賈巖龍,吳小青,鄭義,田紅岸,鄧晶,余開(kāi)湖
皮肌炎(dermatomyositis,DM)及多發(fā)性肌炎(polymyositis,PM)是一組由多種病因引起的以骨骼肌間質(zhì)性炎性病變和肌纖維變性為特征的自身免疫性疾病。目前,臨床上主要采用Bohan等[1]1975年提出的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①對(duì)稱性近端肌無(wú)力;②血清肌酶升高;③肌電圖異常;④肌肉活檢異常;⑤特征性皮疹。然而,該類方法易受主觀因素影響且缺乏特異性。短時(shí)翻轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列(shorttau inversion recovery,STIR)作為基于磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)發(fā)展而來(lái)的一種脂肪抑制技術(shù),具有無(wú)創(chuàng)性、可重復(fù)性、高軟組織分辨率及高敏感性等特點(diǎn),可用于顯示軟組織炎性病變情況。因此,本研究旨在探討STIR序列在皮肌炎/多發(fā)性肌炎中的診斷價(jià)值。
收集我院2011年1月至2017年9月經(jīng)臨床確診和(或)穿刺活檢病理證實(shí)的12例皮肌炎、多發(fā)性肌炎患者雙側(cè)大腿MRI檢查,其中男性患者5例,女性患者7例,男:女=1:1.4,年齡6~56歲,平均(33.42±14.85)歲。所有患者均符合Bohan等[1]提出的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
所有患者均在GE 3.0 T上以雙側(cè)大腿肌肉為感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)進(jìn)行常規(guī)MRI檢查及STIR、擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)掃描。掃描參數(shù)如下:FSE-XL T1WI/T2WI:TR=420/3000 ms,TE=10.1/86 ms,矩陣=352×192,F(xiàn)OV=40 cm×40 cm,層厚/層間隔=6/2 mm,NEX=2;STIR序列:TR=3000 ms,TE=37 ms,TI=150 ms,矩陣=320×224,F(xiàn)OV=40 cm×40 cm,層厚/層間隔=6/2 mm,NEX=2;DWI序列:TE=Minfull,b=600 s/mm2。由兩名高年資放射科醫(yī)師獨(dú)立閱片,觀察并記錄病變的位置分布、形態(tài)、范圍及信號(hào)等特點(diǎn),并比較MRI諸序列在顯示炎性肌病異常病變能力方面的差異。
12例患者雙側(cè)大腿均有不同程度異常MRI表現(xiàn),其中提示為肌炎11例,肌筋膜炎8例,皮下結(jié)締組織炎9例,肌肉萎縮伴脂肪浸潤(rùn)1例(見(jiàn)圖1~4)。
在STIR序列上,12例患者雙側(cè)大腿的所有異常表現(xiàn)均被發(fā)現(xiàn),①肌炎表現(xiàn)為斑片狀、片狀高信號(hào),肌束形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)完整;②肌筋膜炎表現(xiàn)為線帶狀高信號(hào)(圖1B);③皮下結(jié)締組織炎表現(xiàn)為線狀、網(wǎng)格狀、片狀高信號(hào)(圖3D)。T1WI僅發(fā)現(xiàn)皮下結(jié)締組織炎5例,肌肉萎縮1例,未發(fā)現(xiàn)肌炎、肌筋膜炎;T2WI發(fā)現(xiàn)肌炎6例,肌肉萎縮1例,皮下結(jié)締組織炎2例,未發(fā)現(xiàn)肌筋膜炎。STIR 序列顯示病變能力優(yōu)于其他成像序列,且橫斷面掃描對(duì)判斷病灶的位置分布更好。
在STIR序列上,發(fā)現(xiàn)7例患者的雙側(cè)大腿后、內(nèi)側(cè)肌群信號(hào)較其他受累肌群信號(hào)高,經(jīng)穿刺活檢證實(shí)該處肌肉損傷程度較重(圖3)。
圖1 女,34歲,皮肌炎(早期)。A 為T1WI;B為STIR序列示肌筋膜炎性水腫、增厚(白箭所示)Fig.1 Female, 34 years old, biopsy-proved early stage of DM in bilateral thigh. A: T1WI; B: The short white arrows suggested the myofascial was thickened and suffered with inf l ammatory edema.
圖2 女,42歲,多發(fā)性肌炎(活動(dòng)期)。A:T1WI示病變肌肉呈等信號(hào);B:T2WI呈稍高信號(hào);C:STIR序列呈高信號(hào),肌筋膜增厚則呈線帶狀高信號(hào);D:病理切片鏡下觀肌纖維變性,無(wú)明顯萎縮,間質(zhì)及血管周圍少量炎細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)(HE×4);E:免疫組織化學(xué)染色CD68+,Lysozyme,LCA+,Vimentin+,MyOD1-,S-100- 圖3 皮肌炎、多發(fā)性肌炎(活動(dòng)期)。A~F為不同患者的STIR、DWI影像表現(xiàn),雙側(cè)大腿對(duì)稱性肌肉水腫,肌筋膜增厚,皮下結(jié)締組織呈線狀、網(wǎng)格狀高信號(hào),其中尤以內(nèi)、后肌群(大收肌、半膜肌、半腱肌、股二頭肌長(zhǎng)頭)信號(hào)較其他受累肌群高。DWI示病變肌組織擴(kuò)散受限,呈高、稍高信號(hào)(E、F) 圖4 女,49歲,皮肌炎(晚期)。A:T1WI示肌肉萎縮,肌纖維變細(xì),肌間隙增寬,可見(jiàn)脂肪浸潤(rùn);B:STIR序列示雙側(cè)大腿對(duì)稱性肌肉病變呈稍高信號(hào)Fig.2 Female, 42 years old, biopsy-proved active stage of PM. A: The muscle showed iso-intensity in T1WI sequence; B: A slightly high-intensity in T2WI sequence; C: High-intensity was observed in STIR sequence and the myofascial was thickened and represented with a linear of high-intensity;D: Pathological section proved the muscle was myofibrosis and no obvious atrophy, the interstitial and perivascular area was in filtrated a small amount of in flammatory cells (HE×4); E: IHC staining with CD68 +, Lysozyme, LCA +, Vimentin +, MyOD1-, S-100-. Fig.3 PM/DM (active stage). A—F: Showed different patients in STIR, DWI sequence. Symmetrical muscle edema, thickened myofascial, a linear and grid-like high-intensity in the subcutaneous connective tissue was found in bilateral thigh, especially in medial and rear thigh muscles (adductor, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps fermoris). The lesion represented limited diffusion with a slightly high or high intensity in DWI sequence (E, F). Fig.4 Female, 49 years old, biopsyproved late stage of DM in bilateral thigh. A: The muscular atrophy, widened intermuscular space and fatty in filtration in T1WI sequence; B: Symmetry muscle lesions on bilateral thigh displayed with a slightly high-intensity.
DM及PM是一組原因不明的自身免疫性疾病,臨床上主要累及四肢近端肌肉,也可累及皮膚、呼吸肌及心肌等組織器官。本病愈后不佳,若早期誤診或延誤治療,可導(dǎo)致患者死亡等嚴(yán)重后果。然而,目前關(guān)于該病的詳細(xì)發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不清楚,但多數(shù)學(xué)者[2-3]一致認(rèn)為其與遺傳因素和環(huán)境因素有關(guān)。
流行病學(xué)研究表明[4],該病發(fā)病率報(bào)道不一,一般認(rèn)為在0.5/10萬(wàn)~8/10萬(wàn)之間,且隨著對(duì)該病認(rèn)識(shí)程度的提高及檢查設(shè)備的發(fā)展,其臨床報(bào)道率有逐年升高的趨勢(shì)。臨床上皮肌炎較多發(fā)性肌炎多見(jiàn),可發(fā)生于任何年齡,其中PM好發(fā)于成年人,DM則成人、兒童均多見(jiàn)。本組研究中皮肌炎最小患者為6歲,最大者為56歲,兒童、成人均可累及,5例多發(fā)性肌炎則均發(fā)生于成人,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道基本一致。另外,一些研究[5-7]還發(fā)現(xiàn)DM/PM患者易合并感染和惡性腫瘤,合并感染時(shí)以間質(zhì)性肺炎最為常見(jiàn),合并惡性腫瘤時(shí)西方國(guó)家以卵巢癌、肺癌及胃腸道惡性腫瘤常見(jiàn),亞洲國(guó)家則以鼻咽癌最常見(jiàn)。值得注意的是DM患者伴發(fā)惡性腫瘤明顯多于PM患者,比例約為1.36:1[8]。本組研究中DM/PM患者合并間質(zhì)性肺炎者3例,未發(fā)現(xiàn)合并惡性腫瘤者,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道不完全一致,其原因可能與病例數(shù)少、隨訪時(shí)間短等因素有關(guān)。總之,對(duì)于臨床懷疑或確診的DM/PM患者,尤其DM患者需提高警惕并完善全面檢查排除其他部位合并惡性腫瘤的可能,從而為臨床制訂正確的治療方案提供有價(jià)值的信息。
MRI具有較高的軟組織分辨率,不僅能夠顯示肌肉的炎癥浸潤(rùn)、水腫及肌纖維化,而且還能清晰反映肌肉損傷的部位、范圍及程度。DM/PM作為一組以四肢近端肌肉受累為主的疾病,其T1加權(quán)僅能夠顯示肌肉的結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)及晚期肌肉萎縮和脂肪浸潤(rùn)(高信號(hào)),對(duì)活動(dòng)期肌肉的炎癥浸潤(rùn)及水腫顯示不清;而T2加權(quán)和STIR序列能較好地顯示病變部位的炎癥活動(dòng)情況,根據(jù)受累部位不同可表現(xiàn)為:①肌炎表現(xiàn)為斑片狀、片狀高信號(hào),肌間隙模糊,肌束形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)完整;②肌筋膜炎表現(xiàn)為肌筋膜增厚,呈線帶狀高信號(hào);③皮下結(jié)締組織炎表現(xiàn)為線狀、網(wǎng)格狀、片狀高信號(hào)??傊?,DM和PM急性活動(dòng)期典型MRI表現(xiàn)為雙側(cè)四肢近端肌肉對(duì)稱性、彌漫性或局限性斑片狀、片狀長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào),伴或不伴肌筋膜炎、皮下結(jié)締組織炎;晚期可表現(xiàn)為肌肉萎縮伴脂肪浸潤(rùn)或替代[9-11]。本組12例患者在STIR序列均有異常表現(xiàn)存在,而T1WI僅發(fā)現(xiàn)6例及T2WI發(fā)現(xiàn)9例異常。這是由于STIR技術(shù)[12-13]能在抑制脂肪成分的同時(shí)提升結(jié)合水的信號(hào),使軟組織炎性病變的高信號(hào)得以凸現(xiàn),而在T1WI、T2WI上病變組織與背景組織對(duì)比度不強(qiáng),對(duì)輕微病變顯示不佳,從而容易造成漏診。由此可見(jiàn),STIR抑脂序列較常規(guī)T1WI、T2WI序列在顯示軟組織炎性病變上優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯且敏感性高。
MRI在炎性肌病中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值已得到認(rèn)同,且有研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)T2信號(hào)強(qiáng)度與肌力變化、功能改變具有良好的一致性。本組研究中亦發(fā)現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象,肌肉損傷越嚴(yán)重,T2信號(hào)強(qiáng)度越高,且主要集中在雙側(cè)大腿內(nèi)、后側(cè)肌群。然而,單憑肉眼在STIR序列上評(píng)價(jià)病變嚴(yán)重程度則存在明顯的主觀性,且無(wú)法對(duì)炎性病變程度進(jìn)行定量分析及治療后療效評(píng)價(jià)的不足。因此,常規(guī)MRI檢查及抑脂序列仍無(wú)法完全取代肌肉活檢。
PM和DM較典型的MRI表現(xiàn)為四肢近端肌肉對(duì)稱性病變,伴或不伴肌筋膜增厚、皮下結(jié)締組織炎,但仍需要與其他肌病鑒別:①包涵體肌炎[14]。常同時(shí)累及肢體近端和遠(yuǎn)端肌肉,肌肉萎縮及脂肪浸潤(rùn)出現(xiàn)早;而PM和DM則以四肢近端肌肉受累為主,肌肉萎縮和脂肪浸潤(rùn)出現(xiàn)較晚。②化膿性感染性肌病。多為非對(duì)稱性,具有紅、腫、熱、痛及實(shí)驗(yàn)指標(biāo)異常等表現(xiàn),MRI可表現(xiàn)為單側(cè)發(fā)病,肌肉水腫明顯,肌間隙模糊;而PM和DM 受累肌群形態(tài)保持完好,且為雙側(cè)對(duì)稱發(fā)病。③神經(jīng)源性肌病。局限于病變神經(jīng)支配區(qū)肌肉,肌肉萎縮出現(xiàn)較早,肌電圖可提示神經(jīng)源性受損;而PM和DM肌電圖提示肌源性損傷、全身肌肉均可受累及肌肉萎縮出現(xiàn)晚。總之,運(yùn)用MRI診斷PM和DM時(shí)仍需結(jié)合臨床及其他相關(guān)檢查,尤其是肌肉活檢,從而做出準(zhǔn)確診斷。
綜上所述,肌肉MRI檢查尤其是STIR序列在炎性肌病中的應(yīng)用具有重要價(jià)值,可作為臨床首選序列進(jìn)行炎性肌病成像。隨著影像設(shè)備及技術(shù)的不同發(fā)展,為今后炎性肌病的早期診斷及定量研究奠定了一定的基礎(chǔ)。
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