国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈飼喂綿羊效果分析

2018-04-11 02:05郭同軍張志軍桑斷疾崔繼文
關(guān)鍵詞:棉稈綿羊蒸汽

郭同軍,張志軍,趙 潔,桑斷疾,石 勇,崔繼文

?

蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈飼喂綿羊效果分析

郭同軍1,張志軍1,趙 潔2,桑斷疾1※,石 勇3,崔繼文3

(1. 新疆畜牧科學(xué)院飼料研究所,烏魯木齊 830000; 2. 新疆巴州草原工作站,庫爾勒 841000;3. 新疆弘瑞達(dá)纖維有限公司,庫爾勒 841000)

為了研究蒸汽爆破與微生物發(fā)酵聯(lián)合處理的棉稈對育肥期綿羊生產(chǎn)性能及血液生化指標(biāo)的影響。試驗(yàn)選取健康的5月齡的巴音布魯克公羊30只,依據(jù)體質(zhì)量進(jìn)行單因素完全隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),分為蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈組、棉稈組和玉米青貯組,每組10只。試驗(yàn)期40 d。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:干物質(zhì)采食量在各組間差異極顯著(<0.01)。蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈組的日增質(zhì)量比棉稈組高49.21%(<0.05);玉米青貯組的日增質(zhì)量比棉稈組高44.45%,具有顯著趨勢(0.05<<0.1);料肉比棉稈組>蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈組>玉米青貯組。玉米青貯組的血液球蛋白質(zhì)量濃度比蒸汽爆破棉稈組和棉稈組低17.02%和20.01%,差異顯著(<0.05)。玉米青貯組的血液總蛋白質(zhì)量濃度比棉稈組低11.90%(<0.01),比蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈組低7.86%(<0.05)。白蛋白與球蛋白的比值蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈組比玉米青貯組低18.68%(<0.05)。棉稈組的谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶比玉米青貯組和蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈組高69.80%和77.67%,差異極顯著(<0.01)。玉米青貯組的血液膽固醇摩爾濃度比棉稈組低36.13%(<0.05)。低密度脂蛋白摩爾濃度玉米青貯組比棉稈組低50.00%(<0.05)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果說明:棉稈經(jīng)蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵后,其飼喂品質(zhì)高于棉稈而低于玉米青貯,對育肥羊的安全性要優(yōu)于粉碎棉稈,能減輕對綿羊機(jī)體的傷害;育肥羊的增重效果高于棉稈而接近玉米青貯,料肉比高于玉米青貯而低于棉稈。在棉花種植區(qū),利用蒸汽爆破和微生物發(fā)酵技術(shù)聯(lián)合處理棉花秸稈,可能有助于棉花秸稈的飼料化利用。

秸稈;發(fā)酵;飼喂;綿羊;日增質(zhì)量;血液生化指標(biāo)

0 引 言

棉花是中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)區(qū)種植的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,2016年,僅新疆棉花播種面積180.52萬hm2(國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局遙感測量數(shù)據(jù)),秸稈產(chǎn)量按4.20 t/hm2(含水率<20%)計(jì)算[1],秸稈產(chǎn)量可達(dá)758.18萬t,但其大部分被直接焚燒、田間放牧利用或還田[1-2],飼料利用率不到其它農(nóng)作物秸稈利用率的1/3[3]。棉花秸稈中粗蛋白、纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為6.5%、44.0%、10.7%和15.2%,具備作為反芻動(dòng)物粗飼料的潛力[4]。然而,棉花秸稈因含有較高的木質(zhì)素和游離棉酚,直接飼喂牛羊,適口性差,消化率低,且棉花秸稈中的游離棉酚因超過安全界限而導(dǎo)致牲畜生長遲緩、體質(zhì)量減輕、妊娠母畜流產(chǎn)和死胎等不利因素[5-8]。生產(chǎn)中多嘗試參照農(nóng)作物秸稈的處理方法如粉碎、堿化、氨化、微貯、制粒以及蒸汽爆破等方式對棉花秸稈進(jìn)行處理[9-10],以達(dá)到降解木質(zhì)素和去除游離棉酚的目的。蒸汽爆破技術(shù)因?qū)γ拮哑芍械挠坞x棉酚的脫毒率達(dá)87.0%[11],對秸稈的纖維結(jié)構(gòu)有較大的破壞程度,顯著降低半纖維素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),部分降低纖維素和木質(zhì)素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)[10,12-17],近年來被應(yīng)用于小麥秸稈[12]、稻草秸稈[14]、香蕉莖稈[13]和玉米秸稈[13,16-17]等中低質(zhì)作物秸稈的處理中。在西門塔爾雜交公牛[18]、荷斯坦母牛[19]、育肥豬[20]和肉雞[21]日糧中添加適當(dāng)比例的蒸汽爆破處理的秸稈,可達(dá)到節(jié)約成本,提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的目的[17]。目前,蒸汽爆破技術(shù)和微生物發(fā)酵技術(shù)聯(lián)合處理的棉稈對綿羊飼喂效果影響的研究鮮有報(bào)道。本文通過對比分析同一干物質(zhì)比例的棉稈、蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈和玉米青貯對育肥期綿羊生產(chǎn)性能及血液生化指標(biāo)的影響,探討棉稈經(jīng)蒸汽爆破和微生物發(fā)酵聯(lián)合處理后飼喂育肥期綿羊的效果,為利用蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈提供基數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)。

1 材料方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

在新疆巴州焉耆縣包爾海鄉(xiāng)新興牛羊養(yǎng)殖合作社(東經(jīng)86°41¢362,北緯42°1¢382),選擇健康的5月齡的巴音布魯克公羊30只,依據(jù)體質(zhì)量進(jìn)行單因素完全隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),分為玉米青貯組、蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈組和棉稈組3個(gè)組,每組10頭。試驗(yàn)期40 d,其中預(yù)試期10 d,正試驗(yàn)期30 d。

1.2 試驗(yàn)材料處理

采完棉花的全株棉稈經(jīng)9LRZ-2.7型自走式青黃貯秸稈收獲機(jī)(新疆中收農(nóng)牧機(jī)械公司)收獲后,在弘瑞達(dá)纖維有限公司生產(chǎn)車間經(jīng)粉碎機(jī)粉碎后,采用棉稈膨化脫糖脫毒機(jī)(ZL2014208627577)在2.5 MPa、220℃、維壓2~3 min瞬間釋壓,蒸汽爆破粉碎棉稈。蒸汽爆破后的棉稈經(jīng)降溫后,添加青貯發(fā)酵菌劑裝袋厭氧發(fā)酵45 d后,即可開袋飼用。試驗(yàn)用蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈和棉稈為同一批大田收獲棉稈。

1.3 日糧組成

參照Nutriment Requirment of Small Ruminants(2007)[22],按精粗比40:60配制青貯玉米全價(jià)日糧。依據(jù)實(shí)測的蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈、棉稈和玉米青貯的干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈和棉稈分別等比例替換玉米青貯,其他日糧成分相同(見表1)。棉稈、蒸汽膨化棉稈和玉米青貯的營養(yǎng)成分實(shí)測值見表2。

表1 試驗(yàn)日糧組成(干物質(zhì)計(jì))

注:每千克預(yù)混料含有:Vitamin A≥2 200 IU, Vitamin D3≥275 IU, Vitamin E≥15 IU, Fe≥50 mg, Cu≥10 mg, Zn≥30 mg, Mn≥40 mg, Se≥0.1 mg, I≥0.5 mg, Co≥0.1 mg。

Note: One kilogram of premix contained the following: Vitamin A≥2 200 U, Vitamin D3≥ 275 IU, Vitamin E≥15 IU, Fe≥50 mg, Cu≥10 mg, Zn≥30 mg, Mn≥40 mg, Se≥0.1 mg, I≥0.5 mg, Co≥0.1 mg.

1.4 飼養(yǎng)管理

試驗(yàn)羊處于同一畜舍條件下,分組自由采食、自由飲水,每日于9:00和19:30分2次飼喂,保持剩料量占飼喂量的15%左右。試驗(yàn)期間,每天觀察羊只的健康狀況,并做好記錄。

1.5 測定指標(biāo)及方法

1.5.1 體質(zhì)量及日增質(zhì)量

分別于試驗(yàn)期第0 d和31 d晨飼前空腹稱體質(zhì)量,分別記錄每只羊的體質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù),按公式(1)計(jì)算平均日增質(zhì)量[23]。

平均日增質(zhì)量=每只羊的體增質(zhì)量/試驗(yàn)天數(shù) (1)

表2 單一飼料營養(yǎng)成分(干物質(zhì)計(jì))

注:表2中各成分均為實(shí)測值;ND表示未檢出。

Note: The components of table 2 were measured valuses. ND means not detected.

1.5.2 采食量

于正試驗(yàn)期稱量每天每組試驗(yàn)羊的日飼喂量和剩料量,按公式(2)計(jì)算平均采食量[23]。

采食量=(每組飼喂的飼料量-每組剩料量)/試驗(yàn)羊數(shù)量(2)

1.5.3 飼料樣及剩料樣品的收集

采食量測定的同時(shí),從每組飼喂的飼料和剩料中分5點(diǎn)取樣100 g,試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后將各組的飼料和剩料樣品分別混合后,四分法取樣0.5 kg凍存,用于測定飼料中DM等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)[23]。

1.5.4 血樣采集及處理

正試驗(yàn)期的第31 天晨飼前,利用真空采血管于頸靜脈處采集血液樣品,血樣于4℃ 3 000 r/min 離心15 min,取上清。分裝于1.5 mL離心管–20℃保存,用于測定血液生理生化指標(biāo)[24]。

1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2007進(jìn)行初步整理,采用SAS 9.0 GLM模型進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,多重比較采用Tdiff法進(jìn)行,差異顯著性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為<0.01為差異極顯著,<0.05為差異顯著,0.05<<0.1為具有顯著趨勢,>0.05為差異不顯著。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈對育肥期綿羊生產(chǎn)性能的影響

表3為蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈對育肥期綿羊生產(chǎn)性能的影響,由表3可知,棉稈組的干物質(zhì)采食量比蒸汽爆破棉稈組和玉米青貯組高5.56%和20.00%,差異極顯著(<0.01)。蒸汽爆破棉稈組的干物質(zhì)采食量比玉米青貯組高13.68%,差異也極顯著(<0.01)。蒸汽爆破棉稈組的日增質(zhì)量比棉稈組高49.21%,差異顯著(<0.05);玉米青貯組的日增質(zhì)量比棉稈組高44.45%(=0.06),具有顯著趨勢(0.05<<0.1);蒸汽爆破棉稈組的日增質(zhì)量比玉米青貯組高3.30%,差異不顯著(>0.05)。料肉比:棉稈組>蒸汽爆破棉稈組>玉米青貯組。

表3 蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈對育肥期綿羊生產(chǎn)性能的影響

注:相同指標(biāo)同行數(shù)據(jù)的不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(<0.05),不同大寫字母表示差異極顯著(<0.01)。下同。

Note: the different lowercase letters of same index in the same line means significant difference (<0.05), different capital letters means extremely significant difference (<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈對育肥期綿羊血液生化指標(biāo)的影響

表4為蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈對育肥期綿羊生化指標(biāo)的影響,由表4可知,血液蛋白質(zhì)代謝指標(biāo)中白蛋白、尿素氮、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶/谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶的比值在組間差異不顯著(>0.05)。玉米青貯組的血液球蛋白質(zhì)量濃度比蒸汽爆破棉稈組和棉稈組低17.02%和20.01%,差異顯著(<0.05)。蒸汽爆破棉稈組和棉稈組的血液球蛋白質(zhì)量濃度差異不顯著(>0.05)。玉米青貯組的血液總蛋白質(zhì)量濃度比棉稈組低11.90%(<0.01),比蒸汽爆破棉稈組低7.86%(<0.05),蒸汽爆破棉稈組和棉稈組間的差異不顯著(>0.05)。白蛋白與球蛋白的比值蒸汽爆破棉稈組顯著低于玉米青貯組18.68%,差異顯著(<0.05),其他各組間差異不顯著。棉稈組的谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶比玉米青貯組和蒸汽爆破棉稈組高69.80%和77.67%,差異極顯著(<0.01),其它各組間差異不顯著。血液脂肪代謝指標(biāo)中甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白和堿性磷酸酶含量在組間差異不顯著(>0.05)。玉米青貯組的血液膽固醇摩爾濃度比棉稈組低36.13%(<0.05),比蒸汽爆破棉稈組低16.13%(>0.05),蒸汽爆破棉稈組比棉稈組低17.22%(>0.05)。低密度脂蛋白摩爾濃度玉米青貯組比棉稈組低50.00%(<0.05),比蒸汽爆破棉稈組低13.04%(> 0.05),蒸汽爆破棉稈組比棉稈組低32.69%(>0.05)。血液能量代謝指標(biāo)中葡萄糖和乳酸脫氫酶的含量在組間差異不顯著(>0.05)。蒸汽爆破棉稈組的磷酸激酶極顯著高于玉米青貯組和棉稈組,其他各組間差異不顯著。血液中鈣和磷的摩爾濃度在組間差異不顯著(>0.05)。

表4 蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈對育肥期綿羊生化指標(biāo)的影響

3 討 論

3.1 棉稈蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵對育肥期綿羊生產(chǎn)性能的影響

干物質(zhì)的采食量的大小受動(dòng)物因素(年齡、體質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)性能、泌乳階段和體況)、環(huán)境條件、飼養(yǎng)管理(包括飼喂方法、飼喂頻率以及動(dòng)物與飼料的接觸時(shí)間)、飼料品質(zhì)和日糧組成(包括含水率、精粗比、中性洗滌纖維的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)等)等多種因素的影響[25]。日糧能量濃度低(如采食粗料)時(shí),干物質(zhì)采食量隨能量濃度增加而增加,此時(shí)物理調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制作用最大[26]。能量濃度超過一定的閾值(飼糧干物質(zhì)消化率約66%,代謝能約9.2 MJ/kg)時(shí),干物質(zhì)采食量隨能量濃度增加而降低,此時(shí),物理調(diào)節(jié)停止,化學(xué)調(diào)節(jié)作用最大。本研究中,棉稈組的干物質(zhì)采食量極顯著高于蒸汽爆破棉稈組和玉米青貯組5.56%和20.00%,蒸汽爆破棉稈組的干物質(zhì)采食量也極顯著高于玉米青貯組13.68%。在動(dòng)物因素、環(huán)境條件和飼喂管理?xiàng)l件相同的情況下,因基于同一基礎(chǔ)日糧的不同品質(zhì)的粗飼料(同一干物質(zhì)比例),致使各組間的干物質(zhì)采食量棉稈組>蒸汽爆破棉稈組>玉米青貯組。這與反芻動(dòng)物采食能量濃度低的粗料時(shí),干物質(zhì)采食量會隨能量增加而增加的規(guī)律相一致。因就飼喂?fàn)顟B(tài)而言,棉稈因水分含量少,而飼料能值要高于蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈和全株玉米青貯。這也從側(cè)面反映了蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈的品質(zhì)高于棉稈而低于玉米青貯。

日增質(zhì)量是測定動(dòng)物生長發(fā)育和肥育效果的重要指標(biāo),是反映生產(chǎn)性能優(yōu)劣的重要判斷依據(jù)之一。本研究中,玉米青貯組和蒸汽爆破棉稈組分別比棉稈組高44.45%和49.21%,而玉米青貯組和蒸汽爆破棉稈組間的日增質(zhì)量差異小于5%。說明棉稈經(jīng)蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵后育肥肉羊,其增質(zhì)量效果高于棉稈而接近玉米青貯。

料肉比是指飼養(yǎng)的畜禽增質(zhì)量1 kg所消耗的飼料量,它是評價(jià)飼料報(bào)酬的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo),是編制生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和財(cái)務(wù)計(jì)劃的重要依據(jù)[27]。料肉比高說明用的飼料多,但增長的肉少;反之,料肉比低說明用的飼料少,但增長的肉多。本研究中,在育肥羊品種、月齡、圈舍環(huán)境和飼養(yǎng)管理?xiàng)l件相同的情況下,基于同一基礎(chǔ)日糧的不同品質(zhì)的粗飼料(同一干物質(zhì)比例),致使料肉比比值在各組間表現(xiàn)為玉米青貯組>蒸汽爆破棉稈組>棉稈組。說明玉米青貯的飼料品質(zhì)優(yōu)于蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈優(yōu)于粉碎棉稈。

3.2 棉稈蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵對育肥期綿羊血液生化指標(biāo)的影響

血清球蛋白質(zhì)量濃度能反映機(jī)體免疫能力和蛋白質(zhì)代謝能力的強(qiáng)弱,球蛋白質(zhì)量濃度提高,說明蛋白質(zhì)代謝能力加強(qiáng),免疫力得到提高[28]。白蛋白與球蛋白的比值升高說明球蛋白數(shù)量下降而降低機(jī)體免疫機(jī)能,反之則提高免疫系統(tǒng)機(jī)能[29]。本研究中,玉米青貯組的球蛋白和總蛋白顯著低于棉稈組和蒸汽爆破棉稈組。白蛋白與球蛋白的比值蒸汽爆破棉稈組低于棉稈組,顯著低于玉米青貯組。這種現(xiàn)象一方面可能與棉稈組的采食量極顯著高于蒸汽爆破棉稈組和玉米青貯組有關(guān),即采食的蛋白多;另一方面可能與棉稈中棉酚等因子對育肥羊機(jī)體的免疫誘導(dǎo)有關(guān)。飼料中游離棉酚含量超過安全界限將導(dǎo)致畜禽食欲下降、生長遲緩、體質(zhì)量減輕、妊娠母畜流產(chǎn)和死胎等不利因素[5-8],歐盟規(guī)定了反芻動(dòng)物日糧中游離棉酚允許量,成年牛、山羊、綿羊≤500 mg/kg,犢?!?00 mg/kg,其他不含棉籽餅粕飼料和配合飼料≤20 mg/kg。美國限定反芻動(dòng)物日糧中游離棉酚限量:0~3周齡時(shí)為100 mg/kg,3~24周齡時(shí)為200 mg/kg,大于24周齡時(shí)母畜為600 mg/kg,育種公畜為200 mg/kg[8]。本試驗(yàn)條件下,育肥期綿羊的各組日糧中的游離棉酚的質(zhì)量百分濃度均低于200 mg/kg,然而,綿羊采食含游離棉酚的日糧后,就可能誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體啟動(dòng)免疫應(yīng)答,表現(xiàn)為血液中球蛋白質(zhì)量濃度升高。谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶的活性高低可以基本反映機(jī)體蛋白質(zhì)合成和分解代謝的狀況[24]。谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高還是肝臟功能出現(xiàn)問題的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。本研究中,谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶的酶活性濃度在各組間差異不顯著,棉稈組的谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶的酶活性濃度極顯著高于蒸汽爆破棉稈組和玉米青貯組。這種現(xiàn)象一方面可能與棉稈組的采食量極顯著高于蒸汽爆破棉稈組和玉米青貯組有關(guān),即蛋白代謝主要為合成代謝;另一方面可能與棉稈組育肥羊的肝臟需解毒棉酚等因子對綿羊機(jī)體的影響。這從側(cè)面說明棉稈經(jīng)蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵后,能減輕對綿羊機(jī)體的傷害。

畜禽機(jī)體脂肪的沉積是脂肪合成代謝與分解代謝的一種平衡狀態(tài),脂肪代謝包括合成代謝和分解代謝2個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的平衡過程[30]。低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白是血清中的兩種重要的載脂,低密度脂蛋白把膽固醇從肝臟運(yùn)送到全身組織,高密度脂蛋白將各組織的膽固醇送回肝臟分解代謝[31-32]。本研究中,各組的高密度脂蛋白摩爾濃度差異不顯著,血液低密度脂蛋白的摩爾濃度玉米青貯組顯著低于棉稈組。玉米青貯組的低密度脂蛋白的摩爾濃度比蒸汽爆破棉稈組低(>0.05),蒸汽爆破棉稈組的低密度脂蛋白的摩爾濃度也比棉稈組低(>0.05)。這可能說明,相對于玉米青貯,棉稈飼喂育肥羊時(shí),會使血液中低密度脂蛋白的摩爾濃度升高,而升高的低密度脂蛋白會增加攜帶膽固醇積存在動(dòng)脈壁上,引起動(dòng)脈硬化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。故經(jīng)過蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵的棉稈對育肥羊的安全性要優(yōu)于粉碎棉稈。

血糖水平能反應(yīng)機(jī)體的營養(yǎng)狀況,是動(dòng)物機(jī)體內(nèi)能量平衡的主要標(biāo)志[24,32]。乳酸脫氫酶在體內(nèi)可逆地催化丙酮酸和還原性輔酶I轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿樗岷脱趸暂o酶I,是機(jī)體能量代謝中參與糖酵解的一種重要酶,其含量的改變直接影響到機(jī)體的能量代謝[33]。磷酸激酶在體內(nèi)可逆地催化肌酸與ATP之間的轉(zhuǎn)磷酰基反應(yīng),與細(xì)胞內(nèi)ATP再生、能量運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)和肌肉收縮直接關(guān)系[24,32]。本研究中,血糖的摩爾濃度和乳酸脫氫酶的酶活性濃度在各組間差異均不顯著,而蒸汽爆破棉稈組的磷酸激酶極顯著高于玉米青貯組和棉稈組。這可能說明育肥羊自由采食含不同品質(zhì)的粗飼料(同一干物質(zhì)比例)的日糧后,日糧的營養(yǎng)能滿足各組綿羊的機(jī)體能量并保持平衡,而蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈由于高溫蒸汽爆破的作用,使飼料中的能量利用更高效。

4 結(jié) 論

在動(dòng)物因素、環(huán)境條件和飼喂管理?xiàng)l件相同的情況下,在同一基礎(chǔ)日糧的基礎(chǔ)上,對比分析日糧中添加相同干物質(zhì)比例的青貯玉米、蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈和棉稈對育肥羊生產(chǎn)性能及血液生化指標(biāo)的影響。結(jié)果表明:

1)棉稈經(jīng)蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵后育肥綿羊,其增質(zhì)量效果高于棉稈49.21%而接近玉米青貯,料肉比高于玉米青貯而低于棉稈。

2)棉稈經(jīng)蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵后,其飼喂品質(zhì)高于棉稈而低于玉米青貯。

3)棉稈經(jīng)蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵后,對育肥羊的安全性要優(yōu)于粉碎棉稈,能減輕對綿羊機(jī)體的傷害。

4)在棉花種植區(qū),利用蒸汽爆破和微生物發(fā)酵技術(shù)聯(lián)合處理棉花秸稈,對棉花秸稈的飼料化利用有推動(dòng)作用。

[1] 高瑞芳,張吉樹. 新疆棉花秸稈飼料化開發(fā)利用研究[J].中國畜牧雜志,2016,52(8):76-80. Gao Ruifang, Zhang Jishu. Study on exploiting and utilizing cotton stalks of Xinjiang as feed[J]. Chinese Journal of AnimalScience, 2016, 52(8): 76-80. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[2] 新疆畜牧科學(xué)院飼料研究所. 新疆南疆地區(qū)非常規(guī)飼料資源調(diào)查與發(fā)展前景研究[M]. 北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2017.

[3] 依馬木玉,丁健. 新疆棉花秸稈的飼用模式[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程,2014,4(5):50-52. Yima Muyu, Ding Jian. Feeding mode of cotton straw in xinjiang[J]. Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 4(5): 50-52. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[4] 魏敏,雒秋江,潘榕,等. 對棉花秸稈飼用價(jià)值的基本評價(jià)[J]. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2003, 26(1):1-4.Wei Min, Luo Qiujiang, Pan Rong, et al. Initial evaluation on nutritional value of cotton stalk[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2003, 26(1): 1-4. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[5] Reddy N, Yang Y. Properties and potential applications of natural cellulose fibers from the bark of cotton stalks[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2009, 99(14): 3563-3569.

[6] 哈麗代·熱合木江,王永力,麥爾哈巴·阿不都耐畢,等. 日糧中添加不同比例棉副產(chǎn)品對綿羊生產(chǎn)性能、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化率及血液生化指標(biāo)的影響[J]. 中國畜牧獸醫(yī),2016,43(12):3184-3192.Halidai·Rehemujiang, Wang Yongli, Maierhaba·Abudunaibi, et al. Effects of different dietary cotton by-products levels on production performance, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical indexes of sheep[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 43(12): 3184-3192. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[7] 吳德勝,劉廷發(fā),譚榮英,等. 基于棉稈的全混日糧制備工藝技術(shù)研究[J]. 中國奶牛,2017,322(2):50-54. Wu Desheng, Liu Tingfa, Tan Rongying, et al. Research on preparation process technology of TMR (Total Mixed Rations) based on cotton straw[J]. China Dairy Cattle, 2017, 322(2): 50-54. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[8] 呂云峰,王修啟,趙青余,等. 棉酚在飼料中安全限量及畜產(chǎn)品中殘留研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中國農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào),2010,26(24):1-5. Lv Yunfeng, Wang Xiuqi, Zhao Qingyu, et al. Research situation on gossypol safety limit in feed and gossypol residuesin livestock product[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010, 26(24): 1-5. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[9] Ibrahim M M, Agblevor F A, Elzawawy W K. Isolation and characterization of cellulose and lignin from steam-exploded lignocellulosic biomass[J]. Bioresources, 2010, 5(1): 397-418.

[10] 吳書奇,馬金萍,王家佳,等. 不同預(yù)處理提高棉花秸稈還原糖酶解效果的研究[J]. 黑龍江農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2012, (5):74-78. Wu Shuqi, Ma Jinping, Wang Jiajia, et al. Effects of different pretreatments on enhancing reducing sugar hydrolysis result of cotton stalk[J]. Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2012, (5): 74-78. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[11] 王清華,賀永惠,魯紅偉,等. 蒸汽爆破技術(shù)對棉籽粕中游離棉酚脫毒效果研究[J]. 動(dòng)物營養(yǎng)學(xué)報(bào),2016,28(2):524-530.Wang Qinghua, He Yonghui,Lu Hongwei, et al. Detoxification effect of steam explosion technology on free gossypol of cottonseed meal[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016, 28(2): 524-530. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[12] Liu Chong, Zhang Ruiting, Liu Benguo, et al. Effect of steam explosion treatment on phenolic acid composition of wheat bran and its antioxidant capacity[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2016, 32(6): 308-314.

[13] Ji J, Zhang J, Yang L, et al. Impact of co-pretreatment of calcium hydroxide and steam explosion on anaerobic digestion efficiency with corn stover[J]. Environmental Technology, 2017, 38(12): 1465-1473.

[14] 王玉,周俊,雍曉雨,等. 汽爆預(yù)處理對水稻秸稈纖維結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[J]. 江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2014,42(11):319-324.Wang Yu, Zhou Jun, Yong Xiaoyu, et al. Effect of steam explosion pretreatment on the structure of rice straw fiber[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 42(11): 319-324. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[15] Deepa B, Abraham E, Cherian B M, et al. Structure, morphology and thermal characteristics of banana nano fibers obtained by steam explosion[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2011,102(2): 1988-1997.

[16] Chang J, Cheng W, Yin Q, et al. Effect of steam explosion and microbial fermentation on cellulose and lignin degradation of corn stover[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 104(1): 587-592.

[17] 任天寶,徐桂轉(zhuǎn),馬孝琴,等. 蒸汽爆破對玉米秸稈理化特性的影響[J]. 高壓物理學(xué)報(bào),2012,26(2):227-234.Ren Tianbao, Xu Guizhuan, Ma Xiaoqin, et al. Influence of steam explosion on physical-chemical characteristic of corn stalk[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2012, 26(2): 227-234. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[18] 劉強(qiáng)林,趙永鋒,孟慶翔. 秸稈汽爆技術(shù)及其在反芻動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)中的應(yīng)用[J]. 中國畜牧雜志,2015,51(增刊):71-74.Liu Qianglin, Zhao Yongfeng, Meng Qingxiang. Steam explosion of crop residues and their application in the feeding of ruminant animals[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2015, 51(Supp.1): 71-74. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[19] Castro F D, Paiva T, Jr I A. Substitution of sugar cane with steam-treated eucalyptus: effects on intake and growth rate of dairy heifers[J]. Animal Feed Science&Technology, 1995, 52(1): 93-100.

[20] 郭紅偉. 高效玉米秸稈生物飼料的研制及其在育肥豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用研究[D]. 鄭州:河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2013.Guo Hongwei. Study on High-efficient Biological Corn Straw Feed and Its Application in Fatten Pig Production[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2013. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[21] 常娟. 高效玉米秸稈生物飼料的研制及其在肉雞生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用研究[D]. 鄭州:河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2011.Chang Juan. Study on High-efficient Biological Corn Straw Feed and Its Application in Broiler Production[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2011. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[22] Committee on nurient requirement of small ruminants. Nutriment requirment of small ruminants[M]. Washington, D.C: USA academies press, 2007.

[23] 趙有璋. 中國養(yǎng)羊?qū)W(精)[M]. 北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2013.

[24] 郭同軍,臧長江,王連群,等. 去勢對西門塔爾牛血清生化指標(biāo)的影響[J]. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2016,53(11):2127-2134.Guo Tongjun, Zang Changjiang, Wang Lianqun, et al. The influence of castration on serum biochemical index of simmental cattle[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 53(11): 2127-2134. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[25] 李文娟,刁其玉. 肉羊日糧干物質(zhì)采食量及其影響因素的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中國畜牧雜志,2016,32(19):4-5.Li Wenjuan; Diao Qiyu. Research progress on dry matter intake of mutton sheep and related influencing factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 32(19): 4-5. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[26] 丁耿芝,孟慶翔. 反芻動(dòng)物干物質(zhì)采食量預(yù)測模型研究進(jìn)展[J]. 動(dòng)物營養(yǎng)學(xué)報(bào),2013,25(2):248-255.Ding Gengzhi, Meng Qingxiang. Research advances in prediction models of dry matter intake in ruminants[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2013, 25(2): 248-255. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[27] 王文豪,肖鋒,曾初祥,等. 淺談養(yǎng)殖戶肉豬飼養(yǎng)中影響料重比的因素[J]. 豬業(yè)科學(xué),2016,33(4):120.Wang Wenhao, Xiao Feng, Zeng Chuxiang, et al. The factors of affecting feed weight ratio in farmers feeding pigs[J]. Swine Industry Science, 2016, 33(4): 120. (in Chinese)

[28] 王建紅,刁其玉,許先查,等. 賴氨酸、蛋氨酸和蘇氨酸對犢牛生長性能和血清生化指標(biāo)的影響[J]. 動(dòng)物營養(yǎng)學(xué)報(bào),2011,23(2):226-233. Wang Jianhong, Diao Qiyu, Xu Xiancha, et al. Effects of lysine, methionine and threonine supplementation on growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of calves[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2011, 23(2): 226-233. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[29] 王喜明,許麗,袁玲,等. 低聚木糖對犢牛生長性能和血液生化指標(biāo)的影響[J].東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2008, 39(7): 61-64.Wang Ximing, Xu Li, Yuan Ling, et al. Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) on performance and serum indexes in dairy calf[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2008, 39(7): 61-64. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[30] 郭同軍,臧長江,王連群,等. 去勢對西門塔爾牛血清脂肪代謝的影響[J]. 家畜生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2016,37(3):39-42.Guo Tongjun, Zang Changjiang, Wang Lianqun, et al. The influence of castration on serum fat metabolism of simmental cattle[J]. Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2016, 37(3): 39-42. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[31] 尹昌浩,李思甌,張忠敏,等. 老年人血清膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白與復(fù)發(fā)性腦梗死關(guān)系的研究[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2012,18(16):2695-2696.Yin Changhao, Li Siou, Zhang Zhongmin. Study on the correlation between TC, LDL-c, HDL-c and recurrent cerebral infarction in the elderly[J]. Medical Recapitulate, 2012, 18(16): 2695-2696. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[32] Quinn J G, Tansey E A, Johnson C D, et al. Blood: tests used to assess the physiological and immunological properties of blood[J]. Advances in Physiology Education, 2016, 40(2): 165-175.

[33] Jialal I, Sokoll L J. Clinical utility of lactate dehydrogenase: a historical perspective[J]. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2015, 143(2): 158-159.

Analysis on feeding effects of steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk in sheep

Guo Tongjun1, Zhang Zhijun1, Zhao Jie2, Sang Duanji1※, Shi Yong3, Cui Jiwen3

(1.830000,2.841000,3.841000,)

In order to investigate the responses of fattening sheep in production performance and blood biochemical parameters to the treatments of steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk, cotton stalk and corn silage, the whole plant of cotton stalk harvested by self-propelled straw harvester were chopped by grinder, rapid decompression under the 2.5 MPa, 220 ℃ for 2~3 min, then the cooled product was anaerobically fermented for 45 days by adding inoculants. Thirty healthy sheep with 5-month-old were averagely placed into steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk, cotton stalk and corn silage group according to their body weight. These sheep were fed with different diets according to their nutrients requirements which were added same dry matter proportion of steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk or cotton stalk or corn silage to the same basal diet during 40-day experimental period. Daily gain, dry matter intake and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed using the GLM model. The results showed that the dry matter intake was significantly different among groups (<0.01). The daily gain in steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk group was 49.21% higher than that in cotton stalk group (<0.05), the daily gain in corn silage group was 44.45% higher than that in cotton stalk group (=0.06), The ratio of feed-meat was highest in cotton stalk group and lowest in corn silage group. The blood globulin content in corn silage group were 17.02% and 20.01% lower than steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk group and cotton stalk group, respectively, both showing significant differences (<0.05). The blood total protein content in corn silage group was 11.90% lower than cotton stalk group (<0.01), and was 7.86% lower than steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk group (<0.05). The ratio of albumin to globulin in steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk group was 18.68% lower than corn silage group (<0.05). The glutamic pyruvic transaminase in cotton stalk group was 69.80% and 77.67% higher than corn silage group and steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk group, the difference were extremely significant (<0.01). The Blood cholesterol content in corn silage group was 36.13% lower than cotton stalk group (<0.05). Low density lipoprotein content in corn silage group was 50% lower than cotton stalk group (<0.05). The results suggested that the feeding quality of steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk is higher than cotton stalk but lower than corn silage. The steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk could reduce the damage to animal gut and obtain a daily gain close to corn silage, but its feed efficiency is higher than corn silage and lower than cotton stalk. The steam explosion and microbial fermentation technology cooperative processing could be help to pre-treat cotton straw as roughage for fattening sheep in the cotton growing area.

straw; fermentation; feeding; sheep; daily gain; blood biochemical parameters

郭同軍,張志軍,趙 潔,桑斷疾,石 勇,崔繼文. 蒸汽爆破發(fā)酵棉稈飼喂綿羊效果分析[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(7):288-293. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.037 http://www.tcsae.org

Guo Tongjun, Zhang Zhijun, Zhao Jie, Sang Duanji, Shi Yong, Cui Jiwen. Analysis on feeding effects of steam explosion and fermentation cotton stalk in sheep[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(7): 288-293. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.037 http://www.tcsae.org

2017-10-11

2017-11-15

新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2016D01A002);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)費(fèi)資助項(xiàng)目;自治區(qū)科研機(jī)構(gòu)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展專項(xiàng)資金(2016D04018)

郭同軍,副研究員,博士,從事反芻動(dòng)物營養(yǎng)與畜產(chǎn)品營養(yǎng)調(diào)控研究。Email:guotaoxj@126.com

桑斷疾,研究員,學(xué)士,從事反芻動(dòng)物營養(yǎng)與飼料科學(xué)的研究與推廣工作。Email:542937414@qq.com

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.037

S816.5

A

1002-6819(2018)-07-0288-06

猜你喜歡
棉稈綿羊蒸汽
黃河流域棉稈機(jī)械化收獲裝備的研究與分析
前置式皮帶夾持輸送棉稈起拔機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)
車壇往事3:蒸汽時(shí)代步入正軌!
撥輪式膜稈分離機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
棉稈起拔力關(guān)鍵因素的研究及試驗(yàn)
綿羊和小鳥
數(shù)綿羊
數(shù)綿羊
一種新型蒸汽發(fā)生器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
蒸汽閃爆