孫雄,龔鐳,彭曉斌,唐學軍,王小云,談春曉
(1. 上海市普陀區(qū)人民醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,上海 200060;2. 江蘇省無錫市第二人民醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,江蘇 無錫 214002)
經(jīng)胰管膽胰管隔膜切開術(shù)及雙導絲術(shù)在困難性插管ERCP中的應用及安全性分析
孫雄1,龔鐳2,彭曉斌2,唐學軍2,王小云2,談春曉2
(1. 上海市普陀區(qū)人民醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,上海 200060;2. 江蘇省無錫市第二人民醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,江蘇 無錫 214002)
目的探討經(jīng)胰管膽胰管隔膜切開術(shù)及雙導絲術(shù)在困難性插管內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影術(shù)(ERCP)中的應用及安全性。方法回顧性分析 2012年1月-2014年1月行ERCP插管時選擇性膽管插管困難患者158例,根據(jù)插管方法分為經(jīng)胰管膽胰管隔膜切開法(A組)、雙導絲法(B組)和單導絲法(C組)3組。比較三種方法插管的成功率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。結(jié)果58例A組患者插管成功54例,成功率93.1%,56例B組患者插管成功50例,成功率89.3%,44例C組患者插管成功26例,成功率59.1%,A和B組成功率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),A與C組,B與C組差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。A組并發(fā)胰腺炎 4 例,出血6例,感染2例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率20.7%;B組并發(fā)術(shù)后胰腺炎5例,感染4例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率16.1%;C組并發(fā)胰腺炎 7 例,出血2例,感染4例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率29.5%,3組均無穿孔發(fā)生。B組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率略低于A組,但無明顯差異(P>0.05), A與C組,B與C組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論選擇性膽管插管困難而導絲進入胰管時,繼續(xù)常規(guī)單導絲插管成功率低且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開術(shù)與雙導絲法均可有效提高插管成功率,且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均相對較低,兩者之間無明顯差異。
內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影;經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開;雙導絲法;單導絲法
內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影術(shù)(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)是當前治療膽胰疾病重要的內(nèi)鏡技術(shù),在臨床實踐中,選擇性膽管插管最常用,實際操作中胰管插管成功率高,而深插膽總管相對困難,近來有人通過經(jīng)胰管導絲引導下施行乳頭預切開術(shù)和雙導絲插管提高了膽管插管的成功率,本文就此技術(shù)在臨床實踐中的應用體會做一介紹。
選取 2012年1月-2014年1月,南京醫(yī)科大學附屬無錫第二醫(yī)院消化科 ERCP 困難膽管插管而胰管插管成功的病例,經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會同意采用隨機分配入組。其中,經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌切開組(A組)58例(男32例,女26例);年齡23~85歲,平均(64.8±6.3)歲;雙導絲組(B組) 56例(男33例,女23例);年齡17~81歲,平均(63.0±4.5)歲;單導絲組(C組)44例(男24例,女20例);年齡29~79歲,平均(62.4±5.3)歲。各組病因分布差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
表1 各組入選病例的疾病分類情況 例Table 1 Disease classification of each group selected cases n
Olympus TJF260型十二指腸鏡,Olympus PSD-20型與德國 ERBE300型高頻電發(fā)生器,各種ERCP治療配件,包括斑馬導絲、聰明刀等。
1.3.1 經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開術(shù) 插管時選擇性膽管插管困難患者(以標準的乳頭切開刀嘗試插管5~10次或者插管 10 min,導絲及切開 刀不能深插入膽總管的病例),如反復調(diào)整方向仍不能插入膽管,則將導絲留置于胰管弓形刀插入乳頭口少許,向膽管方向做小切開,切開胰膽管中間的隔膜,然后再向膽管方向插管,直至導絲進入膽管。
1.3.2 雙導絲法 常規(guī)進鏡至十二指腸降部后拉直鏡身,擺好乳頭位置,當導絲反復進入胰管而不能進入膽管,則留置導絲于胰管。第2根導絲輔助切開刀在第1根導絲的左上方再次往膽管方向插管,直至導絲進入膽管,然后拔出胰管留置導絲。
1.3.3 單導絲插管術(shù) 符合選擇性膽管插管困難的患者,繼續(xù)調(diào)整方向試插管10~15 min。
插管成功率及ERCP術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。其中ERCP術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的診斷標準參照文獻[1]:①感染:ERCP術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)右上腹疼痛,伴發(fā)熱>38.5℃,血白細胞計數(shù)>10×109/L,無其他感染病灶;②急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP):ERCP術(shù)后24 h內(nèi),患者血清淀粉酶活性增高≥正常值上限3倍,同時伴有持續(xù)的腹痛;③消化道出血:ERCP術(shù)后出現(xiàn)嘔血或黑便;④消化道穿孔,術(shù)后發(fā)生嚴重腹痛,腹部平片及CT明確提示膈下及腹膜后游離氣體。
所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計軟件分析。對膽管插管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況采用率描述,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,檢驗水準為α=0.05。
膽管插管成功率中A組58例成功54例,成功率93.1%;B組56例成功50例,成功率89.3%,兩組成功率比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。C組44例成功26例,成功率59.1%,A組與C組,B組與C組之間比較有明顯差異(P<0.05)。其中有 4 例為雙導絲法插管失敗后改為經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開后插管成功。見表2。
表2 各組插管成功率比較Table 2 Comparison of success rate of intubation among each group
A組并發(fā)感染2例,ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎4例,出血6例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率20.7%,B組并發(fā)感染4例,胰腺炎5例,無出血發(fā)生,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率16.1%;A組與B組比較無明顯差異(P>0.05)。C組并發(fā)感染4例,胰腺炎7例,出血2例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率29.5%,A組與B組,B組與C組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
表3 各組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較Table 3 Comparison of the complication rate among each group
選擇性乳頭插管是ERCP診治的基礎,但由于解剖變異、結(jié)石嵌頓、乳頭狹窄和腫瘤侵襲等諸多原因,導致一些患者行ERCP時選擇性插管失敗,在部分困難插管病例中,導絲反而容易進入胰管。臨床研究表明,雙導絲法及預切開法插管成功率高于常規(guī)插管,可作為選擇性插管失敗后的一種補救插管方法[2-3]。國內(nèi)魯臨等[4]和YOO等[5]比較雙導絲法和膽胰管隔膜切開法困難ERCP插管的成功率,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者插管成功率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,但雙導絲法、經(jīng)胰管膽胰管隔膜預切開法和單導絲法之間的比較研究較少。本研究表明雙導絲法和經(jīng)胰管膽胰管隔膜預切開法的插管成功率均高于單導絲法,這與相關(guān)研究[6]得出的結(jié)果類似。
經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開術(shù)的優(yōu)點是:①可以將壺腹部膽胰管共同開口處的括約肌切開,增加膽管暴露概率,從而提高插管成功率;②切開方向較易掌握;③切開大小1.0~2.5 cm,范圍小,出血少。雙導絲法插管的優(yōu)點是:①留置的導絲可以取直膽管的軸線,導絲更易進入膽管;②導絲留置胰管可以防止導絲再次進入胰管,這可能是雙導絲法提高插管成功率的原因。
經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開和雙導絲法兩者的成功率基本相同,但并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率報道不盡相同,有報道認為雙導絲組術(shù)后胰腺炎發(fā)生率低于經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開組[4,7],而YOO等研究得出雙導絲組ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎發(fā)生率高于經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開組[5]。兩者結(jié)果完全相反。本組研究中雙導絲組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率16.1%;經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率20.7%,兩者差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,這與LEE的研究相同[3],與YOO等[5]和魯臨等[4]的報道有所不同??赡芘c本研究為回顧性研究,且樣本量小相關(guān),也可能與操作醫(yī)生的熟練程度和操作使用的器械相關(guān)。
消化道穿孔是ERCP手術(shù)中非常嚴重的并發(fā)癥,常需外科手術(shù)介入,本研究患者中未出現(xiàn)穿孔并發(fā)癥。筆者的操作經(jīng)驗如下:操作由有經(jīng)驗的醫(yī)生執(zhí)行,過程中應動作輕柔,避免盲目拉直鏡身,預切開應限制切開長度,邊切開邊觀察,一般以觀察到膽管開口或見膽汁流出為標準,大約切開1.0~2.5 cm。如果懷疑有穿孔發(fā)生,應停止操作,立即透視,一般小穿孔可行保守治療,如果穿孔較大,合并膽道問題未解決者及保守治療無好轉(zhuǎn)者則可行外科手術(shù)[8]。
本研究中,有4例為雙導絲法插管失敗,而轉(zhuǎn)行經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開法插管成功,這也與國外學者KIM等[9]的報道相同??赡芘c壺腹隔膜堵住膽管有關(guān),而經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌切開后打開隔膜,可以增加進入膽管的機會。
綜上所述,本研究的結(jié)論認為,在ERCP插管困難時,經(jīng)胰管乳頭括約肌預切開術(shù)及雙導絲法較單導絲法均能進一步提高插管的成功率,且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較單導絲法低,可作為導絲進入胰管時ERCP的較好備選操作方法。
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Endoscopic transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy and double guidewire technique in diff cult bile duct cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Xiong Sun1, Lei Gong2, Xiao-bin Peng2, Xue-jun Tang2, Xiao-yun Wang2, Chun-xiao Tan2
(1. Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Putuo District People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200060, China;2. Department of Gastroenterology, Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China)
ObjectiveTo evaluate the applicability and security of transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy vs double guidewire technique for cannulation in difficult bile duct cannulation in endoscopic retrograde eholangiopancreatography (ERCP).MethodsRetrospective analysis of 158 cases difficult bile duct cannulation in ERCP from January 2012 to January 2014, according to the intubation tube method, we divided all the cases into 3 groups, transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy group (group A); double guide wire technique group (group B); single guide wire technique group (group C). Then compare the intubation success rate and the incidence of complications among the 3 groups.Results54 of 58 patients in group A intubation successful, the success rate is 93.1%, 50 of 56 patients in group B intubation successful, the success rate is 89.3%, 26 of 44 patients in group C intubation successful, the success rate is 59.1%, there was no significant difference between group A and B(P> 0.05), group A and group C, group B and C have signi fi cant difference (P< 0.05). In group A, 4 cases were complicated with acute pancreatitis, hemorrhage in 6 cases, infection in 2 cases, the complication rate is 20.7%; In group B, 5 cases were complicated with postoperative pancreatitis, 4 cases of infection, incidence of complications is 16.1%; 7 patients were complicated with pancreatitis in group C, hemorrhage in 2 cases, infection in 4 cases,complication rates is 29.5%, 3 groups were no perforation occurred.The complication rate of group B is lower than in group A, but no significant difference (P> 0.05), group A and group C, B and C complication rates had significant difference (P< 0.05).ConclusionsWhen selective bile duct intubation is difficulty and guide wire thread into the pancreatic duct, continue to single guide wire have low intubation success rate and higher incidence of complications,transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy and double guide wire technique can effectively improve the success rate of intubation, and complication rates are relatively low, no signi fi cant difference between the two.
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy; double guide wire technique; single guide wire technique
R656
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-1989.2017.08.010
1007-1989(2017)08-0047-04
2016-11-28
孫雄曾于江蘇省無錫市第二人民醫(yī)院工作
(曾文軍 編輯)