席慶霞+鄭利艷
[摘要] 目的 分析糖尿病腎病患者血液透析過程中血壓變化的特點(diǎn),并探討相應(yīng)護(hù)理措施。方法 選取86例該院于2016年1月—2017年1月所收治的糖尿病腎病患者,將其隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,所有患者均行血液透析,于透析過程當(dāng)中給予對(duì)照組患者常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組患者針對(duì)性護(hù)理,觀察并比較兩組患者透析前、透析1 h、透析2 h和透析3 h的血壓水平及低血壓的發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 觀察組低血壓的發(fā)生率為4.65%,明顯低于對(duì)照組的18.60%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 糖尿病腎病患者在行血液透析過程當(dāng)中血壓極易發(fā)生較大浮動(dòng),從而引起各類并發(fā)癥,給予針對(duì)性護(hù)理可保持患者血壓水平平穩(wěn),減少低血壓的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)患者早日康復(fù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 糖尿病腎??;血液透析;血壓變化
[中圖分類號(hào)] R47 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1672-4062(2017)08(b)-0005-02
Blood Pressure Changes Features and Nursing of Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy in the Hemodialysis Course
XI Qing-xia, ZHENG Li-yan
Hemodialysis Room, Rizhao Central Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong Province, 276800 China
[Abstract] ObjectiveTo analyze the blood pressure changes features and nursing of patients with diabetic nephropathy in the hemodialysis course and study the corresponding nursing measures. Methods 86 cases of patients with diabetic nephropathy admitted and treated in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2017 were selected and randomly divided into two groups, both groups adopted the hemodialysis, and the control group adopted the routine nursing, while the observation group adopted the targeted nursing, and the blood pressure levels and occurrence of hypotension before hemodialysis, at 1 h and 2 h after hemodialysis. Results The incidence rate of hypotension in the observation group was obviously lower than that in the control group, (4.65% vs 18.60%), and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The blood pressure of patients with diabetic nephropathy is easy to fluctuate greatly thus causing various complications, and the targeted nursing can keep the steady blood pressure, reduce the occurrence of blood pressure and promote the early rehabilitation of patients.
[Key words] Diabetic nephropathy; Hemodialysis; Blood pressure
糖尿病腎病患者在行血液透析過程中存在一些特定變化特征,其中最常見的為低血壓。據(jù)相關(guān)研究報(bào)道,糖尿病腎病患者在行血液透析的過程中低血壓的發(fā)生率達(dá)20%~50%,很大程度上影響了血液透析的順利進(jìn)行[1]。該案選取了該院2016年1月—2017年1月所收治的86例糖尿病腎病患者為研究對(duì)象,探討糖尿病腎病患者血液透析過程中血壓變化的特點(diǎn),并提出了相應(yīng)護(hù)理措施,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取86例該院所收治的糖尿病腎病患者為研究對(duì)象,所有患者均經(jīng)確診,知曉該案研究內(nèi)容并簽署知情同意書。排除意識(shí)障礙、凝血功能異常、精神疾病及相關(guān)病史等患者。依隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組43例。對(duì)照組男29例,女14例;年齡43~82歲,平均(61.6±9.5)歲。觀察組男28例,女15例;年齡42~83歲,平均(62.1±10.3)歲。兩組患者一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具可比性。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 血壓測(cè)量方法 于血液透析前測(cè)量患者血壓,并依患者體質(zhì)量、脫水情況等,及時(shí)調(diào)整透析速度,盡量使患者透析1~3 h后的脫水量保持一致。透析過程當(dāng)中分別于透析1、2、3 h各測(cè)量1次患者血壓,并計(jì)算其平均值。
1.2.2 護(hù)理方法 于血液透析過程中給予對(duì)照組患者以常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組以針對(duì)性護(hù)理措施,方法如下:①心理護(hù)理:主動(dòng)、積極與患者溝通,告知患者及其家屬病情相關(guān)知識(shí),鼓勵(lì)患者多與他人交流,以幫助患者樹立治療信心;認(rèn)真回答患者問題,以消除患者疑慮。②飲食護(hù)理:給予綜合性營養(yǎng)護(hù)理,囑患者多進(jìn)食蛋白含量較高的食物,及時(shí)補(bǔ)充水溶性維生素,以加強(qiáng)機(jī)體營養(yǎng),同時(shí)保證微量元素的攝入。③病情觀察:加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)患者生命體征變化、面部表情,傾聽患者主訴,重點(diǎn)觀察患者血壓變化情況。④低血壓:囑患者立即平臥,給予吸氧,停止超濾、降低血流速度、給氧并及時(shí)匯報(bào)給醫(yī)生,必要時(shí)可給予患者20 mL50%GS溶液和0.9%NS溶液;調(diào)整透析液溫度,使其保持在35~36℃,以使患者機(jī)體血液正?;亓?,適當(dāng)加入兒茶酚胺分泌量,以提高患者血壓;每1 h為患者測(cè)量1次血壓,若患者血壓明顯下降,則應(yīng)30 min測(cè)量1次。⑤高血壓:嚴(yán)格限制水、鉀、鈉的攝入;給予患者心理撫慰,緩解患者緊張情緒;遵醫(yī)囑給予患者藥物,并行低鈉透析;給予超濾及充分透析,并及時(shí)調(diào)整體質(zhì)量;定期監(jiān)測(cè)患者血壓,了解其血壓變化情況并給予控制。⑥低血糖:及時(shí)補(bǔ)充糖分,讓患者吃糖果或含糖量較高的食物;給予患者用藥及飲食指導(dǎo),并依患者實(shí)際情況調(diào)整胰島素及降糖藥的用量;若在透析過程當(dāng)中發(fā)生低血糖,可適當(dāng)給予患者40~80 mL的50%葡萄糖。⑦并發(fā)癥:進(jìn)行透析時(shí),患者可能會(huì)發(fā)生心絞痛、心律失常等并發(fā)癥,對(duì)此護(hù)理人員應(yīng)及時(shí)調(diào)整超過濾量;對(duì)患者行健康宣教,使其在進(jìn)行透析時(shí)盡量保持體質(zhì)量變化不超2 kg。endprint