錢希潔
在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn):追問是發(fā)展學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的有效方式之一。通過追問,我們可以將學(xué)生的視角從零碎的語言知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)向知識(shí)的再構(gòu),從信息的表層轉(zhuǎn)向信息的內(nèi)涵,從對(duì)文本信息的關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)向生成信息的關(guān)注,從而在發(fā)展英語語言能力的同時(shí)促進(jìn)思維品質(zhì)的同步發(fā)展。本文主要結(jié)合譯林新版《英語》五年級(jí)下冊Unit 2 How do you come to school Story time中的幾個(gè)教學(xué)片斷,闡述筆者對(duì)通過追問發(fā)展學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的初步思考。
譯林新版《英語》五年級(jí)下冊Unit 2 How do you come to school Story time主要圍繞主人公Su Hai,Mike,Yang Ling和Liu Tao四個(gè)小朋友上學(xué)方式所展開的一場對(duì)話。在信息上包含了四個(gè)主人公不同的上學(xué)方式和居住地點(diǎn),在語言結(jié)構(gòu)上包含了“Where do you live?”和“How do you come to school?”兩個(gè)新句型;在詞匯上包含了一些主要的交通 方 式 以 及 “Moon Street”“Park Street”“Sunshine Town”等一些表示街道名稱和小區(qū)名稱,豐富的信息和語言知識(shí)使文本內(nèi)容有些復(fù)雜,一般的文本解讀方式很容易使學(xué)生對(duì)文本內(nèi)容產(chǎn)生混亂。因此,如何將文本中諸多信息與知識(shí)形成一個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的整體是厘清文本內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵,也是發(fā)展學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的一個(gè)契機(jī)。因此,在教學(xué)中,筆者抓住了文本中“How do you come to school?”和“Where do you live?”這兩個(gè)句型之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過觀看文本動(dòng)畫獲得文本主人公上學(xué)方式的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行追問:They come to school...But why?將學(xué)生的視點(diǎn)從四個(gè)主人公的上學(xué)方式轉(zhuǎn)向?yàn)槭裁催@樣上學(xué)的原因,即將視點(diǎn)從“How do you come to school?”轉(zhuǎn)向“Where do you live?”,并用簡筆畫將原本分布在各段落之中的諸多語言知識(shí)和信息逐漸勾畫在同一個(gè)平面上,如圖1所示,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在教師的不斷追問中找到文本中四個(gè)小朋友的家庭住址,并在閱讀、推理、思考、判斷和表達(dá)的過程中發(fā)展自身的思維品質(zhì),教學(xué)片斷如下:
T:Now you know they come to schoolin different ways.But why?
S1:Because they live in different places.
T:Yeah.They live in different places.Now let’s try to find where they live.
(圖1)
筆者用簡筆畫在地圖上標(biāo)注了一些相關(guān)的地鐵站和公交車站等一些關(guān)鍵性交通標(biāo)識(shí)。
T:Please look atthe signs on the map.Look!It is a Metro station.And it is a bus stop.First please read the dialogue and circle the key words.Next find out the places they live on the map.Then stick the pictures of the children on the map.
T:Can you find the places on the map?
Ss:Yes.
T:OK.Who would like to come to the front to stick the pictures of the children on the map?
請(qǐng)學(xué)生在黑板上的地圖中找出文本中Su Hai,Yang Ling,Mike和 Liu Tao四個(gè)小朋友的家庭住址,并將他們的頭像貼在相應(yīng)的地方,然后在核對(duì)答案的過程中,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在故事中找出相關(guān)詞句作為佐證,從而引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將這些作為佐證的詞句與他們的上學(xué)方式建立起聯(lián)系,如Su Hai住在Moon Street,附近有公交車,因此她選擇乘坐公共汽車上學(xué)。片斷如下:
T:Can you find some keys words in the story?First about Su Hai.What are the key words?
S1:On Moon Street,near City Library and by bus.
T:Look, Su Hai lives on Moon Street.It’s near the school.So she comes to school by bus.So is the answer right?
Ss:Yes.
T:What about Yang ling?
S2:Near the school and on foot.
T:So is the answer right?
Ss:Yes.
T:What about Mike?
S3:In Sunshine Town and by metro.
T:But where is Sunshine Town?Who can stick the picture on the map?
S4:I can.
請(qǐng)學(xué)生將Sunshine Town的圖片貼在地圖的相應(yīng)地方。
T:But how do you know?
S4:Because Mike comes to school by metro.So I think there’s a metro station near his home.
T:Well done.I think you are a clever boy.What about Liu Tao?Where does he live?
S4:He lives on Park Street.
T:Where’s Park Street?Who can stick the picture on the map?
請(qǐng)學(xué)生將Park Street的路名貼在地圖的相應(yīng)地方。
T:How do you know?
S4:Because he comes to school by taxi.
在知識(shí)的關(guān)聯(lián)處進(jìn)行追問,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生不僅在整體上抓住了文本的主要脈絡(luò),也關(guān)注到了鑲嵌在文本中的諸多信息和語言知識(shí),使他們在探尋答案、尋找佐證、做出判斷和適當(dāng)表達(dá)的系列過程中實(shí)現(xiàn)思維品質(zhì)的有效發(fā)展。
本故事內(nèi)容與學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際息息相關(guān),在一定程度上是學(xué)生日常生活的縮影,因此,故事文本中四個(gè)孩子在上學(xué)方式等方面難免存在著一些不合理的現(xiàn)象,而這些不合理正是我們可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思考的地方,我們可以通過追問的方式,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把文本細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容與周圍世界聯(lián)系起來,并學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)生活實(shí)際以及對(duì)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)去思考問題、表達(dá)思想。因此,在解讀文本細(xì)節(jié)信息的過程中,筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生聚焦于故事文本中孩子們的上學(xué)方式,讓他們從一個(gè)旁觀者的角度去判斷文本主人公的上學(xué)方式是否合理,形成自己的價(jià)值判斷,并運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言發(fā)表自己的想法,在發(fā)展自身英語語言能力的過程中,嘗試著從事物的表層去透析事物的本質(zhì),并形成自己的立場與態(tài)度,從而加深學(xué)生的印象。教學(xué)片斷如下:
T:Now you know how they come to school.Can you choose one to say?
S1:Yang Ling lives near our school.So she comes to school on foot.
T:Yes.Yang Ling comes to school on foot.It’s good to walk to school.What about Su Hai?
S2:She lives far from school.And there’s a bus stop near her home.So she comes to school by bus.
T:What about Mike?
S3:Mike comes to school by metro.
T:Do you know why?
S4:I think there’s a metro station near his home.
T:Any other reasons?
S5:I think metro goes very fast.He likes taking it very much.
T:Who can talk about Liu Tao?
S6:He comes to school by taxi.Because his father is a taxi driver.
T:Do you think it’s a green way?
Ss:No.
T:Why?
S7:I think there are too many cars.And the air is not clean now.
T:En,I agree with you.We should try to keep the air clean.So can you give him any advice?
S8:Liu Tao,I think you can come to school by bus.
S9:I think you can come to school by bike.
T:Oh,I think you are too young.Maybe you’re not allowed to ride a bike on the road.It’s too dangerous,right?
S10:Liu Tao,I think you can come to school by metro.Look!There’s a metro station near your home.
T:That’s a good idea.I think it’s really a green way.
追問,使學(xué)生對(duì)文本中一些原本并不起眼的信息多了一份關(guān)注與深入的思考,促使他們將相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)信息與自己生活實(shí)際聯(lián)系起來。當(dāng)他們在重新審視Liu Tao每天乘出租車上學(xué)這一文本細(xì)節(jié)時(shí),他們在思考與判斷的過程中產(chǎn)生了自己的想法。假如說“Is it a green way?”這一追問引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從對(duì)文本表面信息的關(guān)注逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向綠色出行這一環(huán)保理念的話,那么,接下來“Can you give him any advice?”的又一追問則是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在發(fā)展自身英語語言能力的同時(shí)發(fā)展自身的思維品質(zhì)。
課堂教學(xué)需要預(yù)設(shè),但在實(shí)際的課堂教學(xué)過程中,常常會(huì)萌生一些預(yù)設(shè)之外的生成,這些無法預(yù)約的生成會(huì)在一定程度上給教師帶來一些挑戰(zhàn),但若是我們能夠適時(shí)捕捉課堂中一些生成的信息,并通過追問的方式引導(dǎo)學(xué)生循著問題開展進(jìn)一步的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng),我們的課堂教學(xué)就容易走出一成不變的僵化模式,在促進(jìn)學(xué)生語言能力發(fā)展的過程中發(fā)展自身的思維品質(zhì)。在本次教學(xué)活動(dòng)中,在學(xué)生基本理解故事文本內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,筆者充分利用這一故事文本比較貼近學(xué)生生活實(shí)際的特點(diǎn),引導(dǎo)其根據(jù)圖2中的語言提示、結(jié)合生活實(shí)際開展相關(guān)的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng),在他們運(yùn)用語言進(jìn)行交流的過程中,適時(shí)捕捉一些生成的信息,再進(jìn)一步引導(dǎo)學(xué)生開展更為真實(shí)的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng),并在語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的同時(shí),發(fā)展學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。教學(xué)片斷如下:
T:Boys and girls,now you know how they come to school.But how do you come to school?Let’s talk about our ways to school,OK?
Ss:OK.
T:Now practice in pairs.Please remember:In a green way.
在學(xué)生兩人一組進(jìn)行小組對(duì)話活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)上,筆者請(qǐng)部分小組學(xué)生進(jìn)行對(duì)話表演,在對(duì)話表演的過程中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)有部分學(xué)生和筆者住在同一個(gè)小區(qū),在對(duì)學(xué)生的對(duì)話表演進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)上追問他們,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)課堂上生成的信息展開更為深入的語言交流,促使學(xué)生根據(jù)生活實(shí)際的交通線路進(jìn)行思考、判斷與表達(dá),從而在發(fā)展學(xué)生語言運(yùn)用能力的過程中發(fā)展他們的思維品質(zhì),教學(xué)片斷如下:
(圖 2)
T:Oh,do you live in Holiday Garden?
S1:Yeah.What about you,Miss Qian?Where do you live?
T:Can you guess?
S1:I think you live in Holiday Garden too.
T:Why do you think so?
S1:Because you ask me the question again.
T:You know it’s a long way from there to your school.It’s my 2nd time to come to your school.So I don’t know the way very much.How can I go home?Can you give me any advice?
S2:I think you may go home by metro.
T:En,but it’s a long way from here to the metro station.Today I have a lot of things with me.
S3:I think you can go home by bike.
T:That’s really a green way,but I have no bike today.
S4:I think you can go home by bus.
T:That’s a good idea.But which bus may I take?
S4:Bus 702 can take you to Holiday Garden.And there’s a bus station near our school on Xue Qian Road.
T:Really?That’s great.Buthow do you know?
S4:Can you guess?
T:You live in Holiday Garden too.Right?
S4:Yeah.I come to school and go home by Bus 702 every day.
T:Thank you.Then shall we go home together today?
S3:OK.
基于學(xué)生語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中生成的信息,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生開展更為深入的語言交流,這是發(fā)生學(xué)情之后的順勢而為。面對(duì)教師的追問“How can I go home?”,學(xué)生不僅感覺到了師生之間的零距離,這種無間的師生關(guān)系促使他們以更為積極的態(tài)度去思考這個(gè)問題,并根據(jù)自己的生活體驗(yàn)為教師提出了建議,而他們思考、表達(dá)的過程不僅是他們英語語言能力發(fā)展的過程,也是他們思維發(fā)展的過程。假如說教師的追問啟動(dòng)了學(xué)生思維的話,那么,當(dāng)他們也學(xué)著用追問的方式進(jìn)行交流的時(shí)候,我們看到了他們思維品質(zhì)的發(fā)展正在走向深處。
【注:本文是江蘇省教育科學(xué)“十二五”規(guī)劃課題“小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)非模式化的實(shí)踐研究”(課題編號(hào):D/2015/03/144)成果之一?!?/p>