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腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子預(yù)處理神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞移植對急性缺血性腦卒中小鼠的效果

2017-12-04 02:15王棟楊文楨侯博儒康軍林任海軍
中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐 2017年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:造模分化神經(jīng)元

王棟,楊文楨,侯博儒,康軍林,任海軍

·基礎(chǔ)研究·

腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子預(yù)處理神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞移植對急性缺血性腦卒中小鼠的效果

王棟,楊文楨,侯博儒,康軍林,任海軍

目的 比較腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)預(yù)處理對神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(NSCs)移植修復(fù)急性缺血性腦卒中的作用。方法 出生1 d C57BL/6小鼠,分離NSCs體外培養(yǎng)及鑒定。10周齡健康C57BL/6小鼠150只隨機(jī)分為5組,A組(n=20)為假手術(shù)組,B(n=20)、C(n=20)、D(n=45)、E(n=45)組采用光化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)法建立急性腦缺血模型。造模24 h后,D組行單純NSCs移植,E組行BDNF預(yù)處理的NSCs移植,C組移植等量溶劑。移植前1 d,移植后3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d,行加速轉(zhuǎn)棒測試及前肢抓力測試,移植后28 d,D、E組取5只小鼠行微管相關(guān)蛋白2(MAP-2)、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫熒光染色。結(jié)果 移植后3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d,加速轉(zhuǎn)棒時間由長到短依次為E組、D組、B組(p<0.05);移植后14 d、21 d、28 d,前肢抓力由大到小依次為E組、D組、B組(p<0.05)。移植后28 d,D組、E組均發(fā)現(xiàn)Edu/GFAP雙陽性細(xì)胞及Edu/MAP-2雙陽性細(xì)胞。結(jié)論 NSCs移植可促進(jìn)缺血性腦卒中后行為功能恢復(fù),經(jīng)BDNF預(yù)處理后有更好效果。

缺血性腦卒中;神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞;腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子;體外培養(yǎng);移植

腦卒中是全球范圍內(nèi)引起死亡、致殘的重要原因。急性缺血性腦卒中是最常見的卒中類型,占腦卒中80%以上。腦卒中患者多伴有不同程度神經(jīng)功能缺陷,如肢體運(yùn)動及語言障礙[1-4]。

卒中后的損害效應(yīng)不僅涉及神經(jīng)元,對腦內(nèi)其他細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)也會產(chǎn)生影響。由于缺血性腦卒中后機(jī)體自身修復(fù)能力有限,難以產(chǎn)生新的功能性神經(jīng)元。將外源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)植入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(central nervous system,CNS)疾病模型動物腦組織后,NSCs會向病灶區(qū)域遷移分化,并分泌神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子,產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用;同時減小病灶區(qū)梗死體積,促進(jìn)運(yùn)動、學(xué)習(xí)、記憶、感覺、認(rèn)知等功能恢復(fù)[5-8]。NSCs移植為臨床治療急性CNS損傷和慢性退行性CNS疾病帶來廣闊應(yīng)用前景[9-13]。

腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)是神經(jīng)生長及發(fā)揮功能所必需的多肽類因子,屬于神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)生長因子家族,由大腦細(xì)胞分泌產(chǎn)生,腦內(nèi)含量豐富,在神經(jīng)元生長、存活、分化過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。缺血性腦卒中后,BDNF通過促進(jìn)神經(jīng)及血管再生,發(fā)揮抗缺血損傷作用;通過提高突觸及軸突可塑性,促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)、記憶和感覺運(yùn)動等恢復(fù)[14-16]。

BDNF對體內(nèi)外NSCs增殖分化發(fā)揮重要調(diào)節(jié)作用,可影響NSCs存活、增殖、凋亡和遷移。移植高表達(dá)BDNF的NSCs到腦內(nèi),可增加NSCs存活及血管再生,減少細(xì)胞死亡[17-18]。在創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷模型中移植高表達(dá)BDNF的NSCs,NSCs存活率增加,神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)效果更佳[19]。

本研究對比分析單純NSCs移植與BDNF預(yù)處理NSCs移植對小鼠缺血性腦卒中的效果,探討其相關(guān)機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試劑和儀器

表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)、堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF):PEPROTECH公司。Edu細(xì)胞增殖檢測盒(貨號c10640):THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC公司。胎牛血清、即用型山羊血清:杭州四季青生物試劑公司。DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液、B27(不含維生素A)、Accutase原液:GIBCO公司。兔抗神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)多克隆抗體、小鼠抗5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶核苷(5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine,BrdU)單克隆抗體:ABCAM公司。兔抗小鼠巢蛋白(nestin)單克隆抗體、兔抗微管相關(guān)蛋白2(microtubule-associated protein 2,MAP-2)多克隆抗體、BDNF、Hochest33258原液、孟加拉紅玫瑰紅(rose bengal sodium salt,RB)、2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)、 Fluoro-Jade C(FJ-C)染 料 :SIGMA公司。兔抗膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)多克隆抗體:BOSTER公司。TRITC標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG:KPL公司。FITC標(biāo)記山羊抗小鼠IgG:EARTHOX公司。牛血清白蛋白(albumin from bovine serum,BSA):SOLARBIO公司。

磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS,pH=7.4);一抗稀釋液(BSA 1.2 g+10%NaN30.4 ml+Triton X-100 0.08 ml+PBS 40 ml);二抗稀釋液(BSA 1.2 g+10%NaN30.4 ml+PBS 40 ml);2%氯胺酮-甲苯噻嗪混合液(鹽酸氯胺酮溶液10 ml+甲苯噻嗪0.075 g+滅菌生理鹽水15 ml)。

激光共聚焦顯微鏡(型號FV1000MPE)、熒光倒置顯微鏡、倒置相差顯微鏡:OLYMPUS公司。JZ300高精度張力換能器:北京新航科技有限公司。BL-420S生物機(jī)能實(shí)驗系統(tǒng)、ZB-200加速轉(zhuǎn)棒儀:成都泰盟科技有限公司。VT1000S振動切片機(jī):LEICA公司。

1.2 實(shí)驗動物及分組

出生1 d C57BL/6小鼠,體質(zhì)量1 g,雌雄不限,用于NSCs體外分離及培養(yǎng);10周齡C57BL/6小鼠,雌雄不限,體質(zhì)量20~25 g,用于免疫組化及行為學(xué)實(shí)驗。實(shí)驗動物由蘭州大學(xué)實(shí)驗動物中心提供,實(shí)驗過程嚴(yán)格按照動物倫理學(xué)規(guī)范要求進(jìn)行。

加速轉(zhuǎn)棒預(yù)訓(xùn)練3 d,轉(zhuǎn)棒爬行時間>220 s小鼠150只納入研究。隨機(jī)分為5組:A組(n=20)切開頭皮,暴露硬腦膜;B組(n=20)建模后不做干預(yù);C組(n=20)建模后移植等量溶劑;D組(n=45)建模后單純NSCs移植;E組(n=45)建模后移植BDNF預(yù)處理的NSCs。

實(shí)驗過程中死亡或不列入統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析的小鼠,按相等的數(shù)量和相同的實(shí)驗方法予以補(bǔ)充。

1.3 NSCs體外分離培養(yǎng)及鑒定

1.3.1 體外分離培養(yǎng)

出生1 d C57BL/6小鼠2只,無菌條件分離兩側(cè)海馬,無菌預(yù)冷PBS漂洗后剪碎,4倍體積0.25%胰酶37℃水浴8 min,500 r/min離心5 min;棄上清,加入DMEM/F12基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)液;改良拋光巴氏吸管吹打成細(xì)胞懸液,400目濾網(wǎng)過濾;500 r/min離心5 min,棄上清;加入提前預(yù)熱的NSCs完全培養(yǎng)基2 ml(DMEM/F12基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)液49 ml+B27 1 ml+EGF 1μg+bFGF 1μg)重懸細(xì)胞。1×109/L接種于25 cm2培養(yǎng)瓶,37℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)5%CO2、平衡濕度培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)。原代培養(yǎng)至第3天出現(xiàn)懸浮細(xì)胞球,半量換液;1周后細(xì)胞球直徑達(dá)100~130μm,收集細(xì)胞。Accutase原液2 ml消化10 min,1000 r/min離心5 min,棄上清;37℃預(yù)熱的NSCs完全培養(yǎng)基吹打混勻,1×109/L接種培養(yǎng)。

1.3.2 鑒定

第3代細(xì)胞在傳代過程加入BrdU(終濃度10 μmol/L),培養(yǎng)48 h后接種于24孔板中(含多聚賴氨酸包被的無菌玻片)繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)12 h。撤除培養(yǎng)基,4℃預(yù)冷的4%PFA室溫固定15 min,PBS室溫?fù)u床洗滌3次,每次5 min。0.5%Triton X-100室溫?fù)u床孵育20 min,PBS洗滌3次,每次5 min。每孔加入2 mol/L鹽酸500μl,37℃搖床20 min。去除鹽酸,加入硼酸緩沖液,室溫?fù)u床洗滌3次,每次15 min。每孔加即用型山羊血清200μl室溫?fù)u床封閉1.5 h。移除血清,分別加入兔抗小鼠Nestin一抗(1∶100)、小鼠抗BrdU一抗(1∶100),4℃搖床孵育12 h,PBS洗滌3次,每次10 min。分別避光加入TRITC標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔IgG二抗(1∶100)、FITC標(biāo)記的山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗(1∶100),搖床孵育1.5 h(37℃,90 r/min)。PBS洗滌3次,每次10 min。每孔加Hoechst33258(1∶2000)200 μl復(fù)染細(xì)胞核,室溫?fù)u床15 min;PBS洗3次,每次5 min。甘油-PBS封片,熒光顯微鏡下觀察拍照。加入二抗以后所有步驟均需避光操作。

1.3.3 體外誘導(dǎo)分化及鑒定

取BrdU標(biāo)記的第三代NSCs,1×104/L接種于24孔板(內(nèi)含多聚賴氨酸包被的無菌玻片),每孔加NSCs促分化培養(yǎng)基(DMEM/F12基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)液45 ml+10%胎牛血清5 ml)1 ml,輕晃培養(yǎng)板使細(xì)胞分散均勻;培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),每2 d半量換液。2 d后細(xì)胞呈散射狀向四周遷移,突起逐漸變長。培養(yǎng)10 d行NSE、GFAP免疫熒光染色。加兔抗小鼠NSE一抗(1∶500)、兔抗小鼠GFAP一抗(1∶100)、TRITC標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔IgG二抗(1∶100)。染色、封片步驟同1.3.2。

1.4 模型建立及造模后NSCs移植

1.4.1 模型建立

在Watson等光化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)法基礎(chǔ)上改進(jìn)[20-24]。2%氯胺酮-甲苯噻嗪溶液0.5 ml/kg腹腔注射至小鼠完全麻醉,暴露顱骨,剝離骨膜。以Bregma點(diǎn)為原點(diǎn),矢狀縫右側(cè)2.2 mm、冠狀縫后0.8 mm,解剖鏡下打磨顱骨暴露硬腦膜,至滴加PBS可見清晰大腦淺表血管為止,保持硬膜完整。眼眶下靜脈注射10 mg/ml RB溶液2 μl/g,熒光顯微鏡下綠色激發(fā)光定點(diǎn)照射,照射面積1 mm2,時間4.25 min[25]。A組眼眶下靜脈注射等量PBS溶液。術(shù)后4 h行神經(jīng)功能缺損評分(Neurological Severity Scores,NSS),3分以上小鼠納入實(shí)驗。

1.4.2 模型鑒定

1.4.2.1 尼氏染色

造模后3 d取3只小鼠灌流取腦組織,切片厚30 μm,粘于多聚賴氨酸包被的載玻片上,室溫過夜干燥;蒸餾水漂洗1 min,梯度酒精脫水(70%乙醇1 min,95%乙醇1 min,100%乙醇1 min,二甲苯20 min)。梯度酒精復(fù)水(100%乙醇5 min,95%乙醇1 min,50%乙醇1 min),1%甲分酚紫37℃染色10 min,蒸餾水漂洗3次,每次1 min;乙酸分化1 min。100%乙醇2 min(觀察顏色脫去即可終止),二甲苯透明10 min,中性樹膠封片后避光保存。

1.4.2.2 TTC染色

造模后3 d,取3只小鼠氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉,斷頭取腦。TTC溶液浸入15 min(37℃恒溫,避光),每3~5 min翻動1次,期間注意觀察(顏色要鮮紅,不能變成暗紅色),15 min后取出腦組織,放入模具,-20℃冰凍30 min,切成厚1 mm腦片;轉(zhuǎn)移出模具后繼續(xù)用TTC溶液染色10 min(37℃恒溫,避光),注意觀察翻動,保證每個腦片都能充分接觸染料。4%PFA終止染色。

1.4.2.3 FJ-C染色

造模后3 d取3只小鼠灌流取腦組織,切片厚30 μm,粘于多聚賴氨酸包被的載玻片上,室溫過夜干燥。依次浸潤于無水乙醇3 min、95%乙醇1 min、75%乙醇1 min,蒸餾水漂洗1 min,0.06%高錳酸鉀避光搖15 min,蒸餾水浸潤2 min;0.0001%FJ-C工作液避光染色30 min,蒸餾水漂洗3次,每次1 min;37℃干燥30 min。二甲苯浸潤10 min,中性樹膠封片。高錳酸鉀搖床后步驟均需嚴(yán)格避光。

1.4.3 NSCs移植

移植前24 h,用終濃度10μmol/L Edu標(biāo)記NSCs[26]。造模后24 h,D組移植NSCs 2×106[27]。E組NSCs移植前用BDNF 100 ng/ml預(yù)處理1 h[28],基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)基洗滌濃縮后再移植。

立體定向儀定位前囟后0.46 mm,矢狀縫右旁1.0 mm,硬膜下2.5 mm[29],1 μl/min速度注射,留針5 min,5 min內(nèi)緩慢拔出針頭。

1.5 行為學(xué)測試

1.5.1 加速轉(zhuǎn)棒測試

造模前1 d,移植后3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d,小鼠置于靜止轉(zhuǎn)棒上3 min,然后于5 min內(nèi)將轉(zhuǎn)速從0加速到40 r/min,記錄從轉(zhuǎn)棒上掉落的時間(兩次被動旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)為掉落)。測試3次,間隔5 min,取平均值。

1.5.2 前肢抓力測試

造模前1 d,移植后3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d,將小鼠其前肢放于張力換能器三腳架上,水平均勻牽拉小鼠尾巴,直到小鼠前肢完全松開三腳架。實(shí)驗過程保持小鼠與三腳架處于水平位。連續(xù)測試5次,記錄每次峰值,取5次平均值。

1.6 移植后免疫熒光染色

1.6.1 組織標(biāo)本制備

NSCs移植后28 d,行為學(xué)測試結(jié)束后,D、E兩組分別取5只小鼠,氨基甲酸乙酯0.17 ml/20 g腹腔注射麻醉,打開胸腔,暴露心臟,于右心耳橫向剪一小口,左心室快速灌注4℃預(yù)冷PBS 20 ml,灌注4℃預(yù)冷4%PFA 20 ml。取腦組織浸入4%PFA,4℃固定48 h。振動切片機(jī)連續(xù)冠狀切片,厚30 μm。

1.6.2 免疫熒光染色

腦片置24孔板內(nèi),3%BSA 1 ml室溫?fù)u床洗滌2次,每次5 min。每孔加0.5%TritonX-100 1 ml,室溫?fù)u床孵育20 min;3%BSA洗滌2次,每次5 min。每孔加入Edu反應(yīng)混合液(1×Click-iT?reaction buffer 440 μl+Copper protectant 10 μl+Alexa Fluor?picolyl azide 1.2 μl+Reaction-buffer additive 50 μl)500 μl,室溫避光孵育30 min。3%BSA洗滌2次,每次5 min。

避 光 , 加 MAP-2(1∶ 100)、 GFAP(1∶ 100)、Hoechst33342(1∶2000)一抗,TRITC標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG二抗(1∶100)。染色、封片步驟同1.3.2。

1.6.3 尼氏染色和TTC染色

移植后28 d,各組取3只小鼠行尼氏染色和TTC染色,方法同前。

1.7 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析

采用SPSS 21.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。組間比較采用單因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)。顯著性水平α=0.05。Image J軟件進(jìn)行圖像處理分析。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 NSCs體外分離培養(yǎng)鑒定

原代NSCs接種后2 h,倒置相差顯微鏡下可見大量散在單細(xì)胞(圖1A);3 d可見大小不一神經(jīng)球形成(圖1B);7 d可見大神經(jīng)球形成,由大量透光良好、形態(tài)圓潤的單細(xì)胞聚集而成(圖1C)。

第 3 代細(xì)胞行 BrdU(圖 2A)、Nestin(圖 2B)、Hochest33258(圖2C)熒光染色,均呈陽性。Image J軟件疊加后(圖2D)呈混合陽性。

2.2 NSCs體外誘導(dǎo)分化鑒定

培養(yǎng)10 d時,細(xì)胞BrdU/GFAP(圖3)、BrdU/NSE(圖4)免疫熒光染色均陽性。BrdU/GFAP陽性細(xì)胞呈多樣性,胞體多角形,突起較多且單個細(xì)胞間突起有相互交織呈網(wǎng)狀的趨勢。細(xì)胞核形態(tài)隨著胞體形態(tài)而變化,呈大而圓或長而扁形狀,位于胞體中央或周邊。BrdU/NSE陽性細(xì)胞胞體呈橢圓形、梭形、三角形,突起細(xì)長呈雙極樣。

圖1 NSCs體外培養(yǎng)的形態(tài)變化(倒置相差顯微鏡)

圖2 NSCs體外培養(yǎng)鑒定(免疫熒光染色,200×)

圖3 NSCs體外分化成星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(免疫熒光染色,200×)

圖4 NSCs體外分化成神經(jīng)元(免疫熒光染色,200×)

2.3 急性缺血性腦卒中模型鑒定

2.3.1 大體觀察

熒光照射后,血管內(nèi)血液高速流動,隨后血流減慢,血管逐漸被阻塞,熒光變暗(圖5)。

2.3.2 模型鑒定

尼氏體是神經(jīng)元的特征性結(jié)構(gòu)之一,存在于神經(jīng)元胞體粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)及核糖體上,在病理情況下會溶解或消失[30]。造模后3 d,尼氏染色可見損傷區(qū)尼氏體數(shù)量減少,神經(jīng)元壞死、數(shù)目減少,周圍細(xì)胞水腫明顯,部分細(xì)胞核固縮,細(xì)胞間隙增大,微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞腫脹(圖6)。

TTC染色后正常組織顯示為紅色,壞死組織由于琥珀酸脫氫酶失活,不能與TTC發(fā)生反應(yīng),顯示為白色(圖6)。

FJ-C染色可在大腦急性損傷病變時標(biāo)記退行性神經(jīng)元,而正常神經(jīng)元不染色[31-32](圖6)。

染色結(jié)果表明,光化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)法建立模型成功。

2.4 NSCs移植后的存活及分化

移植后28 d,D、E兩組均可見Edu/MAP-2陽性、Edu/GFAP陽性細(xì)胞,E組Edu陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量更多(圖7、圖8)。

2.5 移植后尼氏、TTC染色

D、E組尼氏體數(shù)量較C組有所增加,神經(jīng)元形態(tài)較完整。E組尼氏體及神經(jīng)元數(shù)量多于D組(圖9)。E組TTC白色區(qū)域小于D組(圖10)。

圖5 光栓法缺血模型建立示意圖

圖6 光栓法缺血模型鑒定

圖8 E組NSC移植后分化情況(免疫熒光染色,200×)

圖7 D組NSC移植后分化情況(免疫熒光染色,200×)

2.6 加速轉(zhuǎn)棒測試

加速轉(zhuǎn)棒測試可評估小鼠平衡及協(xié)調(diào)能力[33-34]。造模前1 d,各組間轉(zhuǎn)棒時間均無顯著性差異(P>0.05);移植后3 d,A組轉(zhuǎn)棒時間較造模前略有下降,B、C、D、E組明顯下降,移植后7 d各組轉(zhuǎn)棒時間有所上升,B、C兩組各時間點(diǎn)比較均無顯著性差異(P>0.05),D、B兩組及E、D兩組間均有顯著性差異(p<0.05)。見圖11。

2.7 前肢抓力測試

造模前1 d,各組間抓力均無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。移植后各時間點(diǎn),B、C兩組比較均無顯著性差異(P>0.05);移植后7 d,D、B兩組間有顯著性差異(p<0.05),而E、D兩組間無顯著性差異(P>0.05);移植后14 d、21 d、28 d,D、B兩組及E、D兩組間均有顯著性差異(p<0.05)。見圖12。

圖9 NSC移植后C組、D組、E組尼氏體數(shù)目(尼氏染色,400×)

圖10 NSC移植后D組、E組損傷體積(TTC染色)

圖11 造模前及移植后各時間點(diǎn)加速轉(zhuǎn)棒測試結(jié)果

圖12 造模前及移植后各時間點(diǎn)前肢抓力測試結(jié)果

3 討論

NSCs是居存于CNS的前體細(xì)胞,主要分布于腦、脊髓、視網(wǎng)膜;在成年哺乳動物大腦中,NSCs主要存在于側(cè)腦室下區(qū)及海馬齒狀回顆粒下區(qū)[35],胚胎期小鼠嗅球、海馬、側(cè)腦室室周等部位也存在NSCs[36-37]。NSCs具有多潛能分化及自我更新能力,可通過對稱及不對稱分裂分化產(chǎn)生子代NSCs及神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[38-39]。NSCs植入體內(nèi)后,在EGF、FGF、白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)刺激下增殖,進(jìn)而通過視黃酸誘導(dǎo)分化為神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,替代損傷丟失的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,為腦卒中等CNS疾病臨床治療帶來新的希望[40]。

加速轉(zhuǎn)棒測試主要反映運(yùn)動協(xié)調(diào)能力。本研究顯示,從移植后7 d起,B、C、D、E各組加速轉(zhuǎn)棒時間有所上升;A組造模后轉(zhuǎn)棒時間短暫下降,隨后恢復(fù)正常,推測可能由于打磨顱骨時機(jī)械振動擠壓腦組織所引起,未對小鼠腦組織產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)性損害。B、C兩組轉(zhuǎn)棒時間上升有限,且無顯著性差異,說明卒中后腦內(nèi)注射基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)基不會對小鼠行為恢復(fù)產(chǎn)生明顯作用;卒中后小鼠存在一定神經(jīng)自我修復(fù)功能,其機(jī)制可能是卒中后內(nèi)源性NSCs激活,分化出新的神經(jīng)元,替代梗死區(qū)壞死或無功能性的神經(jīng)元、膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,通過膠質(zhì)瘢痕修復(fù)促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)[41-43]。D組與B、C組比較,轉(zhuǎn)棒時間明顯增加,同時腦內(nèi)出現(xiàn)Edu/GFAP、Edu/MAP-2陽性細(xì)胞,并向缺血半暗帶區(qū)域遷移,證實(shí)體外培養(yǎng)的NSCs在體內(nèi)依舊保持自我更新、增殖及多潛能分化能力,NSCs移植是治療缺血性腦卒中的有效方法,可以促進(jìn)卒中后小鼠神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù),也與之前其他研究結(jié)果一致[5,44-45]。

體內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究證實(shí),血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在神經(jīng)保護(hù)中發(fā)揮重要作用,經(jīng)過BNDF處理后,VEGF表達(dá)顯著上升。移植后存活的NSCs可以分泌BDNF、睫狀神經(jīng)生長因子(ciliary neurotrophic factor,CNTF)、膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)等多種神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子,并使其表達(dá)量上調(diào),從而減少細(xì)胞凋亡,促進(jìn)損傷灶局部受損神經(jīng)元存活,增加移植后NSCs存活;BNDF對NSCs向神經(jīng)元分化起推動作用,有利于神經(jīng)突觸重塑[46-49]。

本研究顯示,E組行為恢復(fù)明顯優(yōu)于D組,同時E組腦內(nèi)也存在Edu/GFAP、Edu/MAP-2陽性細(xì)胞,且E組神經(jīng)元分化數(shù)多于D組,說明BDNF預(yù)處理對NSCs增殖、存活、分化、遷移有更好效果。具體機(jī)制有待深入研究。

抓力測試結(jié)果與加速轉(zhuǎn)棒測試呈大致相同趨勢,但起效時間略有延遲。

綜上所述,外源性NSCs移植后,可在梗死區(qū)域發(fā)生遷移和分化,對缺血性腦卒中后腦組織修復(fù)及神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)發(fā)揮重要作用;而移植經(jīng)BNDF預(yù)處理的NSCs,可在腦組織形態(tài)修復(fù)和神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)方面有更好療效。

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Effect of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Pretreated with Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor on Acute Ischemic Stroke in Mice

WANG Dong,YANG Wen-zhen,HOU Bo-ru,KANG Jun-lin,REN Hai-jun
Department of Neurosurgery,Second HospitalAffiliated to Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730000,China

REN Hai-jun.E-mail:baiyunguan@hotmail.com

Objective To explore the effect of transplantation of neural stem cells(NSCs)pretreated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)on acute ischemic stroke in mice.Methods NSCs from a newborn(one day)C57BL/6 mouse were isolated and cultured in vitro.A total of 150 healthy C57BL/6 mice,ten-week-old,were randomly divided into five groups,that group A accepted sham operation,and groups B,C,D and E were subjected to focal ischemia by photothrombosis.Group D was transplanted NSCs 24 hours after ischemia,while group E transplanted NSCs pretreated with BDNF and group C accepted same volume of medium.All the groups were tested with rotarod test and grip strength one day before transplantation and three,seven,14,21 and 28 days after transplantation.The differentiation of NSCs in groups D and E were observed immunofluorescence staining of microtubule-associated protein-2(MAP-2)and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP).Results The time on rotarod arranged from more to less was groups E,D and B(p<0.05)three,seven,14,21 and 28 days after transplantation,as well as grip strength 14,21 and 28 days after transplantation(p<0.05).The Edu/GFAP positive cells and Edu/MAP-2 positive cells were found in both groups D and E.Conclusion Transplanting NSCs can promote the behavioral recovery after ischemic stroke,and it is more effective as pretreated with BDNF.

ischemic stroke;neural stem cells;brain-derived neurotrophic factor;in vitro;transplantation

10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2017.11.006

R743.3

A

1006-9771(2017)11-1263-10

[本文著錄格式] 王棟,楊文楨,侯博儒,等.腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子預(yù)處理神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞移植對急性缺血性腦卒中小鼠的效果[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2017,23(11):1263-1272.

CITEDAS:Wang D,Yang WZ,Hou BR,et al.Effect of neural stem cell transplantation pretreated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor on acute ischemic stroke in mice[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2017,23(11):1263-1272.

1.甘肅省高等學(xué)??蒲许椖?No.2014B-001);2.甘肅電信萃英科研基金資助項目(No.lzudxcy-2014-8)。

蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,甘肅蘭州市730000。作者簡介:王棟(1989-),男,漢族,陜西西安市人,碩士研究生,主要研究方向:重型顱腦損傷及腦血管病。通訊作者:任海軍(1962-),男,漢族,甘肅蘭州市人,主任醫(yī)師、教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,主要研究方向:重型顱腦損傷。E-mail:baiyunguan@hotmail.com。

2016-11-01

2017-01-23)

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