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上頜骨切除術(shù)后上頜骨缺損的修復(fù)

2018-01-16 12:05于金超張?zhí)煊?/span>
中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志 2018年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:上頜骨眼眶游離

于金超 張?zhí)煊?/p>

上頜骨作為面部的重要結(jié)構(gòu)之一,對面部的形態(tài)美學(xué)具有重要的意義,同時(shí)也參與鼻腔、眼眶和口腔的組成。發(fā)生在上頜竇及其相鄰結(jié)構(gòu)的惡性腫瘤常需要進(jìn)行上頜骨切除術(shù),從而引起上頜骨缺損,包括黏膜缺損、面中部骨架缺如和相鄰軟組織缺失[1],導(dǎo)致面部畸形,同時(shí)也影響吞咽、咀嚼和言語功能[2-3]。在進(jìn)行上頜骨修復(fù)重建時(shí),既要注意功能的恢復(fù),也要兼顧面部三維外形的修復(fù),因此上頜骨缺損的修復(fù)存在著一定的難度[4-5]。本文就目前上頜骨切除術(shù)后上頜骨缺損修復(fù)的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

1 上頜骨缺損的分類

自從Ohngren提出對上頜骨切除術(shù)后上頜骨缺損進(jìn)行分類后[6-7],從功能學(xué)和(或)形態(tài)學(xué)修復(fù)角度出發(fā),學(xué)者們提出了多種分類方法。

1.1Brown分類法Brown等[8]根據(jù)上頜骨切除術(shù)后水平和垂直平面骨質(zhì)缺損將上頜骨缺損分為4類(Ⅰ~Ⅳ),其中Ⅱ、Ⅳ類又可分為a、b、c亞類。上頜骨切除術(shù)后垂直平面根據(jù)涉及眼眶、顱底結(jié)構(gòu)和殘存的美學(xué)形態(tài)分為:Ⅰ類,上頜骨切除,無口腔-上頜竇瘺;Ⅱ類,低位上頜骨切除,眼眶完整;Ⅲ類,高位上頜骨切除,切除范圍包括眼眶,涉及或不涉及眶周組織和顱底;Ⅳ類:根治性上頜骨切除,摘除眶內(nèi)容物,切除或不切除前顱底。水平平面分為:a,單側(cè)上頜骨牙槽突和硬腭切除(不涉及鼻中隔或不超過中線);b,雙側(cè)上頜骨牙槽突和硬腭切除(部分超過中線涉及鼻中隔);c,上頜骨牙槽突和硬腭全切除。之后Brown等[9]又在上述分類的基礎(chǔ)上提出了Ⅴ類(眼眶缺損,硬腭完整)和Ⅵ類(上頜骨和鼻骨切除)。

1.2Cordeirro分類法Cordeirro等[10]將上頜骨切除術(shù)后上頜骨缺損分為4類:Ⅰ類,局部上頜骨切除,即不包括硬腭的單側(cè)或雙側(cè)上頜骨骨壁切除;Ⅱ類,次全上頜骨切除,即保留眼眶的其他上頜骨骨壁切除;Ⅲ類,上頜骨全切除,Ⅲa不摘除眶內(nèi)容物,Ⅲb摘除眶內(nèi)容物;Ⅳ類,保留硬腭,切除包括眶內(nèi)容物在內(nèi)的其他上頜骨骨壁。

1.3Triana分類法Triana等[11]將上頜骨切除術(shù)后的上頜骨缺損分為2大類:①低位上頜骨切除,根據(jù)硬腭缺損的范圍又可分為部分硬腭缺損和全部硬腭缺損2類;②上頜骨全切除,根據(jù)是否摘除眼眶內(nèi)容物再分為2類。

1.4Okay分類法Okay等[6]主要根據(jù)硬腭水平面骨質(zhì)的缺損范圍進(jìn)行分類。Ⅰa類:硬腭部分缺損,但上頜骨牙槽突完整;Ⅰb類:硬腭部分缺損,上頜骨牙槽突中間部分缺損但側(cè)方完整,或側(cè)方缺損但中間部分完整;Ⅱ類:部分硬腭、上頜骨牙槽突和單側(cè)中切牙所在牙槽突缺損,或者硬腭前半部分缺損(≤50%);Ⅲ類:部分硬腭、上頜骨牙槽突和兩側(cè)中切牙所在牙槽突缺損,或者硬腭前半部分缺損(>50%),或者硬腭全部缺損。眼眶或顴弓的缺損又可分為2個(gè)亞類:眼眶不完整為f亞類;顴弓不完整為z亞類。

1.5Aramany分類法Aramany[12-13]根據(jù)缺損區(qū)域與殘余相鄰上頜骨牙槽突之間的關(guān)系將上頜骨缺損分為6類:Ⅰ類,單側(cè)上頜骨全切除,對側(cè)上頜骨牙槽突保留完整;Ⅱ類:單側(cè)上頜骨切除,保留前半部分和對側(cè)牙槽突;Ⅲ類,上頜骨中心部位缺損,雙側(cè)牙槽突完整;Ⅳ類:超過中線的雙側(cè)上頜骨大部分切除,僅單側(cè)小范圍后部牙槽突保留;Ⅴ類,上頜骨后部切除,保留前部牙槽突;Ⅵ類,上頜骨前部缺損。

1.6其他分類法Spiro等[14]將上頜骨切除分為3類:局部上頜骨切除(上頜竇一側(cè)骨壁);次全上頜骨切除(至少切除2個(gè)上頜竇骨壁);上頜骨全切除。Davison等[15]提出將上頜骨切除分為2類:部分上頜骨切除(高位和低位);上頜骨全切除。Wells等[16]提出5類分類法:Ⅰ類,僅有面中部皮膚缺損;Ⅱ類,部分上頜骨切除,硬腭和眼眶完整;Ⅲ類,部分上頜骨切除,硬腭部分缺如,眼眶完整;Ⅳ類,上頜骨全切除,硬腭缺如,眼眶完整;Ⅴ類,上頜骨全切除,硬腭缺如,眼眶不完整。

如前所訴,上頜骨切除術(shù)后上頜骨缺損的分類方法多種多樣,其分類依據(jù)也不盡相同,主要從上頜骨牙槽突[6, 8-9, 12-13]、上頜竇骨壁[8-10, 14]、硬腭和眼眶的完整性以及是否摘除眶內(nèi)容物[8-10, 16]、殘留相鄰結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系[12-13]、高位或低位切除[8, 11]、中央和周圍[12-13]、上頜骨前后缺損[6, 8, 10, 12-13]等方面進(jìn)行分類。臨床分類的目的是為了更好地描述手術(shù)切除范圍和上頜骨缺損以及為隨后的治療提供規(guī)范化的參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目前的各種分類方法均很好地從某些角度進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)一分類,但尚未有一種統(tǒng)一的分類方法作為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)全面指導(dǎo)上頜骨切除術(shù)后上頜骨缺損的手術(shù)修復(fù),只能從單個(gè)或多個(gè)方面進(jìn)行修復(fù)手術(shù)參考。在口腔完整性(硬腭缺損)和咀嚼功能(上頜骨牙槽突)方面分類較多,可以作為一個(gè)很好的修復(fù)參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn),進(jìn)一步歸納以指導(dǎo)功能修復(fù)。眼眶的完整性也有部分分類提到,但關(guān)于軟腭和硬腭缺損的分類未進(jìn)行詳細(xì)描述。另外,關(guān)于言語功能的相應(yīng)分類沒有一個(gè)很好的評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

2 上頜骨缺損的修復(fù)方法

上頜骨切除術(shù)后的上頜骨缺損修復(fù)要根據(jù)缺損類型、位置、范圍和大小進(jìn)行對應(yīng)性修復(fù),同時(shí)兼顧功能重建和形態(tài)整復(fù)。上頜骨缺損修復(fù)應(yīng)秉承適應(yīng)組織張力、大小合適、穩(wěn)定、環(huán)繞支撐、活動(dòng)度適中的原則[13]。理想的修復(fù)方法應(yīng)該滿足以下條件[6, 17-19]:①關(guān)閉口腔;②提供穩(wěn)定的框架結(jié)構(gòu)以恢復(fù)功能(言語、咀嚼和吞咽等);③重塑面部的對稱性;④修復(fù)眼眶。硬腭缺損后的修復(fù)主要是關(guān)閉口、鼻交通,同時(shí)改善功能,但目前尚無一種規(guī)范化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出[18, 20]。眼眶修復(fù)材料必須有足夠的強(qiáng)度支撐和容納眶內(nèi)容物,也需要有適當(dāng)?shù)娜彳浂刃迯?fù)眼眶,同時(shí)要具有較好的組織相容性,不妨礙后續(xù)治療[21- 22]。目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道有多種上頜骨缺損修復(fù)方法,均存在一定的優(yōu)勢和缺點(diǎn)[18, 23-25],主要分為自體組織修復(fù)和贗復(fù)體修復(fù)2大類。

2.1自體組織修復(fù)自體組織修復(fù)主要是游離組織瓣和帶蒂組織瓣修復(fù)。游離組織瓣制備較復(fù)雜,但可以獲取較多的組織進(jìn)行修復(fù),同時(shí)部分游離組織瓣也可以攜帶骨組織進(jìn)行上頜骨的骨性支架修復(fù)。顯微外科技術(shù)的進(jìn)步也大大提高了游離組織瓣的存活率,因此在上頜骨缺損修復(fù)中大量應(yīng)用。自體游離組織瓣包括腓骨肌皮瓣、髂骨肌瓣、肩胛骨組織瓣、顱骨組織瓣、前臂皮瓣、股前外側(cè)皮瓣和腹直肌皮瓣等。

游離腓骨肌皮瓣被廣泛應(yīng)用于上頜骨缺損的修復(fù)[19, 26-32]。移植骨的目的在于重塑頜面骨支架、整復(fù)眼眶、重建牙槽突進(jìn)行種植牙。游離腓骨肌皮瓣的優(yōu)勢在于可以獲取足夠長度的骨骼,滿足頜面骨的最長長度[33- 34],有利于牙齒種植[35]和修復(fù)眼眶,并且血管蒂較長[29],活動(dòng)度好,血管直徑大,移植后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥較少,可在制備不同皮瓣的同時(shí)修復(fù)硬腭和皮膚,術(shù)后面部外形恢復(fù)佳[26, 36]。缺點(diǎn)是軟組織較少,不能有效充填術(shù)腔。游離腓骨肌皮瓣可結(jié)合應(yīng)用鈦網(wǎng)進(jìn)行聯(lián)合修復(fù)[26],術(shù)中結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確設(shè)計(jì)[32]。利用3D打印的頜面模型不僅有利于評價(jià)面部外形和解剖結(jié)構(gòu),還可以用來參照設(shè)計(jì)缺損亞單位修復(fù)[19],精確修復(fù),縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,并且可以對術(shù)后面部外形進(jìn)行有效預(yù)測[19]。

游離髂骨肌瓣的優(yōu)勢在于可獲取豐富的肌肉組織和皮膚[37],直徑較大,可有效修復(fù)面部外形,重建眼眶[38],經(jīng)過塑形可達(dá)到與上頜骨相似的形態(tài)[34];其缺點(diǎn)在于血管蒂較短,組織活動(dòng)度差[39]。Brown[38]將游離髂骨肌瓣應(yīng)用于上頜骨缺損的修復(fù),認(rèn)為是一種非常好的修復(fù)方法。Grinsell等[40]回顧分析了11例接受游離髂骨肌瓣修復(fù)上頜骨缺損的患者,10例患者術(shù)后各項(xiàng)功能均恢復(fù)良好。Baliarsing等[41]報(bào)道了8例游離髂骨肌瓣修復(fù)上頜骨缺損的患者,術(shù)后吞咽和言語功能均恢復(fù)良好,咀嚼功能全部得以重建,其中5例患者達(dá)到了滿意的外形恢復(fù)。

游離肩胛骨組織瓣可應(yīng)用于上頜骨缺損的修復(fù)[42-44],優(yōu)勢在于可獲取較長的骨性結(jié)構(gòu),并可同時(shí)獲取肌肉和皮膚,血管蒂較長[45],血管直徑較大,所應(yīng)用的胸背動(dòng)脈可供應(yīng)大部分肩胛骨,肩胛骨形態(tài)與上頜骨硬腭結(jié)構(gòu)相似度較高[45- 46],可同時(shí)進(jìn)行上頜竇前壁、眼眶和硬腭的重建[44],術(shù)后可達(dá)到良好的面部外形修復(fù),言語功能恢復(fù)較好,并且對肩胛骨組織瓣供區(qū)外形和功能的影響較小。但肩胛骨組織瓣較薄,游離瓣制備不能與上頜骨切除同步進(jìn)行,目前已較少應(yīng)用于上頜骨切除術(shù)后上頜骨缺損的修復(fù)。

Pollice等[47]回顧分析了6例應(yīng)用游離顱骨組織瓣進(jìn)行上頜骨缺損修復(fù)的患者,5例患者術(shù)后面部形態(tài)恢復(fù)良好,1例患者進(jìn)行再次手術(shù)。游離顱骨組織瓣不能進(jìn)行重塑,軟組織獲取量較少,缺乏柔韌性,僅可應(yīng)用于較小的上頜骨缺損修復(fù)。

游離前臂皮瓣是一種常用的上頜骨修復(fù)組織。皮瓣制備簡易,可獲取大量的皮膚組織用于修復(fù)面部皮膚和口腔黏膜缺損,血管蒂較長,易于移植,成功率高。但是由于不能影響前臂功能,只能獲取一小塊橈骨,不能攜帶大量的骨組織,不能塑形。Andrades等[48]認(rèn)為游離前臂皮瓣修復(fù)的最佳適應(yīng)證為Ⅱ型上頜骨缺損[10],Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型上頜骨缺損應(yīng)用游離前臂皮瓣修復(fù)后并發(fā)癥較多。

游離股前外側(cè)皮瓣[49]和游離腹直肌皮瓣[50]也可應(yīng)用于上頜骨缺損的修復(fù)。游離股前外側(cè)皮瓣組織量豐富,移植成功率高,但不能取到骨組織,不能進(jìn)行上頜骨的功能性重建。游離腹直肌皮瓣取材簡便,組織量多,解剖恒定,并可以取部分肋骨畸形修復(fù)重建[51],適合于大面積缺損修復(fù),但術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)差。

顳肌筋膜瓣等局部帶蒂組織瓣血供豐富,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,并發(fā)癥少,操作簡便,對供區(qū)形態(tài)影響小[3];但由于其長度有限,只能用于局部小范圍的修復(fù)。

2.2贗復(fù)體修復(fù)包括口腔贗復(fù)體修復(fù)和顏面部贗復(fù)體修復(fù)??谇悔I復(fù)體修復(fù)主要是功能性修復(fù),要求關(guān)閉口、鼻交通,同時(shí)也要有良好的生物相容性和生物力學(xué)特性,并具有一定的抗老化特性。顏面部贗復(fù)體主要是外觀美學(xué)修復(fù),要求具有一定的仿真性,目前應(yīng)用較廣的材料為硅橡膠。上頜骨切除術(shù)后的上頜骨缺損修復(fù)主要是自體組織修復(fù),贗復(fù)體僅作為一個(gè)選擇性的修復(fù)方法[52],可以與自體組織修復(fù)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用[53]。上頜骨切除術(shù)中即刻安裝贗復(fù)體后患者功能性恢復(fù)較快[54],贗復(fù)體修復(fù)術(shù)后可恢復(fù)一定的言語[55]和咀嚼[56-57]功能。應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造(CAD/CAM)對贗復(fù)體進(jìn)行精確塑形,有助于面部外形的良好恢復(fù),同時(shí)也對言語、咀嚼和吞咽功能的修復(fù)有重要意義,提高了患者的生活質(zhì)量。贗復(fù)體具有損傷小、功能恢復(fù)快和可摘戴等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但作為一種人工材料,修復(fù)術(shù)后可能會(huì)引起局部損傷和炎癥等,對于較大的缺損修復(fù)難度大。

3 上頜骨缺損修復(fù)術(shù)后的評價(jià)

3.1功能學(xué)評價(jià)上頜骨缺損修復(fù)術(shù)后的功能學(xué)評價(jià)主要包括最大張口度、言語能力、咀嚼功能、吞咽功能和眼眶功能[3, 7, 55-57]。通過測量張口時(shí)最大距離評估術(shù)后對張口的影響。言語能力可以通過客觀評價(jià)患者發(fā)音清晰度和識(shí)別度進(jìn)行評估。評估患者的咀嚼能力主要用于牙托和硬腭修復(fù)術(shù)后。觀察眼眶修復(fù)術(shù)后有無復(fù)視、斜視和眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)評估眼眶的功能。

3.2形態(tài)學(xué)評價(jià)[3, 7]主觀性評價(jià)和客觀性評價(jià)對術(shù)后修復(fù)效果的評價(jià)同樣重要。通過可視量表對患者的形態(tài)修復(fù)進(jìn)行客觀評估,3D成像技術(shù)可以更加客觀評價(jià)面部骨性形態(tài)的恢復(fù)??陀^性的形態(tài)學(xué)評價(jià)是一種比較可靠的評價(jià)方式,能夠客觀準(zhǔn)確地反映臨床修復(fù)效果?;颊邔γ娌客庑蔚慕邮芏纫部勺鳛橐环N評估方法,主觀性評價(jià)簡便易行,能夠很好地評估患者對外觀美學(xué)的滿意接受度,與客觀性評價(jià)相比,較適合于臨床修復(fù)效果評估。

4 展望

上頜骨切除術(shù)后引起上頜骨缺損,導(dǎo)致了一定的面部畸形,影響了患者的心理健康,同時(shí)也造成了吞咽、咀嚼和言語等功能障礙。上頜骨缺損的修復(fù)目前仍是一個(gè)富有挑戰(zhàn)性的難題。上頜骨缺損的分類尚存在爭議,沒有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指導(dǎo)修復(fù)手術(shù)。目前主要是多種自體組織修復(fù),但尚無一種統(tǒng)一的方法應(yīng)用于臨床。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展,CAD/CAM已應(yīng)用于上頜骨缺損修復(fù),期待3D打印技術(shù)和組織工程學(xué)技術(shù)應(yīng)用于上頜骨缺損的精確修復(fù)。

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