陳才
對(duì)書面表達(dá)中的常見錯(cuò)誤,考生應(yīng)該熟知并規(guī)避,在考試中沉著應(yīng)考,細(xì)心應(yīng)對(duì),力求書面表達(dá)做到“全、準(zhǔn)、雅、順”。書面表達(dá)中的主要失分點(diǎn)有以下三個(gè)方面。
一、拼寫錯(cuò)誤,表達(dá)隨意
標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)與大小寫的常見錯(cuò)誤如下:
1.某些專有名詞應(yīng)該大寫而沒有大寫?;?qū)⒛承┰~誤作專有名詞大寫的情況。如:
There is a temple on the Top of the mountain.應(yīng)為:There is a temple on the top of the mountain.
2.句子中不使用任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),從而無法辨別句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
I got up early this morning went to the school and cleaned the classroom.應(yīng)為:I got up early this morning,went to the school and cleaned the classroom.
3.句子的結(jié)尾隨意打點(diǎn),句子散亂。如:
Li Ming didnt come to the school.Because he was ill oday.這兩句有因果關(guān)系,應(yīng)用逗號(hào)將兩句連起來,所以應(yīng)改為:Li Ming didntcometothe school,be-cause he was ill today.
4.用冒號(hào)代替逗號(hào)。在英語書信開頭出現(xiàn)“DearTom:”,應(yīng)為“Dear Tom.。
5.使用英語中沒有的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。
如用頓號(hào)來代替英語的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。如:
In the park,I saw some trees、flowers、birds、in-sects.應(yīng)為:In the park,I saw some trees,flowers,birdsand insects.
如用漢語中的書名號(hào)。英語中需要用引號(hào)來代替書名號(hào)。如:
Can you lend me《The Arabian Nights》?應(yīng)為:Canyou lend me“The Arabian Nights”?
6.英語中的句號(hào)寫法與漢語中的不同,英語中的句號(hào)是一個(gè)實(shí)心點(diǎn),而漢語中用圓圈。如:
Having finished his homework,Xiao Li went home。應(yīng)為:Having finished his homework,Xiao Li wenthome.
以上種種錯(cuò)誤都是誤用標(biāo)點(diǎn)或者濫用標(biāo)點(diǎn),另外還要注意大小寫的問題,在寫作完成后,檢查全文時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
①注意標(biāo)題的大小寫。標(biāo)題開頭第一個(gè)詞的首字母要大寫,除介詞、冠詞、連詞以外,每個(gè)詞的首字母都可大寫。
②姓與名的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。如:丁俊暉應(yīng)寫成Ding Junhui,不能寫成Ding Jun Hui。
③專有名詞中實(shí)詞的首字母要大寫。如the United States of America。英語中還有些固定要大寫首字母的名詞,如大洲、大洋、江、河、國(guó)家、地名、星期幾等。
④每句的句首字母要大寫,句中非規(guī)定要大寫的詞不能大寫。
⑤注意英語中標(biāo)點(diǎn)的用法與寫法,與漢語有不同之處。如漢語中表示省略用六個(gè)點(diǎn),英語中只用三個(gè)點(diǎn),而且必須下標(biāo),與前后各空一格:漢語中引用某人說話的原文時(shí)。往往首先在“說”這個(gè)詞之后加冒號(hào)。英語中這種情況下既可用冒號(hào),又可以用逗號(hào)。
二、搭配不當(dāng),用詞不準(zhǔn)確
常用詞和詞組往往是由它們?cè)谶\(yùn)用中的頻率與練習(xí)中的作用所決定的。對(duì)常用詞和詞組,考生在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)的要求要高一些,即要能熟練、準(zhǔn)確地掌握,自如地運(yùn)用。要達(dá)到這一要求,考生首先要研究這些詞和詞組的真實(shí)含義與習(xí)慣表達(dá)法。在表達(dá)中,漢語的一個(gè)字可組成各種詞組,在英語中要用多種詞組來表示,如:請(qǐng)假(ask for leave),請(qǐng)人吃飯(invite sb.for dinner),請(qǐng)問/勞駕(excuse me),請(qǐng)人唱歌(ask sb.to sing a song),請(qǐng)醫(yī)生(send sb.for a doc-tor),請(qǐng)隨意(help yourself)。
有些考生在寫作時(shí)。常常把一些固定詞組、習(xí)慣用語和固定句型錯(cuò)誤搭配。結(jié)果寫出來的句子讓人看不懂。
①你愿意幫我個(gè)忙嗎?
誤:Will you give me a favour?
正:Will you do me a favour?
析:“幫某人一個(gè)忙”“給某人恩惠”應(yīng)是do sb.afavour。
②在回家的路上,史密斯夫人的錢包被搶了。
誤:Mrs.Smiths wallet was robbed from her on her way home.
正:Mrs.Smiths wallet was stolen from her on her way home.
正:Mrs.Smiths wallet was robbed of her on her way home.
析:“搶某人某物”可譯為“steal+某物+from+某人或某地”或“rob+某人或某地+of+某物”。
③你認(rèn)為工程師的演講怎么樣?
誤:How do you think of the speech made bv the en-gineer?
正:What do you think of the speech made by the engineer?
析:本句出錯(cuò)的原因在于考生對(duì)What…think of的結(jié)構(gòu)概念模糊,再加上母語的干擾。What在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中作think的賓語。What do you think of…還可以說成How do you like…?How在句子中是疑問副詞。作狀語。
三、結(jié)構(gòu)混亂,成分殘缺
1.句子缺謂語
一個(gè)句子至少包括主語和謂語兩部分(祈使句除外)。如果把句子的某一個(gè)部分當(dāng)成一個(gè)句子,就會(huì)導(dǎo)致句子不完整。
誤:The building like a match box.
正:The building is/looks like a match box.
誤:He told me that all my classmates sitting in the classroom.
正:He told me that all my classmates were sitting in the classroom.
兩個(gè)各含有主語和謂語的分句不能寫在一起,也不能只用逗號(hào)隔開。
誤:There were foreigners came to our school.
正:There were foreigners who came to our school.
誤:The book was interesting,I read it rapidly.
正:The book was interesting;I read it rapidly.
正:The book was interesting,and I read it rapidly.
2.缺少主句
有的考生因?yàn)閷?duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)識(shí)模糊。所以出現(xiàn)只寫從句的現(xiàn)象,這也是造成失分的原因之一。
誤:Because the kids thought their wages were too low.
正:Because the kids thought their wages were too low,they demanded a high pay.
誤:While waiting for the bus.
正:While waiting for the bus.he talked with the lit-tle girl.
3.be動(dòng)詞遺漏
在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。漢語中沒有動(dòng)詞的句子是允許的。英語中每個(gè)完整的句子都必須有動(dòng)詞來承擔(dān)謂語,如:“我累了。”這個(gè)句子沒有動(dòng)詞作謂語,而用形容詞,但英語中的形容詞不能作謂語,一定要寫成“Im tired”。
誤:He will sure to come and help me.
正:He will be sure to come and help me.
4.介詞、冠詞遺漏
還有一些考生因?yàn)闆]有熟練掌握介詞或者冠詞的用法,所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯的錯(cuò)誤,造成丟分。
誤:Because his mistake several people died.
正:Because of his mistake several people died.
誤:I have never seen such beautiful picture.
正:I have never seen such a beautiful picture.
5.修飾語錯(cuò)位
英語與漢語不同,同一個(gè)修飾語置于句子不同的位置,句子的含義可能發(fā)生變化。對(duì)這一點(diǎn)不少考生往往重視不夠,因而造成不必要的誤解。
如:I believe I can do it well and 1 will better know the world outside the campus.
析:修飾語better的位置不當(dāng),應(yīng)置于句末。
(責(zé)任編校/彭益)
高中生·高考指導(dǎo)2017年10期