譚家龍

定語(yǔ)從句是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，也是高考中的一個(gè)?？键c(diǎn)。在語(yǔ)法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中是經(jīng)常考查的。在語(yǔ)法填空中要求考生填一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞，短文改錯(cuò)要求考生判斷關(guān)系詞是否用錯(cuò)了，即考查的焦點(diǎn)是關(guān)系詞。筆者指導(dǎo)考生采用“還原——補(bǔ)缺——看成分”三步法選用關(guān)系詞，效果較好。

還原：就是將先行詞放回到定語(yǔ)從句中。

補(bǔ)缺：（1）放回定語(yǔ)從句中之后，若該句為一個(gè)完整的句子，不需要再加其他成分（在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)）時(shí)，填who， which或that；（2）有的需要補(bǔ)充所有格或介詞，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思才完整，需要補(bǔ)上所有格（用作定語(yǔ)）時(shí)，用whose，需補(bǔ)充介詞（用作狀語(yǔ)）時(shí)，根據(jù)情況用when， where或why（先行詞僅限r(nóng)eason）。

看成分：就是看先行詞或先行詞與補(bǔ)充的部分一起在句中作何種成分，作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)用who， which或that，作定語(yǔ)用whose，作狀語(yǔ)用when， where或why。

[例1]A plane is a machine _______ can fly.

還原：The machine can fly.

補(bǔ)缺：不用補(bǔ)，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思已完整。

成分：the machine在句中作主語(yǔ)，指物，用which或that。

[例2]The boy _______ broke the window is called Tom.

還原：The boy broke the window.

補(bǔ)缺：還原后句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思完整，不補(bǔ)缺。

看成分：在句中作主語(yǔ)，指人，用who或that。

[例3]The fish _______ we bought this morning were not fresh.

還原：We bought the fish this morning.

補(bǔ)缺：還原后句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思完整，不補(bǔ)缺。

看成分：在句中作賓語(yǔ)，指物，用which或that或省略不用關(guān)系代詞。

結(jié)論：當(dāng)代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不需補(bǔ)缺，指人時(shí)用who， whom或that，指物時(shí)用which或that。另外，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。

[例4]The boy _______ parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.

還原：The boy s parents are dead.

補(bǔ)缺：還原后，“the boy parents （那個(gè)男孩父母）”意義不完整，需補(bǔ)上一個(gè)所有格，變成“the boys parents（那個(gè)男孩的父母）”才通順。

看成分：the boys在句中作定語(yǔ)，用whose。

結(jié)論： 當(dāng)還原后，句子意思不完整，需補(bǔ)上一個(gè)所有格時(shí)，引導(dǎo)該定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞用whose。注意，whose后面緊跟一個(gè)名詞，whose和它所修飾的名詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。

[例5]I still remember the day _______ I came here.

還原：I came here on the day.

補(bǔ)缺：還原后句子不完整，需補(bǔ)上一個(gè)介詞on。

看成分：on the day做狀語(yǔ)，表時(shí)間，所以用when。

[例6]This is the house _______ I lived last year.

還原：I lived in the house last year.

補(bǔ)缺：還原后句子不完整，需補(bǔ)上一個(gè)介詞in。

看成分：in the house做狀語(yǔ)，表地點(diǎn)，所以用where。

[例7]There are many reasons _______ people like traveling.

還原：people like traveling for many reasons.

補(bǔ)缺：還原后句子不完整，需補(bǔ)上一個(gè)介詞for。

看成分：for many reasons做狀語(yǔ)，表原因，所以用why。

結(jié)論：當(dāng)還原后，句子意思不完整，需補(bǔ)上一個(gè)介詞時(shí)，該引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞用when， where或why，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因。

請(qǐng)用以上方法做以下對(duì)比練習(xí)

1. She lived in the house _______ she used to live.

2. She lived in the house _________she used to live in.

3. She lived in the house _________she used to visit.

4. She lived in the house _________windows were broken.

5. This is the house _____the teacher want to buy.

6. This is the house _____a fire broke out last year.

7. This is the shop _____sells childrens clothing.

8. This is the shop _____we bought a pen last year.

9. The man _____is talking with my mother is my father.

10. The man _____ my mother is talking with is my father.

11. The man _____ hair is white is my father.

參考答案

1. where；2. that，which或不填；3. that，which或不填；4.whose 5. that，which或不填； 6. where 7. that或which； 8. where 9. who或that； 10. who，whom，that或不填 ；11. whoseendprint