王玉婷,桑道乾
結節(jié)性硬化癥(TSC)是一種常染色體顯性遺傳病,是多個神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累的神經(jīng)皮膚綜合征,其發(fā)病率為1/10 000~1/6 000[1]。1880 年 法 國 神 經(jīng) 病 學 家 Désiré-Magloire Bourneville對TSC進行了系統(tǒng)描述,TSC是一種良性非侵襲性腫瘤樣病變(被稱為錯構瘤),可累及腦、腎、皮膚、心、肺、肝、眼睛等[2],主要臨床特征為面部皮脂腺瘤、癲癇發(fā)作和智力減退。2012年,國際結節(jié)性硬化癥共識會議上提出心臟與皮膚病變通常是發(fā)現(xiàn)TSC的第一線索[2]。近年來,臨床在TSC基因突變篩查、疾病診斷及治療等方面取得一定進展[3]。本文綜述了TSC的遺傳學研究進展,以期指導臨床更好地掌握其發(fā)病機制,進而為臨床診治提供參考。
TSC有兩個缺陷基因(TSC1和TSC2),分別位于9q34和16p13.3。目前,已發(fā)現(xiàn)TSC1和TSC2基因存在8種突變類型,300多種突變方式。TSC1和TSC2基因中任何一個發(fā)生突變引起的臨床表現(xiàn)均是可變的,即使有相同的基因突變也可以顯示出多種臨床表現(xiàn)。研究表明,65%~75%的TSC患者是自發(fā)突變[4]。也有研究表明,存在TSC1或TSC2基因致病性突變即可診斷為TSC[2]。因此,明確TSC患者基因診斷,并了解其發(fā)病機制具有重要意義。
1.1 TSC1基因突變 TSC1基因包含23個外顯子,其中第1個和第2個外顯子為非編碼區(qū),第3個至第23個外顯子為編碼區(qū),從第222個核苷酸起開始轉錄,其基因產(chǎn)物為錯構瘤蛋白。TSC1基因突變類型多為無義突變、移碼突變及剪接突變,而錯義突變及基因大片段缺失或重排較少見[5-6]。SLEGTENHORST等[7]研究表明,TSC1基因突變大多數(shù)位于外顯子15和17,且家系患者和散發(fā)患者的基因突變率無明顯差異。GAN等[8]研究表明,TSC1第403~787位氨基酸殘基有一個粘著斑激酶家族互作蛋白(FIP200)結合區(qū)域,F(xiàn)IP200可通過與TSC1第403~787位氨基酸區(qū)域相互作用而調控TSC1-TSC2復合體功能,上調S6激酶的磷酸化水平,調節(jié)細胞大小。FIP200作為一種新的TSC1互作蛋白,能負性調節(jié)TSC1功能。MURPHY等[9]報道了1例由TSC1缺失導致散發(fā)淋巴管平滑肌瘤患者的病例資料,但并未排除其存在嵌合體突變的可能。既往研究表明,行為變異型額顳葉癡呆(bvFTD)是由TSC1基因新移碼突變引起TSC1/錯構瘤蛋白轉錄提前終止所致,TSC1/錯構瘤蛋白是哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)上游抑制劑,能調節(jié)細胞生長和蛋白質降解[10-11]。TSC1基因突變的TSC患者臨床表現(xiàn)輕于TSC2基因突變者,可能與TSC1基因“二次打擊”發(fā)生率低于TSC2基因有關[12-14]。1971年,克努森提出“二次打擊”假說[15],其是由正常等位基因大片段缺失引發(fā),可通過篩選雜合性丟失(LOH)進行評估。研究表明,錯構瘤或皮質結節(jié)發(fā)生機制可能與“二次打擊”有關[16-17]。
1.2 TSC2基因突變 TSC2基因包含42個外顯子,其中41個外顯子通過5.4 kb的mRNA編碼馬鈴薯球蛋白,其基因產(chǎn)物為結節(jié)蛋白[18-19]。研究表明,結節(jié)蛋白與鳥苷三磷酸酶激活蛋白(GAP)高度同源[20-21]。TSC2基因突變形式多樣,其中剪接突變、無義突變、移碼突變及錯義突變較多,而大片段基因缺失或重排較少。研究表明,與TSC1基因相比,TSC2基因突變發(fā)生率較高[4]。NELLIST等[22]研究表明,TSC2異亮氨酸殘基820缺失、TSC2的C244R、L1511H和Y598H氨基酸替代會導致TSC的發(fā)生;而TSC2的R1771C、T993M、S132C、F143L、A196T替代是罕見的基因多態(tài)性,不能抑制TSC1-TSC2功能,不會引發(fā)TSC。QIN等[23]對46個TSC皮質結節(jié)樣本的TSC1、TSC2和KRAS基因進行高通量測序,發(fā)現(xiàn)TSC1、TSC2和KRAS基因“二次打擊”廣泛分布于同一側大腦半球,且發(fā)生率達10%。MONTEIRO等[24]對35例TSC患者進行研究,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)TSC2基因突變者占58.3%。JONES等[12]研究表明,TSC2基因突變的TSC患者臨床表現(xiàn)較嚴重、并發(fā)癥較多、智力減退發(fā)生率較高。
1.3 TSC1和TSC2基因突變檢出情況 TSC患者基因突變檢出率為69%~89%。AU等[25]研究表明,325例TSC患者基因突變檢出率為72%,其中TSC1突變占20%,TSC2突變占80%;另外,TSC1 15號外顯子和TSC2 16號外顯子突變發(fā)生率較高。SANCAK等[26]研究表明,276例TSC患者基因突變檢出率為85%,其中TSC2基因突變檢出率∶TSC1基因突變檢出率為3.4∶1.0。DABORA等[27]研究表明,224例TSC患者基因突變檢出率約為83%,其中無義突變占29%,缺失突變占27%,錯義突變占19%,剪接位點突變占17%,插入突變占8%。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TSC患者中TSC1基因突變占比較低,基因突變形式及位點各異,且無熱區(qū)分布[27-29]。分析其原因可能為:(1)基因突變位點位于未能檢測到的內含子或其他非編碼區(qū),如啟動子區(qū)等;(2)存在其他基因突變位點(如TSC3、TSC4等);(3)可能為嵌合體突變;(4)目前檢測技術無法檢測出復雜的基因大范圍缺失或重排;(5)檢測技術靈敏度不高或發(fā)生漏檢等。
TSC1基因編碼的錯構瘤蛋白是一種130 kDa跨越1 164個氨基酸的蛋白質;TSC2基因編碼的馬鈴薯球蛋白是一種200 kDa跨越1 807個氨基酸的蛋白質[30]。錯構瘤蛋白和馬鈴薯球蛋白在細胞內形成異二聚體,通過TSC-Rheb-TORS6K1/4EBP1途徑調節(jié)細胞增殖,參與細胞黏附等[31-33]。TSC1或TSC2基因突變會導致mTOR信號級聯(lián)活性增高,引起細胞生化異常(包括轉錄、翻譯、細胞周期調控、代謝水平等)。mTOR信號級聯(lián)〔磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3Ks)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/mTOR通路〕在正常細胞生長、增殖和存活中發(fā)揮著重要作用[11]。mTOR可形成mTORC1和mTORC2兩種多蛋白復合體,主要通過相互作用物、底物選擇性、對西羅莫司及其類似物依維莫司的敏感性不同進行區(qū)分[34-35]。mTORC1下游效應包括基因轉錄、蛋白翻譯、細胞增殖和存活、血管新生;mTORC2可調節(jié)細胞骨架信號通路[35]。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HMGA2通路可參與TSC患者腫瘤形成[36]。
西羅莫司與依維莫司通過與FK506結合蛋白12(FKBP12)結合形成復合物而抑制mTORC1分泌[37]。依維莫司已被美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準用于治療不能進行手術的室管膜下巨細胞星形細胞瘤(SEGAs)或腎血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)患者,也適用于治療存在皮膚表現(xiàn)、癲癇、肺淋巴管肌瘤病的TSC患者[38]。BISSLER等[39]研究表明,依維莫司可有效縮小TSC患者腫瘤體積。HINTON等[40]研究表明,西羅莫司可有效縮小TSC患者血管平滑肌脂肪瘤體積,并改善患者肺功能,但停藥12個月后腫瘤體積和肺功能接近治療前。
近年來,隨著生物技術飛速發(fā)展,TSC的研究取得了突破性進展,為TSC的基因診斷和治療打下了堅實基礎。目前,以TSC1及TSC2基因突變?yōu)榛A的病理變異和自然病程變化機制尚不完全明確,且新的檢測技術有待開發(fā),相信隨著研究的不斷深入,人類終將實現(xiàn)TSC的基因治療。
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