劉婷婷 杜 芳 孫元杰 楊毅寧 代 文 趙 鋼 楊 琨
(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)部免疫學(xué)教研室,西安 710032)
·臨床免疫學(xué)·
自身免疫性腦炎患者外周血Tfh細(xì)胞的檢測及其臨床意義①
劉婷婷 杜 芳②孫元杰 楊毅寧②代 文②趙 鋼②楊 琨
(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)部免疫學(xué)教研室,西安 710032)
目的研究濾泡輔助性T細(xì)胞(Tfh)在自身免疫性腦炎(AE)患者外周血中的百分比及臨床意義。方法①采用自身免疫性腦炎相關(guān)抗體檢測陽性的患者腦脊液與大鼠腦組織冰凍切片共孵育并進(jìn)行免疫熒光染色,觀察結(jié)果;②收集血清和/或腦脊液(CSF)檢查自身免疫性腦炎相關(guān)抗體陽性的患者17例(其中,3例為抗LGI1抗體陽性患者,3例為抗GABAR抗體陽性患者,10例為抗NMDAR抗體陽性患者,1例為抗NMDAR抗體、抗GABAR抗體及抗AMPA2抗體合并陽性患者),收集外周血樣本共計21例次:未治療組6例次,治療組15例次(其中,治療后緩解組8例次,治療后未緩解組7例次),健康對照者(對照組)外周血15例。采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)(FCM)檢測外周血單個核細(xì)胞(PBMC)中CD3+CD4+CXCR5+PD1+(即Tfh細(xì)胞)的比例,并分析Tfh細(xì)胞比例與患者疾病恢復(fù)程度的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果①自身免疫性腦炎相關(guān)抗體檢測陽性患者腦脊液與大鼠腦組織冰凍切片共孵育免疫熒光染色結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)明顯陽性反應(yīng);②流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測結(jié)果顯示未治療組患者外周血Tfh比例明顯高于對照組(P<0.001),且治療未緩解組患者Tfh比例高于治療緩解組(P<0.05),而治療緩解組患者Tfh比例與對照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.107)。結(jié)論自身免疫性腦炎患者外周血Tfh比例升高可能與疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)。
自身免疫性腦炎;濾泡輔助性T細(xì)胞;自身抗體
自身免疫性腦炎(Autoimmune encephalitis,AE)是一類由中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)自身抗體介導(dǎo)的腦炎,其發(fā)病機(jī)制主要因機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)功能異常而產(chǎn)生了抗神經(jīng)細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原的自身抗體,從而阻斷或影響了相應(yīng)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的功能,誘導(dǎo)了疾病的發(fā)生?;颊咭栽缙诘湫偷木癜Y狀、認(rèn)知功能減退、癲癇、意識障礙等為主要發(fā)病特征[1]。目前自身免疫性腦炎中發(fā)病率最高的為抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)腦炎[2],有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抗NMDAR自身免疫性腦炎患者的尸檢腦片存在大量B細(xì)胞,且有漿細(xì)胞浸潤[3],說明B細(xì)胞過度活化,其可能通過產(chǎn)生自身抗體參與疾病的發(fā)生。另外患者血清和腦脊液中CXCL13顯著升高[4],由于CXCL13是趨化因子受體CXCR5的配體,而只有Tfh細(xì)胞可以相對穩(wěn)定且高水平表達(dá)CXCR5[5],故猜測Tfh細(xì)胞可能被趨化入腦并對B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生過強(qiáng)輔助信號使B細(xì)胞過度活化,產(chǎn)生自身免疫性抗體,從而在自身免疫性腦炎的發(fā)病中起到重要作用。本文通過檢測自身免疫性腦炎患者外周血中Tfh細(xì)胞的比例,初步探索Tfh細(xì)胞在人自身免疫性腦炎發(fā)病中的作用。
1.1一般資料 選擇第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科自2015年5月~2016年11月血清和/或腦脊液檢查自身免疫性腦炎相關(guān)抗體陽性患者17例(排除合并其他自身免疫性疾病)。其中男9例、女8例,年齡17~74歲,平均年齡(47.59±16.29)歲;3例為抗LGI1抗體陽性患者,3例為抗GABAR抗體陽性患者,10例為抗NMDAR抗體陽性患者,1例為抗NMDAR抗體、抗GABAR抗體及抗AMPA1抗體同時陽性患者(見表1,MRS評分標(biāo)有*的為獲得外周血樣本的例次)。共收集外周血21例次,根據(jù)患者是否使用激素和免疫抑制劑治療分為未治療組和治療組,同時治療組根據(jù)患者臨床癥狀,依據(jù)改良的MRS(Modified Rankin Scale)評分分為治療后緩解組(治療后MRS評分下降)和治療后未緩解組(治療后MRS評分未下降)。另外選擇同時期健康對照者15例(對照組),排除各種自身免疫性疾病等。
1.2方法
1.2.1人外周血PBMC的分離 采集人外周血4 ml 置于無菌EDTA抗凝管,用等體積磷酸鹽緩沖液(Phosphate buffered saline,PBS)稀釋并混勻后,緩慢沿管壁滴加至4 ml淋巴細(xì)胞分離液(達(dá)科為公司)上方,2 000 r/min離心30 min后,吸取中間較致密的白膜層即為單個核細(xì)胞層,備用。
1.2.2四色熒光標(biāo)記 取單個核細(xì)胞用流式洗液洗滌兩次后,分別加入四種熒光抗體:anti-CD3-FITC、anti-CD4-Percp、anti-PD1-PE、anti-CXCR5-APC,各5 μl/106cells,室溫孵育30 min,用流式洗液洗滌2遍后,400 μl流式洗液重懸。
表117例自身免疫性腦炎患者首發(fā)癥狀、MRI、EEG、相關(guān)抗體檢測及治療前后改良的MRS評分
Tab.1Initialsymptoms,MRI,EEGandantibodiesin17patientswithautoimmuneencephalitisandmodifiedMRSscoresbeforeandaftertreatment
PatientSexInitialsymptomsMRIchangesEEGchanges Antibodies CSFSerumMRSbeforeImmunosuppressiveagentsMRSafterImmunosuppressiveagents1MaleOlfactoryhallucinationYesYesLGI1+LGI1++MRS=3*3days:MRS=3*;17days:MRS=1*2FemaleEpisodichallucinationYesYesNegativeLGI1+MRS=2*7days:MRS=23FemaleMentalandbehavioraldisordersYesYesLGI1++LGI1++MRS=39days:MRS=3*4MaleParoxysmalconfusionYesNoGabaB++NegativeMRS=5*…5MaleSeizures,confusionYesYesGabaB++GabaB++MRS=4*10days:MRS=46MaleSeizures,confusionYesYesGabaB+GabaB+MRS=35days:MRS=3*7MaleFever,seizures,psychiatricdisordersYes…NMDA+++NMDA+MRS=3*22days:MRS=18MaleCognitivedeclineYesNoNMDA+AMPA2+;GabaB+MRS=3*10days:MRS=29MaleMentalandbehavioraldisordersYes…NMDA++NegativeMRS=52days:MRS=5*;40days:MRS=4*10FemaleSeizures,mentalandbehavioraldisordersNoYes…NMDA++MRS=34days;MRS=3*;13days:MRS=1*11FemaleReducedlevelofconsciousness,seizuresYesYesNMDA++NMDA++MRS=34days:MRS=3*12FemaleSpeechdysfunctionYesYesNegativeNMDA+MRS=47days:MRS=4*13MaleReducedlevelofconsciousness,lethargyYesYesNMDA++NegativeMRS=360days:MRS=1*14FemaleHeadacheYesYesNMDA++NMDA+MRS=3140days:MRS=1*15FemaleFever,headacheYes…NMDA+++…MRS=210days:MRS=1*16FemaleLowerextremitynumbnessYesYesNMDA++NMDA+MRS=310days:MRS=1*17MaleDecreasedlevelofconsciousness,seizuresNoNoNMDA+…MRS=4450days:MRS=1*
Note:The obtaining peripheral blood samples were marked with *.
1.2.3FCM分析 熒光染色后樣本用BD Calibor 流式細(xì)胞儀分析,采用單色補(bǔ)償管調(diào)節(jié)不同顏色之間的重疊區(qū),并檢測各通道熒光強(qiáng)度值。
1.2.4自身免疫性腦炎患者腦脊液免疫熒光染色[6]①大鼠腦片制備:采用4%多聚甲醛灌注大鼠,剝?nèi)∧X組織,高滲蔗糖脫水處理后進(jìn)行冰凍切片,切片厚度30 μm。②大鼠腦片免疫熒光染色:患者腦脊液作為一抗,與大鼠腦片共孵育,4℃過夜,PBS洗滌后加入FITC標(biāo)記兔抗人熒光二抗(Abcom),避光孵育2 h,Hoechst復(fù)染。
2.1未治療組、治療組與正常對照組外周血Tfh細(xì)胞百分比比較 未治療組患者外周血Tfh比例明顯高于對照組(P<0.001),且未治療組患者外周血Tfh比例高于治療組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖1。
圖1 AE未治療組、治療組與對正常照組外周血Tfh細(xì)胞百分比(%) Fig.1 Percentage of Tfh cells in peripheral blood of AE patients between no therapy group,therapy group and control group(%) Note: A.No therapy group;B.Therapy group;C.Control group.*.P<0.05;***.P<0.001.
2.2治療未緩解組、治療緩解組與對照組外周血Tfh細(xì)胞百分比比較 治療未緩解組患者外周血Tfh比例顯著高于正常對照組(P<0.001),且治療未緩解組患者外周血Tfh比例高于治療緩解組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。但治療緩解組患者Tfh比例與對照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.107),見圖2。
圖2 AE治療未緩解組、治療緩解組與對正常照組外周血Tfh細(xì)胞百分比(%)Fig.2 Percentage of Tfh cells in peripheral blood of AE patients between no remission group after therapy,remission group after therapy and control group(%)Note: A.No remission group after therapy;B.Remission group after therapy;C.Control group.*.P<0.05;***.P<0.001.
圖3 自身免疫性腦炎患者腦脊液免疫熒光染色Fig.3 Immunofluorescence staining of cerebrospinal fluid from autoimmune encephalitis patients
2.3自身免疫性腦炎患者腦脊液免疫熒光染色 自身免疫性腦炎相關(guān)抗體陽性患者的腦脊液與大鼠腦片共孵育經(jīng)染色后呈現(xiàn)陽性反應(yīng),見圖3。
濾泡輔助性T細(xì)胞(Tfh)是一類通過輔助B細(xì)胞發(fā)揮體液免疫應(yīng)答功能的CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群,其定位于淋巴濾泡生發(fā)中心(GC)區(qū),通過高表達(dá)趨化因子受體CXCR5,在其配體CXCL13的趨化下遷移至淋巴濾泡。Tfh高表達(dá)ICOS、PD-1和Bcl-6[7,8],并通過分泌IL-21發(fā)揮其輔助功能[9],其對B細(xì)胞的活化、增殖及抗體產(chǎn)生具有重要作用[10]。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)Tfh參與多種自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生,如系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、干燥綜合征、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、重癥肌無力等[11-15]。多數(shù)自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生與B細(xì)胞異常增多地分泌自身抗體相關(guān),如系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡患者Tfh細(xì)胞表達(dá)增多,導(dǎo)致B細(xì)胞過度活化持續(xù)產(chǎn)生自身抗體,從而誘導(dǎo)疾病的發(fā)生。
而自身免疫性腦炎是由于機(jī)體在免疫系統(tǒng)功能異常的情況下,過度產(chǎn)生抗神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相關(guān)抗原的自身抗體而誘發(fā)的疾病,其中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的自身抗體是其重要致病因子[16]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患者尸檢腦片中存在大量CD20+B細(xì)胞及漿細(xì)胞浸潤,且此類患者的腦脊液高表達(dá)CXCL13,提示Tfh細(xì)胞有可能在其配體CXCL13的趨化下入腦,病理性輔助B細(xì)胞過度產(chǎn)生自身抗體而發(fā)病。
為了探索自身免疫性腦炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制,本研究通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測Tfh細(xì)胞在AE患者外周血的表達(dá)情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)未治療組患者的Tfh細(xì)胞比例明顯高于正常對照組(P<0.001),說明自身免疫性腦炎患者的Tfh細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了過度增殖。而對經(jīng)過免疫治療的患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),臨床癥狀未緩解的患者其Tfh比例顯著高于正常對照組(P<0.001),且其同時高于治療后臨床癥狀緩解組(改良的MRS評分)(P<0.05),而治療后臨床癥狀緩解組與正常對照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.107),說明Tfh細(xì)胞可能參與了自身免疫性腦炎的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。
自身免疫性腦炎相關(guān)抗體的產(chǎn)生是其發(fā)病的重要致病因素,而Tfh對B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體發(fā)揮著重要作用,推測Tfh細(xì)胞可能通過輔助B細(xì)胞過度活化而產(chǎn)生大量的自身抗體從而誘導(dǎo)疾病發(fā)生。故通過檢測Tfh細(xì)胞的水平可能為自身免疫性腦炎的臨床診斷和免疫治療提供理論依據(jù)。
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[收稿2017-07-14]
(編輯 倪 鵬)
DetectionandclinicalsignificanceofperipheralbloodfollicularhelperTcellsinautoimmuneencephalitispatients
LIUTing-Ting,DUFang,SUNYuan-Jie,YANGYi-Ning,DAIWen,ZHAOGang,YANGKun.
DepartmentofImmunology,theFourthMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Xi′an710032,China
Objective:To investigate the proportion of follicular helper T cells(Tfh) and its clinical significance in peripheral blood of patients with autoimmune encephalitis(AE).Methods①Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) specimen was collected from the patients who were confirmed to have autoantibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis,and the CSF was incubated with frozen sections of rat brain tissue,and the immunofluorescence staining was performed.②17 patients were collected (3 cases with anti LGI1 antibody positive, 3 cases with anti GABAR antibody positive,11 cases with anti NMDAR antibody positive, and 1 case with anti NMDAR antibody,anti GABAR antibody and anti AMPA2 antibody positive).All of the above, 21 samples were collected with peripheral blood:6 cases with no therapy;15 cases with therapy(contains 8 remission ones and 7 no remission ones).15 healthy controls(control group) were collected. The percentage of CD3+CD4+CXCR5+PD1+T cells were detected by flow cytometry (FCM).The correlation between the Tfh cells and the disease recovery was also analyzed.Results①Cerebrospinal fluid of patients incubated with frozen sections of rat brain tissue,immunofluorescence staining results showed positive reaction.②The flow cytometry results showed that the percentage of peripheral blood Tfh cells in patients with untreated group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.001),and after treatment the percentage of Tfh in no improved group was higher than improved group(P<0.05).But the percentage of Tfh cells had no statistical difference between the improved group and the control group(P=0.107).ConclusionThe increase of peripheral blood Tfh cells percentage in the AE patients may contribute to the occurrence and development of AE.
Autoimmune encephalitis;Follicular helper T cells;Autoantibody
10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2017.11.016
①本文受國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項目(No.81171977)資助。
②第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,西安 710032。
R741.04
A
1000-484X(2017)11-1678-04
劉婷婷 (1987年-),女,碩士,助理實驗師,主要從事自身免疫性腦炎發(fā)病機(jī)制的相關(guān)研究,同時就職于西京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,E-mail:miracle6tt@163.com。
及指導(dǎo)教師:楊 琨(1964年-),女,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事腫瘤免疫和自身免疫方面的研究,E-mail: yangkunkun@fmmu.edu.cn。