楊 帆,馬 鑫,武 涌,陳紅兵,3,李 欣,*
食物過敏是食品安全的重要問題之一。目前大多數(shù)研究集中在食物過敏的效應(yīng)階段,主要探索過敏原對肥大細(xì)胞和嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的刺激和引起相關(guān)抗體和細(xì)胞因子的變化。而對食物過敏的致敏階段,尤其針對腸道黏膜系統(tǒng)中的相關(guān)免疫細(xì)胞研究較少。食物過敏原必然經(jīng)過胃腸道消化,因此其在胃腸道消化后引發(fā)的致敏階段才應(yīng)是食物過敏研究的根本。本文針對食物過敏原在胃腸道中消化穩(wěn)定性和腸道黏膜系統(tǒng)中腸上皮細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cells,DCs)、B淋巴細(xì)胞以及CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞的變化探索食物過敏原在腸道黏膜引起免疫應(yīng)答的工作機(jī)制,為食物過敏在致敏階段的研究提供理論參考。
機(jī)體消化吸收食物是食物從口腔到胃部再到腸道的動態(tài)分段消化吸收過程。消化后的食物中的大部分蛋白質(zhì)會被降解,形成容易被小腸吸收的小肽或者氨基酸,從而給機(jī)體提供營養(yǎng)。其中部分蛋白質(zhì)在胃腸道中被消化降解成氨基酸數(shù)小于8的多肽或氨基酸后,無法被抗原提呈細(xì)胞識別與遞呈[1]。因此,具有致敏作用的肽段須具有一定長度。例如van Beresteijn等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn)引起過敏反應(yīng)的乳清肽最低分子質(zhì)量為3 kDa。也有些蛋白質(zhì)或多肽能夠抵抗胃腸道消化,保持完整抗原表位,甚至表位暴露。
因此,食物過敏原蛋白經(jīng)胃腸道消化后的分子大小是食物是否能引發(fā)致敏的重要因素之一。Takagi等[3]在對多種主要食物過敏原消化穩(wěn)定性的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),雞蛋卵白蛋白分子質(zhì)量為45.9 kDa,經(jīng)胃腸道消化后降低至40.5 kDa,將消化后的雞蛋卵白蛋白進(jìn)行小鼠抗-雞蛋卵白蛋白抗血清免疫印跡分析,其能夠形成明顯的條帶,說明消化后的雞蛋卵白蛋白具有致敏性。Martos等[4]在生理條件下體外模擬消化雞蛋卵白蛋白,其中分子質(zhì)量為40.1 kDa的肽段在胃部消化過程能穩(wěn)定存在,且具有很強(qiáng)的免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig)E結(jié)合能力,而在后續(xù)腸道中消化60 min后基本被降解為小分子肽段,但其消化產(chǎn)物依舊存在IgE結(jié)合表位。花生蛋白中Ara h 2與Ara h 6引起的過敏占總花生過敏患病率80%~90%,是花生的兩個主要過敏原[5-7]。Sen等[8]對純化后的Ara h 2進(jìn)行體外模擬胃腸道消化,分析消化肽段氨基酸序列,發(fā)現(xiàn)Ara h 2中從第23位氨基酸開始,包含約90個氨基酸組成的約10 kDa的肽段在胃腸道中不被消化;通過對花生過敏患者的血清進(jìn)行免疫印跡分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)此消化肽段具有2~7 個IgE結(jié)合表位。Koppelman等[9]通過對純化的花生主要過敏原Ara h 1、Ara h 2、Ara h 3以及Ara h 6進(jìn)行不同濃度的胃蛋白酶消化穩(wěn)定性評估,發(fā)現(xiàn)Ara h 2與Ara h 6在消化60 min后,仍有部分肽段穩(wěn)定存在,而Ara h 1與Ara h 3分別在消化60 min和4 min后完全被降解為小分子肽段。其中,Ara h 2與Ara h 6中的一個分子質(zhì)量為10 kDa的肽段能抵抗胃腸道消化,具有與原蛋白相同的IgE結(jié)合能力[5];而Ara h 1與Ara h 3降解后片段的致敏性還未得到證實。Liu Guangming等[10]通過體外模擬胃腸道消化實驗對比了太平洋白蝦與草對蝦中肌球蛋白消化穩(wěn)定性,發(fā)現(xiàn)太平洋白蝦相對草對蝦中蝦肌球蛋白在胃腸道中消化穩(wěn)定性更強(qiáng),并在用甲殼類動物過敏患者血清檢測消化后產(chǎn)物致敏性的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)太平洋白蝦中蝦肌球蛋白在胃部消化60 min及腸道消化240 min后均具有更強(qiáng)的潛在致敏性。
腸道黏膜免疫系統(tǒng)包括固有免疫系統(tǒng)與適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng),涉及多種組織屏障、免疫細(xì)胞以及免疫分子。腸道固有免疫系統(tǒng)由腸道上皮組織、腸道上皮下的黏膜組織中固有免疫細(xì)胞(DCs、吞噬細(xì)胞、自然殺傷細(xì)胞與嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞)與固有免疫分子(干擾素(interferon,IFN)-γ、白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)等)共同組成。腸道上皮組織下的黏膜組織中還包括了由腸相關(guān)淋巴組織(gut associated lymphoid tissue,GALT)、B淋巴細(xì)胞和T淋巴細(xì)胞等構(gòu)成的適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答系統(tǒng)。其中,腸道上皮組織形成物理化學(xué)屏障,不僅具備分子篩作用,能有效阻止分子質(zhì)量大于600 Da的食物過敏原蛋白進(jìn)入機(jī)體,還能進(jìn)一步降解食物過敏原蛋白[11]。然而,腸道上皮細(xì)胞能通過其他多種途徑攝取食物大分子抗原,使抗原進(jìn)入腸黏膜。例如,腸上皮細(xì)胞通過旁路擴(kuò)散轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)抗原,而M細(xì)胞通過轉(zhuǎn)胞吞作用攝取抗原,杯狀細(xì)胞則通過相關(guān)抗原通道轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)抗原[12-13]。另外,腸上皮細(xì)胞能夠低表達(dá)主要組織相容性復(fù)合體Ⅱ類(major histocompatibility complex Ⅱ,MHCⅡ)分子,作為非專職性抗原遞呈細(xì)胞來加工遞呈抗原[11-14]。
腸上皮細(xì)胞呈單層緊密排列組成腸道上皮組織并覆蓋于黏膜表面,形成外界環(huán)境與體內(nèi)環(huán)境之間的動態(tài)保護(hù)屏障。腸道上皮組織中排布著5 種類型腸上皮細(xì)胞:吸收性柱狀上皮細(xì)胞(腸細(xì)胞)、杯狀細(xì)胞、內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞、潘氏細(xì)胞及M細(xì)胞。其中,腸細(xì)胞占80%以上,其表面突起許多微絨毛結(jié)構(gòu),一方面增大了與外界物質(zhì)接觸的表面積,從而利于吸收外源物質(zhì);另一方面在刷狀緣表面可表達(dá)分泌多種蛋白質(zhì)降解酶,可對進(jìn)入腸腔中的蛋白質(zhì)進(jìn)一步降解[15]。杯狀細(xì)胞是一種分泌型腸上皮細(xì)胞,它可分泌多種黏蛋白組成腸道上皮組織黏液屏障。黏液可通過疏水作用結(jié)合外源抗原蛋白,從而限制它們進(jìn)入腸黏膜。而根據(jù)相關(guān)研究報道,杯狀細(xì)胞可通過其他通道使可溶性小分子食物蛋白進(jìn)入腸黏膜中[16-17]。而M細(xì)胞是一種存在于腸道上皮組織中特化的抗原轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)細(xì)胞,其細(xì)胞表面無微絨毛結(jié)構(gòu),不能分泌消化酶和黏液,使得抗原物質(zhì)更容易通過M細(xì)胞進(jìn)入腸黏膜。同時還有Occludin家族、Claudin家族、ZOs家族等50多種蛋白通過形成緊密連接來調(diào)控腸道上皮組織的滲透性[18]。這種緊密連接可以阻止過多的食物抗原通過細(xì)胞旁路途徑進(jìn)入腸道黏膜組織。據(jù)報道,腸上皮細(xì)胞基底外側(cè)表達(dá)的多聚免疫球蛋白受體,能夠結(jié)合固有層中漿細(xì)胞分泌的二聚體IgA,并通過主動轉(zhuǎn)胞吞作用將二聚體IgA轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至腸腔,有助于清除腸腔中的蛋白抗原[19]。Frossard等[20]在對β-乳球蛋白過敏的小鼠模型研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),β-乳球蛋白致敏的小鼠糞便中抗原特異性IgA的效價比耐受組高。由此可見腸上皮細(xì)胞既構(gòu)成了阻礙外界抗原進(jìn)入腸黏膜的屏障,同時也促進(jìn)了機(jī)體對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)甚至是食物抗原的吸收,且在固有免疫與適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答之間起重要的連接作用。
由于動物腸上皮細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)技術(shù)的限制,目前,國內(nèi)外對于腸上皮細(xì)胞在物質(zhì)吸收轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)研究大多數(shù)是建立一種腸上皮細(xì)胞模型,即20世紀(jì)80年代發(fā)現(xiàn)一種在形態(tài)學(xué)和生物化學(xué)上的性質(zhì)和小腸上皮細(xì)胞相似的細(xì)胞——人結(jié)腸腺癌(Caco-2)細(xì)胞,并將這種細(xì)胞模型運(yùn)用到藥物吸收研究中。之后許多食物過敏原轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)吸收的研究均以此模型為基礎(chǔ)并加以改進(jìn)[21-23]。但這種細(xì)胞模型在食物過敏原蛋白消化吸收研究工作中依舊存在不足,細(xì)胞之間連接太過緊密,缺少微絨毛結(jié)構(gòu)而不能分泌消化酶與黏液,且相對正常腸細(xì)胞具有極少的M細(xì)胞和杯狀細(xì)胞。因此,為了能更好地進(jìn)行食物過敏機(jī)制的研究,期望能模擬出一種與腸上皮細(xì)胞體內(nèi)生長更相似的培養(yǎng)方法。
DCs作為專職性抗原遞呈細(xì)胞之一,也是唯一能夠活化初始T淋巴細(xì)胞的抗原遞呈細(xì)胞。不同來源的DCs亞群具有相似性,但目前在DCs功能方面的研究主要來源于小鼠,人源的較少。小鼠小腸中的DCs亞群高表達(dá)CD11c及MHCⅡ,不表達(dá)IgG高親和力受體CD64,且基于CD11b、CD8α、CD103以及CX3CR1分子的表達(dá)可對DCs亞群進(jìn)行分類[24]。小鼠小腸固有層中主要存在的CD103+CX3CR1-DCs包括CD11b+CD8α-以CD11b-CD8α+兩種異質(zhì)群體,而來自血液的CD103-DCs主要存在于小鼠腸系淋巴結(jié)[25]。源于腸道的CD103-CX3CR1+DCs定居在腸道固有層,其樹突能在腸上皮細(xì)胞間隙延伸至腸腔攝取抗原,并使抗原進(jìn)入到腸道黏膜。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),小鼠小腸中CD103+CD11b+、CD103+CD8α+和CD103-是3 種可遷移至腸系膜淋巴結(jié)的DCs亞群,且分別在免疫耐受形成、外源抗原遞呈進(jìn)入腸系膜淋巴結(jié),以及初始T淋巴細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化中發(fā)揮重要作用[25]。人體腸道中共表達(dá)CD141和DNGR-1兩種分子的CD103+SIRPα-DCs等同于小鼠腸道中的CD103+CD11b-CD8α+DCs,而不表達(dá)這兩種分子的CD103+SIRPα-DCs則相當(dāng)于小鼠腸道中的CD103+CD11b+DCs,對于表達(dá)CX3CR1的CD103-CD64-SIRPα+DCs可能與CD103+CD11b-DCs相同[24]。同時,由于受到外界抗原刺激,腸道黏膜組織分泌不同的細(xì)胞因子,包括IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12、IL-18、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)-β、腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α及視黃酸。這些細(xì)胞因子導(dǎo)致DCs分化為不同亞型并分泌相關(guān)免疫因子,且通過參與CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞分化成為效應(yīng)T淋巴細(xì)胞來對機(jī)體免疫與耐受進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)[26]。
正常情況下,DCs在腸道組織中處于未成熟狀態(tài),具有很強(qiáng)的抗原攝取能力,能低表達(dá)MHCⅡ分子、共刺激分子及黏附因子。未成熟的DCs接觸到抗原或受到一些炎性細(xì)胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β)刺激后開始成熟;此時DCs表面高表達(dá)的MHCⅡ分子特異性結(jié)合抗原分子后,經(jīng)由傳入淋巴管進(jìn)入腸相關(guān)淋巴組織,并識別初始T淋巴細(xì)胞表面受體(T cell receptor,TCR)促使T淋巴細(xì)胞初步活化,同時DCs也上調(diào)表達(dá)共刺激分子促進(jìn)T淋巴細(xì)胞完全活化。Man等[27]通過建立牛乳致敏小鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn),在口服牛乳的小鼠腸道派氏淋巴結(jié)(peyer patch,PP)中,DCs將牛乳過敏原遞呈給CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞后,相對不喂養(yǎng)牛乳的對照組的凋亡時間延長,且僅在存在特異性牛乳抗原時DCs才會凋亡。研究結(jié)果表明,腸道中的DCs可攝取并攜帶組織中的抗原進(jìn)入腸相關(guān)淋巴系統(tǒng),誘導(dǎo)初始T淋巴細(xì)胞分化,進(jìn)而引起腸道黏膜免疫的發(fā)生,且腸道DCs成熟與凋亡依賴于對T淋巴細(xì)胞特異性抗原遞呈與加工。
腸道黏膜系統(tǒng)中產(chǎn)生致敏的部位包括PP、孤立淋巴濾泡、腸系膜淋巴結(jié)、固有層及腸道上皮組織內(nèi),這些部位均分布著T淋巴細(xì)胞與B淋巴細(xì)胞。其中T淋巴細(xì)胞根據(jù)其表面受體的不同,可分為αβ T淋巴細(xì)胞與γδ T淋巴細(xì)胞,其中αβ T淋巴細(xì)胞為主要的T淋巴細(xì)胞,占95%以上,對抗原識別具有特異性;根據(jù)表面分子不同又可分為CD4+CD8-、CD4-CD8+及CD4-CD8-T淋巴細(xì)胞;根據(jù)功能不同可分為CD4+輔助性T(T helper,Th)細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞和調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴(regulatory T,Tregs)細(xì)胞。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)Th細(xì)胞包括Th1、Th2、Th9、Th17、Th22及Tfh幾種亞型,它們由初始CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞受抗原刺激后分化而來,分化結(jié)果受到抗原性質(zhì)、細(xì)胞因子和抗原遞呈細(xì)胞表達(dá)的共刺激分子的共同控制,并在局部免疫調(diào)節(jié)過程中起著重要的作用[28]。
而外周成熟的B淋巴細(xì)胞根據(jù)其表面表達(dá)的CD5分子,可分為CD5+的B1細(xì)胞和CD5-的B2淋巴細(xì)胞,其中B2淋巴細(xì)胞占90%以上,通過分泌抗體參與體液免疫應(yīng)答。IgM是免疫應(yīng)答中首先分泌的抗體,但隨著B淋巴細(xì)胞受到抗原刺激和Th細(xì)胞輔助而活化增殖,IgM產(chǎn)生類別轉(zhuǎn)換,形成IgG、IgA或IgE。腸道固有層內(nèi)占70%~80%的B淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的表面膜免疫球蛋白A(membrane IgA,mIgA)、TGF-β及IL-10能夠促進(jìn)B淋巴細(xì)胞分化為分泌型IgA(secretory IgA,SIgA)的IgA+漿細(xì)胞,在腸道黏膜系統(tǒng)發(fā)生免疫應(yīng)答及維持腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)過程中,SIgA可通過轉(zhuǎn)胞吞作用進(jìn)入腸腔,并作為首道防線對抗原物質(zhì)進(jìn)行清除[29-31]。過敏原進(jìn)入腸道黏膜系統(tǒng),B淋巴細(xì)胞特異性識別抗原,提呈給CD4+Th細(xì)胞并表達(dá)CD40L,與B淋巴細(xì)胞表面分子CD40結(jié)合后被完全通過活化,CD4+Th細(xì)胞活化分泌的IL-4、IL-21及IL-6能夠促進(jìn)漿細(xì)胞合成介導(dǎo)體液免疫的抗體[32-33]。
腸上皮細(xì)胞主要是通過細(xì)胞因子與腸黏膜中免疫細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生相互作用并通過表達(dá)多種細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子受體,對淋巴細(xì)胞增殖、分化以及腸道上皮組織穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)揮作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Th3調(diào)節(jié)性細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子以及抗炎性細(xì)胞因子能夠保護(hù)腸道上皮細(xì)胞之間的緊密連接[34]。另有研究報道乳糜瀉患者攝入麩質(zhì)蛋白后,腸道上皮細(xì)胞過表達(dá)的IL-15在T淋巴細(xì)胞增殖與活化中起重要作用[35]。之后Korneychuk等[36]在雞蛋過敏導(dǎo)致的腸下垂疾病發(fā)病機(jī)理的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),作為雞蛋中的主要過敏原之一,卵白蛋白能促進(jìn)腸道上皮細(xì)胞過表達(dá)IL-15,且在IL-15與CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞共同作用下能夠刺激誘導(dǎo)CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞形成,而對腸道造成損傷,進(jìn)而增加對抗原的吸收。研究報道促炎性細(xì)胞因子如IFN-γ與TNF-α能夠下調(diào)腸道上皮細(xì)胞間緊密連接的蛋白的表達(dá)[37]。最近又有報道指出,腸道上皮細(xì)胞表面可表達(dá)IFN-γ受體,且腸黏膜中產(chǎn)生的IFN-γ可增大腸道上皮屏障滲透性并提高抗原遞呈能力[38]。Kominsky等[39]對炎性腸病中IFN-γ的功能研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),IFN-γ可以通過誘導(dǎo)腸道上皮細(xì)胞頂膜表達(dá)IL-10受體(IL-10R、IL-10R1),來恢復(fù)腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)功能。而位于腸道上皮細(xì)胞頂膜的具有與IgE抗體低親和力結(jié)合的受體CD23,能夠保護(hù)抗原轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過程不被降解,導(dǎo)致大量的能引發(fā)過敏反應(yīng)的免疫原性蛋白進(jìn)入到黏膜免疫系統(tǒng)[40]。腸上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的這些細(xì)胞因子與受體在體內(nèi)組成龐大而完整的網(wǎng)絡(luò),在免疫反應(yīng)極向的調(diào)節(jié)以及黏膜損傷后的修復(fù)中發(fā)揮著重要作用,為腸道黏膜下的其他細(xì)胞提供活化和化學(xué)趨化信號。
DCs及其分泌的細(xì)胞因子與T淋巴細(xì)胞表面共刺激分子的表達(dá)可調(diào)節(jié)免疫應(yīng)答種類和強(qiáng)度。在食物過敏模型中,DCs表面IgE受體與過敏原發(fā)生交聯(lián)時,能夠激活CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞自發(fā)性產(chǎn)生Th2型細(xì)胞因子,且DCs本身能夠產(chǎn)生大量的促炎性細(xì)胞因子[41]。Yang Pingchang等[42]在利用葡萄球菌腸毒素B與雞蛋卵白蛋白誘導(dǎo)小鼠致敏的實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),葡萄球菌腸毒素B可上調(diào)腸道黏膜DCs表面黏蛋白域蛋白-4共刺激分子表達(dá),并誘導(dǎo)雞蛋卵白蛋白特異性Th2細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答。Feng Baisui等[43]通過建立口服花生及佐劑霍亂毒素(cholera toxin,CT)小鼠致敏模型得出相同結(jié)論:CT能夠上調(diào)腸道黏膜DCs表面黏蛋白域蛋白-4共刺激分子表達(dá),并誘導(dǎo)花生特異性Th2細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答。Blazquez等[44]在研究雞蛋過敏原卵白蛋白致敏小鼠模型中,對比于口服磷酸鹽緩沖溶液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)組小鼠,口服雞蛋卵白蛋白及CT組小鼠腸系膜淋巴結(jié)中CD103+CD11b-CD8-DCs數(shù)量顯著增多,且上調(diào)CD103+CD11b-CD8-DCs中共刺激分子CD86以及OX40L的表達(dá);同時檢測到致敏小鼠脾細(xì)胞中含有大量的IL-4、IL-13及少量的IFN-γ、IL-17,通過中和OX40L能完全抑制Th2分化,而IFN-γ、IL-17的產(chǎn)生不受影響,可見DCs表達(dá)OX40L決定了Th2的分化。Smit等[45]通過建立小鼠花生致敏模型發(fā)現(xiàn),實驗組致敏小鼠腸道上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞中CD11b+DCs數(shù)量明顯增加,CD103+DCs數(shù)量減少,且主要誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生Th2細(xì)胞分化。Denning等[46]將不同小鼠腸道固有層DCs、初始CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞以及雞蛋卵白蛋白進(jìn)行共同培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)C57BL/6小鼠腸道中的CD103+CD11b+DCs能獨特地表達(dá)合成IL-6與TGF-β的mRNA及催化視黃酸形成的酶,從而有效地誘導(dǎo)初始CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞分化為Th17,且CD103+CD11b-DCs誘導(dǎo)Tregs細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生與初始CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞及DCs兩種細(xì)胞在腸道固有層中的比例有關(guān)。Cerovic等[25]建立雞蛋卵白蛋白的小鼠致敏模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)位于小鼠腸道淋巴邊界的CD103-DCs誘導(dǎo)初始CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞與CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞分化形成的效應(yīng)T淋巴細(xì)胞均能分泌IL-17和IFN-γ。Scott等[47]建立野生型與CCR2缺陷型小鼠模型,通過雞蛋過敏原雞蛋卵白蛋白刺激小鼠小腸固有層CD103+CD11b+DCs、CCR2+或CCR2-亞群的CD103-CD11b+DCs,再與初始CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR2+CD103-CD11b+DCs能更有效地誘導(dǎo)初始CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞分化為Th17,并分泌IL-17??梢奀D103-DCs誘導(dǎo)初始T淋巴細(xì)胞分化與DCs表面CCR2分子表達(dá)有關(guān)。
口服耐受的產(chǎn)生往往與腸道黏膜中具有免疫抑制功能的Tregs細(xì)胞形成有關(guān),且腸系膜淋巴結(jié)的存在是產(chǎn)生口服耐受的基本因素[48]。存在于腸黏膜固有層中的CD103+DCs,在接受外源抗原后可從腸道固有層遷移至腸系膜淋巴結(jié),并將食物蛋白抗原遞呈給初始T淋巴細(xì)胞,并在其他免疫分子作用下誘導(dǎo)分化產(chǎn)生Tregs細(xì)胞。Sun Chengming等[49]證實了CD103+DCs在TGF-β和視黃酸作用下,能夠促進(jìn)腸道相關(guān)淋巴系統(tǒng)中Tregs細(xì)胞的形成,且視黃酸可以提高Tregs細(xì)胞上參與腸歸巢的表面分子CCR9與α4β7的表達(dá),從而形成并維持腸道發(fā)生免疫耐受。Iliev等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)CD103+DCs的分化依賴于腸上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的視黃酸與TGF-β,且在兩者的共同作用下,CD103+DCs可產(chǎn)生大量的IL-10,從而誘導(dǎo)CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞分化成Tregs細(xì)胞,發(fā)生免疫耐受。Ruiter等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn)非糖基化的花生蛋白可上調(diào)人骨髓DCs的視黃醛脫氫酶2的表達(dá),從而使腸道合成更多的視黃酸,且有助于誘導(dǎo)天然T淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生整合素α4β7。Boucard-Jourdin等[52]發(fā)現(xiàn)整合素αvβ8優(yōu)先由CD103+DCs合成,且促使CD103+DCs激活TGF-β并誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生Tregs細(xì)胞;而對于TGF-β和視黃酸,它們可以促進(jìn)CD103+DCs表達(dá)整合素αvβ8。另外,Matteoli等[53]發(fā)現(xiàn)腸道CD103+DCs能表達(dá)吲哚胺2,3-雙加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO),而體內(nèi)外抑制IDO形成或遺傳性缺失IDO均會導(dǎo)致CD4+FoxP3+Tregs細(xì)胞形成受阻,從而增加初始CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞分化成Th1或Th17;由此可見,CD103+DCs產(chǎn)生的IDO在免疫耐受形成中也必不可少。
Rescigno等[54]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)腸道DCs能夠延伸樹突至腸腔捕捉抗原進(jìn)入腸黏膜,通過表達(dá)腸道上皮緊密連接蛋白來維持腸道上皮屏障完整性。Schulz等[55]發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)揮這種作用的DCs表達(dá)表面分子CD11b與CX3CR1,且CD11b+CX3CR1+DCs定居于腸道固有層,攝取外源抗原進(jìn)入腸道固有層后,再由CD103+DCs攜帶抗原遷移至腸系淋巴結(jié)誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受產(chǎn)生。Mazzini等[56]利用C57BL/6小鼠分別研究野生型與CX3CR1缺陷型小鼠小腸對雞蛋卵白蛋白的攝取情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)CX3CR1+DCs能夠有效地攝取腸腔中雞蛋卵白蛋白,且與缺乏表達(dá)CX3CR1分子的小鼠脾細(xì)胞對比,CX3CR1缺陷型小鼠促炎性因子IFN-γ產(chǎn)生降低??梢姡珻X3CR1+DCs及CD103+DCs在腸道中建立明確的分工來誘導(dǎo)Tregs細(xì)胞生成,從而形成腸道免疫耐受。
B淋巴細(xì)胞在對食物過敏原蛋白的應(yīng)答過程中需要Th細(xì)胞的輔助,首先Th細(xì)胞表面的共刺激分子可提供B淋巴細(xì)胞活化必需的第二信號,其次Th細(xì)胞也被B淋巴細(xì)胞活化,分泌的細(xì)胞因子促進(jìn)B淋巴細(xì)胞活化、增殖和分化,產(chǎn)生抗體。IgE介導(dǎo)的食物過敏的致敏過程是由Th2細(xì)胞通過分泌IL-4、IL-5及IL-13發(fā)揮作用,其中IL-4與IL-13能夠促使B淋巴細(xì)胞活化產(chǎn)生IgM,IL-4可誘導(dǎo)抗體類別轉(zhuǎn)化為IgE,且IL-5能夠增強(qiáng)這種效應(yīng)[57-59]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),食物過敏組所產(chǎn)生的過敏原特異性IgG尤其是IgG1與IgG4的水平顯著高于不發(fā)生食物過敏的對照組,且這些抗體受Th2型細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子調(diào)控,也表明IgG可能在食物過敏中發(fā)揮重要作用[60-61]。然而,非IgE介導(dǎo)的食物胃腸道過敏患者血清與正常組人血清中IgG水平都明顯上升,表明IgG不能作為非IgE介導(dǎo)的食物過敏中檢測指標(biāo)[62-63]。目前研究對非IgE介導(dǎo)食物過敏的機(jī)制尚不清楚,漿細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的抗體在其中發(fā)揮的作用有待進(jìn)一步探索。
食物過敏原蛋白需要克服胃腸道中惡劣的消化環(huán)境及腸道上皮屏障,并保證完整的抗原表位進(jìn)入到腸道黏膜系統(tǒng)才能誘導(dǎo)發(fā)生免疫應(yīng)答。腸上皮細(xì)胞通過分泌細(xì)胞因子與CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生相互作用,導(dǎo)致大量的食物過敏原蛋白進(jìn)入到腸道黏膜系統(tǒng)。食物過敏原蛋白通過DCs識別并提呈給CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞,然而,不同亞群的DCs影響著CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞分化的方向。而Th細(xì)胞與B淋巴細(xì)胞之間相互作用在體液免疫中起重要作用,尤其是Th2型細(xì)胞經(jīng)活化產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞因子通過誘導(dǎo)漿細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IgE來介導(dǎo)過敏反應(yīng)。非IgE介導(dǎo)的腸道黏膜免疫機(jī)制更為復(fù)雜,需要更深入地研究。
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