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變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄研究

2017-11-20 08:17劉江南張文博

劉江南+張文博

摘 要:可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副作為變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)改變拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵所在,其結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)是變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型綜合的難點(diǎn).基于可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)渥兓绞降难芯?,?gòu)建可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄,用于可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).分別針對(duì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的改變軸線方位、改變數(shù)目和改變類型等三類拓?fù)渥兓^程,分析可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束變化特征,并采用運(yùn)動(dòng)副約束函數(shù)的算術(shù)運(yùn)算進(jìn)行描述.在歸納設(shè)計(jì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副結(jié)構(gòu)形式的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)渥兓绞?、約束變化特征和對(duì)應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)等設(shè)計(jì)信息進(jìn)行分類和匯編,構(gòu)建可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄.應(yīng)用實(shí)例表明,采用可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄,能快速有效地設(shè)計(jì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副結(jié)構(gòu),為含可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型綜合提供了方便.

關(guān)鍵詞:變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu);運(yùn)動(dòng)副;約束變化特征;設(shè)計(jì)目錄

中圖分類號(hào):TH112 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

Study on Design Catalogue of Variable Joints of VariableTopology Mechanism

LIU Jiangnan,ZHANG Wenbo

(State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China)

Abstract:Variable joints are the crucial structures for changing topological characteristics of variable topology mechanisms. Design of variable joints is a challenge for the type synthesis of variable topology mechanism. Based on the concept and method of design catalogue,the design catalogues of variable joints were proposed to design the structures of variable joints. Adopting the arithmetic operation of constraint functions,the constraint variation features of variable joints were described in the three processes of topological variations (including changing the axis azimuth,changing the numbers and changing the types),respectively. Based on summarizing and designing the corresponding variable structures of general joints,the design catalogues of variable joints were established through classifying and compiling the design information,including the ways of topological variations,constraint variation features,and structures of variable joints. Meanwhile,the example shows that the design catalogues of variable joints are applicable to design the structures of variable joints for variable topology mechanisms effectively. This method provides convenience for type synthesis of variable topology mechanisms with variable joints.

Key words:variable topology mechanism; joint; constraint variation features; design catalogue

變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)[1-3]不同于傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu),其運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)在機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中會(huì)發(fā)生變化,因其特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)特征和機(jī)構(gòu)性能,近年來備受學(xué)者們的關(guān)注.Yan等提出了一種因運(yùn)動(dòng)副的拓?fù)渥儺愄匦远鴮?dǎo)致機(jī)構(gòu)拓?fù)浒l(fā)生變化的變運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈機(jī)構(gòu)[1].Liu等根據(jù)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)不同階段和輸入數(shù)的多少將變運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈機(jī)構(gòu)分為了三種類型,并提出了可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的概念[2].Kuo認(rèn)為“盡管存在如機(jī)構(gòu)奇異等導(dǎo)致與變拓?fù)渫瑯有Ч钠渌蛩兀碚撋献冞\(yùn)動(dòng)鏈機(jī)構(gòu)就相當(dāng)于變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)”[3].Yan等研究了可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副發(fā)生拓?fù)渥兓膬煞N基本形式,采用符號(hào)編碼法描述可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的拓?fù)涮卣鳎ㄟ^相應(yīng)的符號(hào)序列表示運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)渥兓樞騕4].劉川禾研究了變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成理論,提出了變?cè)⒆儼鞯雀拍钣糜谧兺負(fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析[5].Kuo等研究了機(jī)構(gòu)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)與構(gòu)態(tài)的基本概念,以及機(jī)構(gòu)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的四個(gè)條件,并采用約束矩陣法,結(jié)合可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副符號(hào)編碼法提出了一種變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析與同構(gòu)識(shí)別方法[6-7].Yan等將符號(hào)編碼法與運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈結(jié)構(gòu)圖相結(jié)合,根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束條件和坐標(biāo)序列,提出了一種變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型綜合方法[8-9].變胞運(yùn)動(dòng)副作為變胞機(jī)構(gòu)[10]的重要結(jié)構(gòu)組成部分,也具有變拓?fù)涞奶匦?,是一種典型的可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副.Li等引入了等效阻力梯度模型,分析變胞運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束特點(diǎn),并結(jié)合擴(kuò)展Assur桿組法,提出一種基于工作任務(wù)的變胞機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)綜合方法[11-12].楊強(qiáng)等應(yīng)用等效阻力梯度模型研究了變胞運(yùn)動(dòng)副的基本約束形式與約束變化規(guī)律[13].以上研究表明,可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副是實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)構(gòu)變拓?fù)涞闹匾Y(jié)構(gòu)單元.但目前的相關(guān)研究多集中在變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析、可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)涿枋雠c約束形式研究等方面,而對(duì)于如何有效設(shè)計(jì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副結(jié)構(gòu),以便于變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)的構(gòu)型綜合尚需進(jìn)一步研究.endprint

本文基于設(shè)計(jì)目錄的理念和方法[14],通過對(duì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)渥兓绞降难芯?,?gòu)建可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄,為可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)的構(gòu)型綜合提供幫助.

1 變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)

機(jī)構(gòu)是由構(gòu)件組成的系統(tǒng),用來傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)或動(dòng)力.在傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)中,機(jī)構(gòu)一般具有一個(gè)固定的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)動(dòng)形式.但變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu),具有多個(gè)穩(wěn)定的拓?fù)錁?gòu)態(tài),可以改變拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)使得機(jī)構(gòu)的構(gòu)態(tài)發(fā)生變化.變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)通過不同穩(wěn)定構(gòu)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng),完成不同的工作任務(wù).

由于變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)具有變拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的特性,機(jī)構(gòu)的構(gòu)件和運(yùn)動(dòng)副的類型、數(shù)目,或構(gòu)件和運(yùn)動(dòng)副之間的鄰接關(guān)系等拓?fù)涮卣?,在機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換過程中可能會(huì)發(fā)生相應(yīng)變化,發(fā)生變化的充分條件包括[8]:

1)構(gòu)件和/或運(yùn)動(dòng)副的有效數(shù)目發(fā)生變化;

2)某些運(yùn)動(dòng)副的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式發(fā)生變化;

3)構(gòu)件和運(yùn)動(dòng)副的鄰接和關(guān)聯(lián)性發(fā)生變化;

4)運(yùn)動(dòng)副之間的相對(duì)排列(包含軸線方位)發(fā)生變化.

可見,采用具有變拓?fù)涮匦缘目勺冞\(yùn)動(dòng)副作為機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成單元,是使機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)變拓?fù)涔δ艿闹匾绞街?因此,對(duì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的拓?fù)渥兓约捌浣Y(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)形式進(jìn)行研究,有助于設(shè)計(jì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副結(jié)構(gòu),綜合變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型.

2 可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)渥兓治?/p>

2.1 運(yùn)動(dòng)副約束函數(shù)

在機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中,運(yùn)動(dòng)副的組成構(gòu)件間的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)系是由該運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束特征決定的.運(yùn)動(dòng)副在某一時(shí)刻的約束特征,采用運(yùn)動(dòng)副約束函數(shù)C(t)[15]進(jìn)行表達(dá).

C(t)=(c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6)T(1)

ci=0pi=pimax=0

pimaxpipi>pimax>01pimax≥pi>0(2)

式中:c1,c2,c3為運(yùn)動(dòng)副沿各坐標(biāo)軸線方向的移動(dòng)約束;

c4,c5,c6為運(yùn)動(dòng)副沿各坐標(biāo)軸線方向的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)約束;

pi為運(yùn)動(dòng)副相應(yīng)軸線方向的驅(qū)動(dòng)力或力矩;

pimax為運(yùn)動(dòng)副相應(yīng)軸線方向的最大約束力或力矩.

當(dāng)約束函數(shù)C(t)的分量ci=0時(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)副在i方向上無約束;當(dāng)ci=1時(shí),該方向上的約束為完全剛性約束;當(dāng)0

2.2 可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)渥兓绞?/p>

可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)渥兓谋举|(zhì)表現(xiàn)為組成構(gòu)件之間相互接觸關(guān)系的變化,并體現(xiàn)在運(yùn)動(dòng)副約束特征的變化上.由上節(jié)可知,可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副拓?fù)渥兓闹饕绞桨ǎ焊淖冞\(yùn)動(dòng)副軸線方位、改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副數(shù)目以及改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副類型.以不同的方式改變拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),運(yùn)動(dòng)副具有不同的約束變化特征,需采取相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式.

2.2.1 改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的軸線方位

改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的軸線方位是指改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束方向,從而改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的運(yùn)動(dòng)特征,但沒有改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的數(shù)量和類型.例如Gan等[16-17]設(shè)計(jì)的rT和rR運(yùn)動(dòng)副,可通過改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線的方位,改變并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)支鏈對(duì)動(dòng)平臺(tái)的約束特征,從而改變動(dòng)平臺(tái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性.改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的軸線方位過程可通過相應(yīng)的坐標(biāo)變換計(jì)算來描述,由于約束函數(shù)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)副在各方向上的約束程度,各分量的值為0~1的非負(fù)數(shù).因此,計(jì)算結(jié)果取其絕對(duì)值

CⅡ(t)=R00RCⅠ(t)(3)

R=cosα1cosα2cosα3cosβ1cosβ2cosβ3cosγ1cosγ2cosγ3

式中:α,β,γ分別為運(yùn)動(dòng)副軸線方位變化前的坐標(biāo)系各軸關(guān)于變化后坐標(biāo)系的方向角.

2.2.2 改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的數(shù)目

改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副數(shù)目包含了兩種形式:增加運(yùn)動(dòng)副和消除運(yùn)動(dòng)副,且伴隨著組成構(gòu)件間約束特征的增大或減小,運(yùn)動(dòng)副約束變化特征,通過以下數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算進(jìn)行描述.

ΔC(t)=CⅡ(t)-CⅠ(t)

=(Δc1,Δc2,Δc3,Δc4,Δc5,Δc6)T(4)

若Δci>0,表示運(yùn)動(dòng)副在i方向上增大了約束;若Δci<0,表示運(yùn)動(dòng)副在i方向上減小了約束.

通過增大構(gòu)件間的約束特征使運(yùn)動(dòng)副數(shù)目發(fā)生變化時(shí),若在無連接關(guān)系的兩構(gòu)件之間增加一定約束,使之相互連接構(gòu)成運(yùn)動(dòng)副,如不完全齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)在進(jìn)入嚙合時(shí)的齒輪高副約束變化,則運(yùn)動(dòng)副的數(shù)目增加,其約束變化特征為

ΔC(t)=CⅡ(t)-CⅠ(t)=CⅡ(t)(5)

若增大運(yùn)動(dòng)副組成構(gòu)件間的約束特征,使兩構(gòu)件合并而消除運(yùn)動(dòng)副,使運(yùn)動(dòng)副數(shù)目減少,則運(yùn)動(dòng)副約束變化特征為

ΔC(t)=1-CⅠ(t)(6)

通過減小構(gòu)件間的約束特征使運(yùn)動(dòng)副數(shù)目發(fā)生變化,若減小運(yùn)動(dòng)副組成構(gòu)件間的約束,使之完全分離而消除運(yùn)動(dòng)副,則運(yùn)動(dòng)副數(shù)目減少,運(yùn)動(dòng)副約束變化特征為

ΔC(t)=CⅡ(t)-CⅠ(t)=-CⅠ(t)(7)

若減小已合并組成構(gòu)件間的約束,使之分離形成運(yùn)動(dòng)副時(shí),則運(yùn)動(dòng)副數(shù)目增加,其約束變化特征為

ΔC(t)=CⅡ(t)-1(8)

設(shè)ΔC(t)不為零的分量為Δck,則構(gòu)件分離后,運(yùn)動(dòng)副在k方向上的約束特征0≤cⅡk<1.

當(dāng)cⅡk=0時(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)副k方向上的約束變化特征

Δck=-cⅠk=pⅠkmaxpⅠk=-1(9)

當(dāng)0≤cⅡk<1時(shí),構(gòu)件分離后,運(yùn)動(dòng)副k方向上的約束為不完全約束,驅(qū)動(dòng)力克服約束力的作用,使兩構(gòu)件發(fā)生相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng).若在變拓?fù)溥^程中,運(yùn)動(dòng)副k方向上的最大約束力不變,即pⅡkmax=pⅠkmax,如克服重力或摩擦力的作用,則該方向上的約束變化特征

Δck=pⅠkmax(pⅠk-pⅡk)pⅡkpⅠk(10)

若在變拓?fù)溥^程中,運(yùn)動(dòng)副k方向上的驅(qū)動(dòng)力和最大約束力同時(shí)發(fā)生變化,如克服彈簧阻力作用,則該方向上的約束變化特征

Δck=pⅡkmaxpⅠk-pⅡkpⅠkmaxpⅡkpⅠk(11)

2.2.3 改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的類型

改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副類型是指改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)約束分量,使運(yùn)動(dòng)副類型發(fā)生改變,且變化前后,機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)件數(shù)與運(yùn)動(dòng)副數(shù)都保持不變.改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副類型包含三種形式:增大運(yùn)動(dòng)副部分方向上的約束,但組成構(gòu)件不形成剛性連接(如圓柱副轉(zhuǎn)化為移動(dòng)副);減小運(yùn)動(dòng)副部分方向上的約束,但不導(dǎo)致組成構(gòu)件完全分離(如移動(dòng)副轉(zhuǎn)化為圓柱副);在運(yùn)動(dòng)副部分方向上增大約束,同時(shí)在其他一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方向上減小約束(如移動(dòng)副轉(zhuǎn)換為轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)副).

在改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副類型的過程中,運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束變化特征可直接由式(3)求得,其中各分量的值可采用式(9)(10)(11)進(jìn)行計(jì)算.

3 可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄

3.1 設(shè)計(jì)目錄

設(shè)計(jì)目錄又稱作設(shè)計(jì)信息庫,最早是由德國學(xué)者Roth提出的一種設(shè)計(jì)信息存儲(chǔ)方式[14].在對(duì)已有設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)、設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及經(jīng)典設(shè)計(jì)案例等相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)信息進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上,按一定規(guī)律分類和匯編,并采用圖文表格等形式進(jìn)行表達(dá),提供具有某種綜合性和不同具體化程度的設(shè)計(jì)解及其變形解,以便于設(shè)計(jì)者查詢、選用.

設(shè)計(jì)目錄與一般的設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)和資料不同,它所包含的信息通常具有一定的完備性、易表達(dá)性和可拓展性,既包含有設(shè)計(jì)過程中的數(shù)值信息,也包含有非數(shù)值信息.其數(shù)值信息和非數(shù)值信息可根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象的物理特征和結(jié)構(gòu)特征的不同而采用不同的數(shù)據(jù)形式進(jìn)行表達(dá).設(shè)計(jì)目錄的信息內(nèi)部包含一定的推理機(jī)制,使用者不僅可在其中獨(dú)立(靜態(tài))查詢相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)信息,而且能在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)相關(guān)聯(lián)地(動(dòng)態(tài))查詢符合設(shè)計(jì)要求的所有可能信息.Koller在一系列相關(guān)著作中對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)目錄的概念與內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行了比較全面的論述[18],文獻(xiàn)[19]匯編并發(fā)表了包括目錄結(jié)構(gòu)、解的匯編總目,以及連桿機(jī)構(gòu)、勻變速傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)等在內(nèi)的大量設(shè)計(jì)目錄.Winkelman針對(duì)工藝設(shè)計(jì)與加工系統(tǒng),結(jié)合面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)提出了基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件庫構(gòu)建智能設(shè)計(jì)目錄的理論框架[20].劉江南等將設(shè)計(jì)目錄與TRIZ功能裁剪法相結(jié)合,構(gòu)建了一種機(jī)構(gòu)綜合再創(chuàng)新過程模型,應(yīng)用于機(jī)構(gòu)綜合再創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)并規(guī)避有效專利[21].因此,通過建立具有實(shí)用價(jià)值的設(shè)計(jì)目錄,結(jié)合相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)理論與方法,有助于提高設(shè)計(jì)效率.

3.2 可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄構(gòu)建

設(shè)計(jì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副時(shí),可通過分析運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束變化特征,設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)應(yīng)的約束結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)其變拓?fù)涔δ?因此,可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄應(yīng)包含運(yùn)動(dòng)副的拓?fù)渥兓绞?、約束變化特征和對(duì)應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)形式等信息.

構(gòu)建可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄的步驟如下:首先,對(duì)常見運(yùn)動(dòng)副(如移動(dòng)副、平面高副、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)副等)的改變軸線方位、改變數(shù)量和改變類型等三類拓?fù)渥兓^程進(jìn)行分析,得到運(yùn)動(dòng)副在相應(yīng)拓?fù)渥兓^程中的約束變化特征;然后,在分析歸納相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[22-26]和工程實(shí)際中具有變拓?fù)涔δ艿母黝悜?yīng)用機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上,針對(duì)各類運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束變化特征,設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)動(dòng)副相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式;最后,將相關(guān)的可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)信息進(jìn)行分類和匯編,構(gòu)建出可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄,如表1~表3所示.

在含可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型綜合過程中,可通過分析可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副在機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換過程中的約束變化特征,查找相應(yīng)的可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄,選擇合理的運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)信息,再根據(jù)具體的設(shè)計(jì)要求和機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換順序,設(shè)計(jì)變拓?fù)溥\(yùn)動(dòng)副結(jié)構(gòu),從而設(shè)計(jì)出滿足功能要求的變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu).

4 示 例

垃圾車裝車機(jī)械手[27-28]是一種采用單一驅(qū)動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)抓舉垃圾桶,收集垃圾的裝置.其工作過程為:首先,機(jī)械手動(dòng)臂水平伸出,使手抓接近垃圾桶后停止移動(dòng);然后,手抓通過轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),夾緊垃圾桶;最后,動(dòng)臂克服重力作用向上翻轉(zhuǎn)傾倒垃圾.基于上述可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄,設(shè)計(jì)該機(jī)械手的機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型.

4.1 機(jī)械手機(jī)構(gòu)變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)造

在設(shè)計(jì)變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型時(shí),首先需要構(gòu)造變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu),本文采用形態(tài)學(xué)矩陣法構(gòu)造垃圾車裝車機(jī)械手的變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu),具體步驟如下.

1)分解機(jī)構(gòu)各階段功能并劃分構(gòu)態(tài)

根據(jù)機(jī)械手在一個(gè)完整周期內(nèi)的工作任務(wù),將其功能分解為動(dòng)臂平移、手抓轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)臂翻轉(zhuǎn)等3個(gè)基本功能,其構(gòu)態(tài)對(duì)應(yīng)劃分為U1,U2和U3 3個(gè)子構(gòu)態(tài).

2) 構(gòu)造各子構(gòu)態(tài)機(jī)構(gòu),建立形態(tài)學(xué)矩陣

根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)在構(gòu)態(tài)U1,U2和U3時(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)要求,分別設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械手的各子構(gòu)態(tài)機(jī)構(gòu),并建立相應(yīng)的形態(tài)學(xué)矩陣.

F=U1U2U3

曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)滑塊搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)推桿搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)

推桿滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)

正弦機(jī)構(gòu)凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)導(dǎo)桿機(jī)構(gòu)(12)

3)構(gòu)造變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu)

采用相似度分析法[29]對(duì)步驟2)所得各機(jī)構(gòu)組合進(jìn)行分析,篩選出“相似度”較高的組合.

組合1:曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)+滑塊搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)+曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu).組合2:推桿滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)+滑塊搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)+推桿搖桿機(jī)構(gòu).

然后,從機(jī)構(gòu)整體設(shè)計(jì)出發(fā),分別構(gòu)造兩組合的變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu),如圖1所示.

4.2 機(jī)械手機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型綜合

在構(gòu)造出機(jī)械手變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu)后,需要分析機(jī)械手機(jī)構(gòu)中可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束變化特征,再根據(jù)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄設(shè)計(jì)其結(jié)構(gòu),最后綜合出機(jī)械手變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型.這里介紹組合1變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu)綜合機(jī)械手機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型,具體步驟如下.

1)設(shè)計(jì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副

根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)在構(gòu)態(tài)U1,U2和U3時(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性和相應(yīng)子機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu),可知?jiǎng)颖?與機(jī)架在構(gòu)態(tài)U1時(shí)構(gòu)成移動(dòng)副P15,在構(gòu)態(tài)U2時(shí)形成固定約束,在構(gòu)態(tài)U3時(shí)構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)副R15;滑塊4與動(dòng)臂5在構(gòu)態(tài)U1時(shí)處于完全約束狀態(tài),在構(gòu)態(tài)U2時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為移動(dòng)副P45,在構(gòu)態(tài)U3時(shí)再次形成固定約束.

采用式(4)求解可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副P15與P45約束變化特征,結(jié)合機(jī)械手構(gòu)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換順序,根據(jù)表2和表3可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄設(shè)計(jì)其結(jié)構(gòu),P15與P45的約束變化特征與基本結(jié)構(gòu)集合,如表4所示.endprint

2)綜合連桿運(yùn)輸機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型

分別從表4中P15與P45的基本結(jié)構(gòu)集合中選取一種應(yīng)用于變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu),得到組合1的四種機(jī)械手機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型,如圖3所示.

圖2所示的四種機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型中,通過在移動(dòng)副P15的導(dǎo)軌上設(shè)置幾何限位結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)其改變運(yùn)動(dòng)副類型變拓?fù)涮匦?;?duì)于移動(dòng)副P45,則分別采用了彈簧約束、磁場(chǎng)約束,或彈簧與幾何限位組合約束等結(jié)構(gòu)形式來實(shí)現(xiàn)其變拓?fù)涮匦?

采用同樣的方法對(duì)由組合2變拓?fù)湓礄C(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行構(gòu)型綜合,即得到組合2的四種機(jī)械手機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型,如圖3所示,其中,圖3(a)所示機(jī)械手構(gòu)型與文獻(xiàn)[28-29]設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械手構(gòu)型一致.

綜上,依據(jù)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束變化特征,通過查詢和選用可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄中的相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)信息,能夠快速地設(shè)計(jì)出多種可滿足變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換順序的可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副結(jié)構(gòu)方案,以實(shí)現(xiàn)變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)要求,從而得到多個(gè)滿足功能需求的變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型.

5 結(jié) 論

1) 分別對(duì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的改變軸線方位、改變數(shù)目和改變類型等三類拓?fù)渥兓绞竭M(jìn)行分析,并采用運(yùn)動(dòng)副約束函數(shù)的算術(shù)運(yùn)算描述可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副在拓?fù)渥兓^程中的約束變化特征.

2) 對(duì)應(yīng)每一種拓?fù)渥兓绞?,基于可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的約束變化特征,在分析歸納相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和工程實(shí)際中具有變拓?fù)涔δ艿母黝悜?yīng)用機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)形式,構(gòu)建了可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄.

3) 實(shí)例表明,采用可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副設(shè)計(jì)目錄,能快速有效地設(shè)計(jì)可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副結(jié)構(gòu)以及綜合變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型,為含可變運(yùn)動(dòng)副的變拓?fù)錂C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)型綜合設(shè)計(jì)提供了方便.

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