陶雯,柯開富
腦小血管?。╟erebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是指腦內(nèi)小血管病變導致的疾病,累及的血管直徑為30~800 μm,包括發(fā)生于小動脈、微動脈、毛細血管和小靜脈的疾病。在西方國家CSVD占所有缺血性卒中病因的25%左右[1]。CSVD可引起一系列病理學、神經(jīng)影像學變化及軀體和認知功能障礙。本文就CSVD病理學、影像學、臨床表現(xiàn)及治療4個方面,對CSVD的研究進展綜述如下。
歐洲腦小血管病專家組把CSVD分為以下六大類:小動脈硬化性小血管病、散發(fā)性或遺傳性腦淀粉樣血管病、其他遺傳性小血管病、炎性或免疫介導性小血管病、靜脈膠原化疾病、其他腦小血管病,其中前兩種類型最為常見[2]。
1.1 小動脈硬化 也稱為年齡和血管危險因素相關性小血管病,病理表現(xiàn)為血管中膜平滑肌細胞缺失,玻璃纖維樣物質(zhì)沉積,管腔狹窄及管壁增厚。此類疾病通常會影響腎臟及視網(wǎng)膜,與高血壓關系最為密切,故也稱其為高血壓性小血管病。
1.2 散發(fā)性或遺傳性腦淀粉樣血管病 腦淀粉樣血管?。╟erebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)主要表現(xiàn)βA4免疫反應,淀粉樣蛋白逐漸沉積在軟腦膜和皮層的小動脈、毛細血管及靜脈管壁,使血管壁破壞、血液外溢和管腔閉塞。
1.3 其他遺傳性小血管病 主要包括伴有皮質(zhì)下梗死和白質(zhì)腦病的常染色體顯性遺傳性腦小動脈病(cerebral autosome dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)及常染色體隱性遺傳性腦小動脈病(cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CARASIL)、瑞典型遺傳性多發(fā)性梗死性癡呆、線粒體腦肌病伴高乳酸血癥和卒中樣發(fā)作(mitochondrial myopathy,encephalopathy,lactic acidosis,and stroke-like episodes,MELAS)等,其中CADASIL、Fabry病是遺傳性小血管病最常見的類型[3-4],這些類型的出現(xiàn)有助于散發(fā)的CSVD的發(fā)病機制研究。
1.4 炎性或免疫介導性小血管病 是一組異質(zhì)性罕見疾病,其特征是血管壁的炎癥細胞參與,通常是一種全身性疾病,包括如韋格納肉芽腫(Wegener’s granulomatosis,WG)、Churg-Strauss綜合征、原發(fā)性中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)血管炎、Senddon綜合征、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、類風濕關節(jié)炎、皮膚炎等。主要病理學改變包括血管壁纖維蛋白壞死,血管周圍炎癥細胞浸潤或纖維化及管腔狹窄。
1.5 靜脈膠原化疾病 這類疾病使靜脈及其鄰近側(cè)腦室旁的小靜脈出現(xiàn)病理學改變。這些靜脈管壁逐漸增厚,最終使管腔狹窄甚至閉塞。
1.6 其他腦小血管病 包括腦組織放射損傷和阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer disease,AD)中非淀粉樣微血管變性病等。
表1 腦小血管病的動脈病因?qū)W分類
2013年國際血管改變神經(jīng)影像標準報告小組(STandards for ReportIng Vascular changes on nEuroimaging,STRIVE)發(fā)表了腦小血管病影像學六大標志性表現(xiàn)[5]:新發(fā)皮質(zhì)下小梗死、血管源性腔隙、血管源性腦白質(zhì)高信號、血管周圍間隙(perivascular space,PVS)、腦微出血(cerebral microbleed,CMB)和腦萎縮。見表1。
磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)作為檢測CSVD的重要手段,3T場強MRI已在CSVD的臨床診斷中得到廣泛運用,但其對CSVD穿支動脈病變的敏感性不高。所以擁有更高的信噪比、空間分辨率等優(yōu)點的7T場強MRI逐漸進入CSVD診斷領域,并發(fā)揮出更加明顯的優(yōu)勢。
新發(fā)的腔隙性梗死(lacunar infarction,LI)在彌散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)上呈高信號,T1WI呈低信號而T2WI和MRI液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fluid attenuated inversion recovery,F(xiàn)LAIR)像上呈高信號病灶[6],7T場強MRI有更高的信噪比和空間分辨率,可提供更多微細結(jié)構(gòu)信息,故LI更易顯像[7]。CMB具備順磁性,梯度回波序列(gradient-recalled echo,GRE)和磁敏感加權(quán)(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)序列影像上的小圓形或橢圓形低信號病變[8]。7T場強MRI比1.5T甚至3T MRI對血和鐵沉積更為敏感,但也因其“高光溢出效應”更易高估CMB的大小[9]。除此之外,7T場強MRI因其高對比度使PVS范圍更加精確[10],其更快的掃描時間也使得腦白質(zhì)高信號更快被檢出[11]。
CSVD可引起腔隙性卒中、血管性認知障礙和癡呆、步態(tài)異常、頭暈、老年抑郁癥、帕金森樣癥狀、排尿障礙等多種臨床癥狀,其中前兩種臨床表現(xiàn)研究較多。腔隙性卒中主要表現(xiàn)為各種腔隙綜合征,如感覺運動性卒中、純感覺性卒中、純運動性偏癱、構(gòu)音障礙手笨拙綜合征、共濟失調(diào)性輕偏癱等[12]。血管性認知障礙和癡呆起病隱匿且進展緩慢,主要表現(xiàn)為輕微執(zhí)行能力、反應和處理速度下降[13],其機制是因為與上述功能相關的額葉-皮質(zhì)下環(huán)路受損。CSVD引起的多種病理或影像學改變均可導致血管性認知障礙和癡呆。Koga等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)LI的部位與認知障礙類型有關,LI的數(shù)量與認知障礙嚴重程度成正比;Yakushiji等[15]研究顯示CMB也可引起認知功能障礙,并能提升癡呆的發(fā)病率。腦白質(zhì)病變也與血管性認知障礙有密切聯(lián)系[16],還與步態(tài)異常、跌倒、抑郁、尿便障礙等臨床表現(xiàn)有關[17]。腦白質(zhì)病變是CSVD早期預警信號[18]。
目前尚未有任何指南對CSVD的診治進行明確說明,臨床上除了對癥治療(排尿障礙等)外,主要防治手段是積極干預其危險因素,藥物改善其認知障礙,而對于CSVD所致的卒中與其他病因?qū)е碌闹委熢瓌t相同。
4.1 危險因素的控制 CSVD是多種危險因素(年齡、性別、高血壓、血脂異常、高同型半胱氨酸血癥等)作用所致,因此要積極干預危險因素,尤其是高血壓的治療。建議CSVD患者選用減少血壓變異性的藥物,如長效鈣拮抗劑(calcium channel blocker,CCB)和腎素血管緊張素系統(tǒng)(rennin angiotensin system,RAS)阻斷劑,因為血壓變異性的增高與CSVD進展呈明顯相關性,尤其是認知障礙[19],而CCB類藥物可以減少患者的血壓變異性,RAS阻斷劑則可減少體位變化過程中患者的血壓變異[20-21]。積極控制血壓可預防CSVD患者卒中復發(fā)和認知功能衰退[22]。
4.2 卒中治療 CSVD所致的缺血性卒中與其他病因所致的卒中治療原則相一致,可采取急性期治療及二級預防。重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,t-PA)是靜脈溶栓急性缺血性卒中的有效治療方法。然而溶栓后出血轉(zhuǎn)化的風險不容忽視。有研究指出,腦白質(zhì)病變、多發(fā)腔隙、CMB是溶栓后出血的獨立危險因素[23],但考慮到溶栓的治療獲益,這些因素不作為靜脈溶栓治療的絕對禁忌[24]。二級預防對于CSVD患者同樣重要,在抗血小板治療的藥物選擇上一般以阿司匹林單藥治療為主,也有研究指出,西洛他唑治療是更好的選擇[25],因其抗血小板及血管擴張作用,對大血管和微血管均有保護,從而增加腦灌注,改善腦白質(zhì)病變,繼而改善腦小血管病所致的認知功能。
4.3 認知功能障礙治療 抗癡呆藥物可對CSVD患者的認知功能發(fā)生影響。所以治療AD或其他類型癡呆的藥物如膽堿酯酶抑制劑,可以用于CSVD認知功能障礙的治療[26-27]。在改善患者認知功能的同時,N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)受體拮抗劑鹽酸美金剛片可以推遲谷氨酸對大腦中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)毒性損害[28],除此之外,二氫吡啶類鈣離子拮抗劑如尼莫地平也能有效延緩認知功能下降[29]。
CSVD發(fā)病隱匿且臨床表現(xiàn)多種多樣不易識別,伴隨人口老齡化問題,CSVD導致許多老年人出現(xiàn)認知、精神和肢體功能障礙,發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢,隨著醫(yī)學診療水平的不斷發(fā)展和人群健康意識的不斷提高,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并防治CSVD意義重大。
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