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電壓門控鉀通道自身抗體相關(guān)性邊緣性腦炎的研究進展

2018-03-17 09:26周玲翁澤安李明張曉佳查運紅
實用心腦肺血管病雜志 2018年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:免疫治療認(rèn)知障礙癲癇

周玲,翁澤安,李明,張曉佳,查運紅

邊緣性腦炎(LE)是選擇性累及邊緣性結(jié)構(gòu)(海馬、杏仁核、下丘腦、島葉及扣帶回皮質(zhì)等)的一類中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎性疾病,常亞急性起病,臨床表現(xiàn)為短時記憶喪失、意識障礙,伴癇性發(fā)作。電壓門控鉀通道(VGKC)屬于電壓門控性離子通道,為鑲嵌在中樞和周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)元膜上的糖蛋白,是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)信號傳導(dǎo)的組成元件,在維持靜息膜電位和神經(jīng)元動作電位中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。研究表明,VGKC抗體紊亂會導(dǎo)致動作電位延長,引發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)或周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾?。?]。VGKC自身抗體相關(guān)性LE是常見的自身免疫性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VGKC自身抗體相關(guān)性LE患者體內(nèi)能與VGKC發(fā)生免疫共沉淀的抗體主要為富亮氨酸膠質(zhì)瘤失活1蛋白(LGI1)、接觸蛋白相關(guān)樣蛋白2(Caspr2)[2-3],因此VGKC自身抗體相關(guān)性LE可分為抗LGI1抗體陽性LE、抗Caspr2抗體陽性LE、抗LGI1和Caspr2抗體陰性LE[4-10]。本文對VGKC自身抗體相關(guān)性LE的研究進展進行了綜述,旨在為臨床診治VGKC自身抗體相關(guān)性LE提供參考。

1 抗LGI1抗體陽性LE

LGI1是一種分泌性蛋白,主要存在于海馬及顳葉皮質(zhì),其能結(jié)合解聚素金屬蛋白酶(ADAM)家族蛋白質(zhì),通過調(diào)節(jié)突觸前鉀通道和突觸后α-氨基-3-羥基-5-甲基-4-異惡唑丙酸(AMPA)受體而影響突觸間隙傳遞,進而促使神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放[11]。LGI1蛋白失活可導(dǎo)致突觸后AMPA受體簇功能紊亂[12]。研究表明,LGI1敲除小鼠體內(nèi)可見AMPA受體功能下降,突觸興奮性增加[13-14];LGI1蛋白突變會導(dǎo)致常染色體顯性顳葉外側(cè)癲癇[15]。目前,臨床常采用細(xì)胞測定法或免疫組織化學(xué)檢測血清/腦脊液LGI1抗體。研究表明,放射免疫測定/放射免疫分析(RIA)法篩選LGI1抗體的靈敏度較高[16]。

抗LGI1抗體陽性LE患者多表現(xiàn)為冷漠、失控、自我為中心或強迫等特征,少數(shù)患者伴有睡眠障礙,且男性患者多于女性,患者易出現(xiàn)急性認(rèn)知障礙(記憶、行為、空間定向障礙)和癲癇發(fā)作〔面-臂肌張力障礙樣發(fā)作(FBDS)〕[5,17-20]。IRANI等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)BDS為非常短暫(<3 s)的單側(cè)手臂收縮,常累及同側(cè)面部或腿部,1 d可發(fā)生>100次,且發(fā)作非??贪澹s11%的抗LGI1抗體陽性LE患者伴有腫瘤,且胸腺瘤及肺癌較為常見[6];約50%的患者出現(xiàn)FBDS,應(yīng)及時予以免疫治療[21];約60%的患者存在低鈉血癥,可能與下丘腦和腎臟共同表達(dá)LGI1有關(guān)[16,22];約67%的患者顱腦MRI檢查示顳葉內(nèi)側(cè)面高信號,出現(xiàn)FBDS的患者可伴有基底核異常信號[23-24]。

2 抗Caspr2抗體陽性LE

Caspr2是在中樞及周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表達(dá)的膜蛋白,其胞質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)域在髓鞘軸突近結(jié)側(cè)區(qū)鉀離子通道聚集時發(fā)揮著重要作用[25]。Caspr2由CNTNAP2基因編碼,其突變性和多態(tài)性與精神異常、孤獨癥、難治性局灶性癲癇、智力障礙及皮質(zhì)發(fā)育不良有關(guān)[26]。Caspr2抗原可靶向Caspr2蛋白的多個表位,并對腦和周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)[27]。目前,臨床常采用免疫熒光法(CBA)檢測Caspr2抗體,血清抗Caspr2抗體陽性與神經(jīng)性肌強直或莫旺綜合征有關(guān),腦脊液抗Caspr2抗體陽性則與腦炎有關(guān)[26]。

抗Caspr2抗體陽性LE患者常表現(xiàn)出中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷癥狀(認(rèn)知障礙、癲癇發(fā)作),以邊緣系統(tǒng)腦炎、神經(jīng)性肌強直、莫旺綜合征、小腦共濟失調(diào)為主,患者年齡較大,且多為男性[28-29]。研究表明,約80%的抗Caspr2抗體陽性LE患者存在認(rèn)知障礙[30];約50%的患者伴有癲癇發(fā)作、小腦共濟失調(diào)[25];70%~80%的患者MRI檢查示無異常信號[26];20%~30%的患者伴有腫瘤[31];少部分患者伴有重癥肌無力[32]。

3 LGI1和Caspr2抗體陰性LE

LGI1和Caspr2抗體陰性LE患者主要臨床表現(xiàn)為癲癇、疼痛綜合征、睡眠障礙、認(rèn)知障礙、多發(fā)性神經(jīng)病變和肌束震顫、自主神經(jīng)功能障礙等[7,10,33]。目前,LGI1和Caspr2抗體陰性LE患者的臨床診斷方法尚存在爭議。研究表明,與VGKC抗體陰性LE患者比較,LGI1和Caspr2抗體陰性LE患者未顯示出自身免疫炎性反應(yīng)特異性[9]。

4 治療與轉(zhuǎn)歸

目前,抗LGI1抗體陽性LE、抗Caspr2抗體陽性LE、LGI1和Caspr2抗體陰性LE的臨床治療尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)檢測血清或腦脊液相關(guān)抗體,尋找潛在腫瘤的同時及時進行免疫治療,包括一線免疫治療(大劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素和/或免疫球蛋白及較少的血漿置換)、二線免疫治療(環(huán)磷酰胺、利妥昔單抗)[34]??筁GI1抗體陽性LE患者癲癇發(fā)作時應(yīng)予以一線免疫治療,但約70%的患者治療后會遺留輕度認(rèn)知障礙。研究表明,25%~35%的抗LGI1抗體陽性LE和抗Caspr2抗體陽性LE患者予以免疫治療后又復(fù)發(fā),且臨床癥狀與首次發(fā)病不同,可能累及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)其他部位[34]。

5 小結(jié)

目前,抗LGI1抗體陽性LE、抗Caspr2抗體陽性LE、LGI1和Caspr2抗體陰性LE的發(fā)生機制尚不明確,患者經(jīng)免疫治療后常遺留輕度認(rèn)知障礙。因此,對VGKC自身抗體相關(guān)性LE患者進行早診斷、及時有效治療具有重要的臨床意義。

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