李海東 張強(qiáng)華 何守玉
[摘要] 目的 探討前路椎體次全切鈦網(wǎng)植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)(anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)與前路椎間盤切除Cage 植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)治療相鄰雙節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病的中期療效及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。 方法 分析2010年1月~2014年12月期間共252例相鄰雙節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病行頸前路減壓融合內(nèi)固定患者的臨床資料,分為兩組,ACCF組137例,ACDF組115例。比較兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量、術(shù)前及術(shù)后日本矯形外科協(xié)會(huì)(Japanese orthopaedic association,JOA)評(píng)分、頸椎殘障功能指數(shù)(Neck disability index,NDI)以及隨訪期間出現(xiàn)的并發(fā)癥情況。 結(jié)果 兩組人群手術(shù)時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量無(wú)明顯差異(P<0.05);隨訪過(guò)程中失訪25例,其余均術(shù)后隨訪36個(gè)月。末次隨訪時(shí),ACCF組患者JOA、NDI指數(shù)分別為(14.56±1.89)分,(6.26±1.29);ACDF組JOA、NDI指數(shù)分別為(14.28±1.78)分,(6.30±1.12),均較術(shù)前明顯改善,但組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。共有61例在術(shù)后36個(gè)月內(nèi)出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率26.87%,其中ACCF組33例(包括吞咽不適2例,內(nèi)固定相關(guān)并發(fā)癥1例,鄰近節(jié)段退變26例,融合失敗1例,C5神經(jīng)根麻痹3例);ACDF組28例(傷口感染1例,吞咽不適1例,內(nèi)固定相關(guān)并發(fā)癥1例,鄰近節(jié)段退變23例,融合失敗1例,C5神經(jīng)根麻痹1例)。結(jié)論 兩組手術(shù)方案在鄰近雙節(jié)段頸椎病的治療上中期臨床效果相當(dāng)。ACDF組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率略高(26.9% vs 26.6%),但無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。ACDF組鄰近節(jié)段退變發(fā)生率稍高,而ACCF組C5神經(jīng)根麻痹的發(fā)生率稍高。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 脊髓型頸椎??;前路手術(shù);中期療效;并發(fā)癥
[中圖分類號(hào)] R687.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)28-0018-05
[Abstract] Objective To analyze and compare the mid-term efficacy and complications of anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion(ACCF) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in the treatment of adjacent dual-segmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods The clinical data of 252 patients with adjacent dual-segmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing anterior cervical decompression and fusion internal fixation from January 2010 to December 2014 were analyzed and the patients were divided into two groups. There were 137 patients in ACCF group and 115 patients in ACDF group. The operation time, amount of blood loss, preoperative and postoperative Japanese orthopaedic association(JOA) scores, and neck disability index(NDI), as well as the complications that occurred during follow-up visit were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference in operation time and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups(P<0.05); during follow-up visit, 25 patients were lost to follow-up, and the rest were followed up for 36 months after surgery. At the final follow-up visit, the JOD and NDI index in the ACCF group were (14.56±1.89) and (6.26±1.29) respectively; the JOA and NDI index in the ACDF group were (14.28±1.78) and(6.30±1.12) respectively. All of them were significantly improved compared before surgery(P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A total of 61 patients had complications within 36 months after operation, with the incidence rate of 26.87%. There were 33 cases in ACCF group (including 2 cases of swallowing discomfort, 1 case of internal fixation-related complications, 26 cases of adjacent segment degeneration, 1 case of fusion failure, and 3 cases of C5 nerve root palsy). There were 28 patients in the ACDF group (1 case of wound infection, 1 case of swallowing discomfort, 1 case of internal fixation-related complications, 23 cases of adjacent segment degeneration, 1 case of fusion failure, and 1 case of C5 nerve root palsy). Conclusion The two groups of surgical plans have similar clinical effects in the treatment of adjacent dual-segmental cervical spondylosis. The incidence rate of complications in the ACDF group is slightly higher(26.9% vs 26.6%), but there is no statistically significant difference. The incidence rate of adjacent segmental degeneration in the ACDF group is slightly higher, while the incidence rate of C5 nerve root palsy in the ACCF group is slightly higher.
[Key words] Cervical spondylotic myelopathy; Anterior approach; Mid-term efficacy; Complications
Smith于1958年首次提出頸椎前路減壓植骨融合手術(shù),經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的發(fā)展和改進(jìn),目前該手術(shù)被廣泛運(yùn)用于治療頸椎退行性病變、腫瘤、外傷及感染性病變。其中,ACCF和ACDF是臨床上使用最多的兩種頸椎前路減壓手術(shù)[1-3]。這兩種術(shù)式具有直接解除致壓物對(duì)脊髓的壓迫、預(yù)防因脊髓后移而產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)根牽張性損害、術(shù)后療效穩(wěn)定等優(yōu)勢(shì)。ACDF手術(shù)往往局限于單純的頸椎間盤突出導(dǎo)致的脊髓壓迫患者,而當(dāng)椎體后緣層面出現(xiàn)巨大骨贅、后縱韌帶骨化壓迫脊髓或同時(shí)存在椎管狹窄時(shí),因ACCF減壓范圍更大,植骨更充分而被廣泛采用[4-5]。對(duì)于雙節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病的患者,往往同時(shí)存在椎間盤退變突出、椎體后緣骨贅或后縱韌帶骨化等問(wèn)題,如何實(shí)行精確而又徹底的減壓,減少不必要的損傷,快速促進(jìn)康復(fù)一直是研究熱點(diǎn),但目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的治療方案。本研究針對(duì)相鄰雙節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病的患者,分別采用ACDF或ACCF術(shù)式,對(duì)兩組術(shù)后中期療效及并發(fā)癥情況進(jìn)行分析比較,為該類患者選擇更合適的治療方法提供依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2010年1月~2014年12月在我院行頸椎前路手術(shù)治療的相鄰雙節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病的患者資料進(jìn)行分析。其中男116例,女136例,共252例;平均年齡53.8歲(32~76歲)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患者存在典型的脊髓型頸椎病癥狀及體征,經(jīng)正規(guī)保守治療6個(gè)月無(wú)效,且患者病史、體征及影像學(xué)資料證實(shí)存在手術(shù)指征。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):二次手術(shù)、脊柱創(chuàng)傷、感染、腫瘤、畸形、頸椎后縱韌帶骨化(ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)、先天性椎管狹窄。根據(jù)患者入院先后順序隨機(jī)將患者分為兩組:其中ACCF組137例,男65例,女72例,平均年齡54.4歲;ACDF組115例,其中男51例,女64例,平均年齡54.6歲。兩組的年齡、性別、手術(shù)節(jié)段等指標(biāo)基線資料一致,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 方法
A組采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ACDF法,減壓過(guò)程中首先切除病變節(jié)段的頸椎椎間盤,刮匙刮除椎體后緣骨贅,切除后縱韌帶,處理終板后在cage中填充術(shù)中切除的碎骨,適當(dāng)撐開椎間隙后置人工cage。椎體前方以頸前路鋼板固定(圖1);B組采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ACCF法,首先摘除病變的兩個(gè)節(jié)段椎間盤,切除責(zé)任椎體,勾刀切開后縱韌帶,處理椎體后緣骨贅,選取合適長(zhǎng)度鈦網(wǎng),將減壓過(guò)程中切除的碎骨填入鈦網(wǎng),將鈦網(wǎng)置入骨槽,撐開恢復(fù)頸椎高度,以頸前路鋼板固定(圖2)。手術(shù)器械均由美敦力公司提供,手術(shù)均由同一主刀醫(yī)生完成。
所有患者術(shù)后24 h??股?,術(shù)后第1天可下地行走,術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)拔除引流管。囑咐患者術(shù)后頸托制動(dòng)2個(gè)月。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
分別記錄兩組手術(shù)患者術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間;記錄患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后3 d及隨訪過(guò)程中的JOA評(píng)分及NDI指數(shù)?;颊咝g(shù)后3個(gè)月、12個(gè)月及36個(gè)月時(shí)進(jìn)行隨訪。隨訪過(guò)程中行頸椎正側(cè)位及動(dòng)力位X線檢查,記錄隨訪過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的并發(fā)癥情況,包括傷口感染、吞咽梗阻感、內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)、斷裂、臨近節(jié)段退變(adjacent segment degeneration,ASD)、融合失敗及C5神經(jīng)根麻痹等。植骨融合判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)在終板和植骨塊之間存在骨橋;(2)屈伸動(dòng)力位X線片上融合節(jié)段無(wú)活動(dòng)度;(3)融合器周圍及螺釘周圍無(wú)透光帶表現(xiàn)[6-7]。根據(jù)X線Kellgren分級(jí)法:0級(jí),關(guān)節(jié)間隙正常,無(wú)骨贅;1級(jí),關(guān)節(jié)間隙可以變窄,可能有骨贅;2級(jí),關(guān)節(jié)間隙可以變窄,有明顯骨贅;3級(jí),關(guān)節(jié)間隙明確變窄,中等量骨贅,有硬化性改變;4級(jí),關(guān)節(jié)間隙明顯變窄,大量骨贅,嚴(yán)重硬化性改變。本研究認(rèn)為鄰近節(jié)段退變指Kellgren分級(jí)≥2級(jí)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
本研究采用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料使用(x±s)表示,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組手術(shù)情況及術(shù)后療效比較
ACDF組平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(136.32±30.64)min,ACCF組手術(shù)時(shí)間(145.42±14.82)min,組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);ACDF組平均出血量(61.55±27.4)mL,少于ACCF組(65.48±21.94)mL,但差異亦無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。在隨訪過(guò)程中,ACCF組失訪13例,ACDF組失訪12例,其余患者均得到隨訪。ACCF組術(shù)后第3天、3個(gè)月、1年和3年的JOA評(píng)分分別為(9.26±1.39)分、(11.26±1.23)分、(14.26±1.89)分、14.56±1.89)分,較術(shù)前明顯好轉(zhuǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);ACDF組術(shù)后第3天、3個(gè)月、1年和3年的JOA評(píng)分分別(9.10±1.32)分、(11.30±1.43)分、(14.30±1.99)分、(14.28±1.78)分,較術(shù)前明顯好轉(zhuǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);但組間同時(shí)間段比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。ACCF組術(shù)后第3天、3個(gè)月、1年和3年的NDI指數(shù)分別為(17.26±2.89)、(11.63±1.89)、(10.26±1.18)、(6.26±1.29),較術(shù)前明顯好轉(zhuǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);ACDF組術(shù)后同時(shí)段隨訪時(shí)的NDI指數(shù)分別為(17.30±2.99)、(12.30±1.99)、(10.30±1.29)、(6.30±1.12),均較術(shù)前明顯好轉(zhuǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);但組間同時(shí)間段比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表4。
2.2 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較
在隨訪過(guò)程中,ACCF組失訪13例,ACDF組失訪12例,其余患者均得到隨訪。在所有得到隨訪的227例患者中,61例出現(xiàn)中期并發(fā)癥(ACCF組33例,ACDF組28例),發(fā)生率達(dá)26.87%,詳見表5。兩組人群在傷口情況、內(nèi)固定相關(guān)并發(fā)癥及融合率等方面無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05);ASD發(fā)生率ACDF組略高,但無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(22.33% vs 20.97%);而C5神經(jīng)根麻痹發(fā)生率ACCF組高于ACDF組,但亦無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。ASD為本研究的主要中期并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率為21.59%。ACCF組中22例出現(xiàn)上位ASD,4例出現(xiàn)下位ASD;ACDF組中21例出現(xiàn)上位ASD,2例出現(xiàn)下位ASD。本研究中3例ASD患者出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)根及脊髓壓迫癥狀,經(jīng)口服消炎鎮(zhèn)痛藥、聯(lián)合激素及營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)等對(duì)癥處理,2例癥狀緩解,1例經(jīng)保守治療無(wú)效后行Ⅱ期翻修手術(shù)。兩組人群組間ASD分布無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。
3 討論
頸椎前路手術(shù)不僅能夠?qū)浩燃顾璧牟∽兘M織進(jìn)行直接切除,減壓效果更加明確,而且能夠進(jìn)行椎間植骨,恢復(fù)頸椎前凸,重建病變節(jié)段的穩(wěn)定性,是目前頸椎病外科治療的一種主流術(shù)式。對(duì)于連續(xù)性雙節(jié)段或多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病,經(jīng)前路減壓的主要方式有ACDF及ACCF兩種手術(shù)方式,均可以從前方直接去除致壓物,大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)效果滿意[8-9]。
椎體次全切手術(shù)操作時(shí)不僅術(shù)野開闊,有利于充分減壓及術(shù)中脊髓損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性較低,而且術(shù)中切除的碎骨粒又可作為自體植骨材料,術(shù)后植骨融合率高而得到許多學(xué)者的青睞[10-11]。有的學(xué)者認(rèn)為ACDF術(shù)中減壓過(guò)程中無(wú)須處理后縱韌帶,通過(guò)椎間隙撐開固定融合能夠取得脊髓間接減壓目的,并且能夠減少術(shù)中脊髓損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12]。Bohlman等[12]研究報(bào)道了17例脊髓型頸椎病患者,采用椎間盤摘除椎間融合術(shù)(ACDF術(shù)),術(shù)中既不去除骨贅也不去除后縱韌帶,術(shù)后16例患者取得優(yōu)和良的臨床效果,優(yōu)良率達(dá)94%。Kadoya等[13]報(bào)道了手術(shù)治療43例脊髓型頸椎病患者,術(shù)中在顯微鏡下常規(guī)去除椎體骨贅及后縱韌帶,無(wú)1例出現(xiàn)醫(yī)源性脊髓損傷。Oh在一項(xiàng)31例的回顧性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),ACCF和ACDF治療兩節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病臨床療效相似,但在患者合并發(fā)育性椎管狹窄、椎體后緣合并OPLL、終板后緣大塊骨贅、大塊椎間盤脫出椎體后緣時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)首選ACCF[14]。Liu等[15]在一項(xiàng)5年的隨訪研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),ACCF和ACDF在兩節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病的治療上均具有良好的臨床療效和較高的術(shù)后融合率,但是ACDF手術(shù)具有出血少、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、頸椎生理前凸恢復(fù)好等優(yōu)勢(shì)[15]。根據(jù)我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn),術(shù)中減壓常規(guī)切除增生的骨贅及后縱韌帶,手術(shù)難度并不增加,不會(huì)增加脊髓損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本研究中,ACDF組手術(shù)時(shí)間更短、術(shù)中出血更少,但并無(wú)顯著差異;患者術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)VAS及NDI指數(shù)較術(shù)前明顯改善,但組間無(wú)明顯差異,手術(shù)效果相當(dāng)。
盡管前路手術(shù)是治療脊髓型頸椎病的主流術(shù)式,但其也不可避免地存在諸多問(wèn)題,比如更加容易出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏、神經(jīng)損傷、食管瘺、吞咽困難、鄰近節(jié)段退變等并發(fā)癥。在本研究隨訪期間共有61例患者出現(xiàn)各種并發(fā)癥,其中ACCF組33例,ACDF組28例,總發(fā)生率26.87%,包括吞咽困難、C5神經(jīng)根麻痹、ASD及切口感染等。兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。本研究中,ASD是兩組術(shù)后主要的并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率分別為20.97%和22.33%。
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道頸椎前路減壓融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)后中遠(yuǎn)期主要的并發(fā)癥為ASD的發(fā)生,包括椎體前后方骨贅形成、椎間失穩(wěn)、椎間隙變窄、椎間盤退變突出等,其發(fā)生率達(dá)50%~60%[16]。目前,ASD的發(fā)生機(jī)制不完全清楚,大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為頸椎融合術(shù)后運(yùn)動(dòng)單元減少,運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍減少,運(yùn)動(dòng)方式改變,導(dǎo)致局部節(jié)段應(yīng)力集中,是造成鄰近節(jié)段退變的主要原因[17]。Olsewski等[18]研究顯示,術(shù)前患者年齡越大,術(shù)后ASD的可能性越大,Song等[19]指出年齡導(dǎo)致的自然退變甚于融合本身對(duì)ASD發(fā)展的影響。目前大多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為融合節(jié)段數(shù)是ASD的影響因素之一。Chung等[20]認(rèn)為融合節(jié)段越多將更有可能促進(jìn)ASD的發(fā)展。Song等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)頸椎管率<0.70時(shí)更容易發(fā)生ASD,椎管的大小可能會(huì)影響ASD的發(fā)展。本研究ASD發(fā)生率為21.59%,比較低的原因可能與隨訪時(shí)間不夠長(zhǎng)有關(guān)。ACCF組26例出現(xiàn)ASD,ACDF組23例出現(xiàn)ASD,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,因此我們有理由認(rèn)為相鄰雙節(jié)段頸椎病術(shù)后ASD的發(fā)生與手術(shù)方式無(wú)關(guān),可能與患者的年齡、生活方式、頸椎自然退變等有關(guān)。
總之,在相鄰雙節(jié)段頸椎病的治療上,ACCF和ACDF中期手術(shù)效果相當(dāng),ACDF術(shù)后中期并發(fā)癥稍高,但組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而C5神經(jīng)根麻痹的發(fā)生率ACCF組高于ACDF組。我們?cè)谠\治相鄰雙節(jié)段頸椎病這一特殊疾病時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)脊髓致壓物的性質(zhì)、來(lái)源、部位及大小等多方面綜合考慮,選擇合理的手術(shù)方案,規(guī)范化手術(shù)操作,并輔以科學(xué)周密的圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理,降低中長(zhǎng)期并發(fā)癥。
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(收稿日期:2018-03-24)