the hind limb of the rats to undergo ischemia for 2 h,and the vascular clamp was removed to make the reperfusion for 3 h.In group R,rapamycin was injected into the lower limb before ischemia.TTFM was used to monitor blood flow,no blood flow was monitored for ischemia,and blood flow was monitored as an indicator of reperfusion.After reperfusion for 3 h,the rats were sacrificed,and 2 mL blood was taken from the heart,the blood serum was taken by centrifuging.The concentration of MDA was determined by thiobarbituric acid method,and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by ELISA.The lung tissue was taken,and the pathological results of lung tissue were observed by calculating the ratio of dry-wet and immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with group C,theconcentration of W/D in lung,serum MDA,IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in group I/R increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with I/R group,the concentration of W/D in lung,serum MDA,IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in group R decreased significantly(P<0.05).Under light microscope,the structure of lung tissue in group C was intact,and the alveolar septa were uniform.A few inflammatory cells were infiltrated,and the alveolar cavity was clearly visible.In group I/R,the proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells,the obvious interstitial proliferation of lung and the thickening of alveolar wall wereobserved,a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration and capillary expansion and congestion wereobserved,and a large number of neutrophils were found in the alveolar wall and alveolar stroma.The pathological changes of lung tissue in group R were significantly less than those in group I/R,the infiltration of inflammatory cells was significantly reduced,only a small amount of red blood cells were exuded.Conclusion Rapamycin pretreatment can reduce lung injury induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion,and its mechanism may be related to antioxidant stress and anti-inflammatory response.

rapamycin;limb ischemia-reperfusion;lung injury

R965.2;R978.1

A

1006-4931(2017)21-0007-03

10.3969/j.issn.1006-4931.2017.21.003

江西省衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目[20165283]。

袁志軍(1979-),男,大學(xué)本科,研究方向?yàn)槁樽磲t(yī)學(xué),(電子信箱)984391041@qq.com。

黃丹(1981-),碩士研究生,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事器官缺血再灌注保護(hù)方面的研究,(電子信箱)tanghuang05@163.com。

2017-06-29;

2017-07-28)

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