韋莎莎,李小寶,余暉,王洋
患者,女,13歲,因左側(cè)聽力漸進(jìn)性下降伴左耳流少量透明液體5+個(gè)月就診。否認(rèn)外傷史。我院中耳CT所見(圖1A、1B):左側(cè)顳骨、蝶骨、乳突骨質(zhì)呈膨脹性吸收破壞,左側(cè)顳葉見一巨大占位,灶內(nèi)可見小片狀更低密度影,環(huán)狀及小點(diǎn)狀高密度影。磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)平掃(圖1C、1D)示:左側(cè)顳部病灶呈等稍長T1、短T2信號(hào),并見小片狀短T1、稍長T2信號(hào),左側(cè)顳葉腦組織受壓周圍見片狀水腫帶,左側(cè)側(cè)腦室、外側(cè)裂池、橋腦受壓;左側(cè)中耳乳突內(nèi)見液體信號(hào)影,鄰近顳骨、蝶骨骨質(zhì)信號(hào)改變,左側(cè)內(nèi)耳、中耳區(qū)顯示不清,乳突內(nèi)見液體信號(hào)。MRI增強(qiáng) (圖1E、1F)示:左側(cè)顳部病灶增強(qiáng)后呈明顯不均勻強(qiáng)化,大小約5.7 cm×5.7 cm×7.1 cm,左側(cè)顳骨、蝶骨、內(nèi)耳、中耳區(qū)見類似強(qiáng)化。
影像診斷:左側(cè)顳部占位并左側(cè)顳骨、蝶骨、內(nèi)耳、中耳受侵,嗜酸性肉芽腫?血管周細(xì)胞瘤?
術(shù)中所見:顳部、中顱窩占位病變,大部分呈淡黃色、灰黃色,質(zhì)地韌,邊界較清楚,有包膜。中顱窩底部分骨質(zhì)及巖骨部分骨質(zhì)破壞,鼓蓋、破裂、內(nèi)耳道骨骨質(zhì)破壞。腫瘤包裹頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈,病變血運(yùn)豐富,與三叉神經(jīng)、半規(guī)管、耳蝸、頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈關(guān)系密切。
病理診斷:巨細(xì)胞修復(fù)性肉芽腫(giant cell reparative granuloma,GCRG) (圖1G、1H)。
討論 GCRG又叫中心細(xì)胞修復(fù)性肉芽腫,為機(jī)體受到外界刺激的過度防御,表現(xiàn)為受累骨的增生修復(fù)性反應(yīng),屬于非腫瘤性良性病變。病理鏡下主要為增生的纖維組織及散在動(dòng)脈樣小血管;可見部分散骨小梁及反應(yīng)性成骨,骨樣多核巨細(xì)胞體積相對(duì)較?。怀鲅獏^(qū)可見單核-巨噬細(xì)胞。纖維間質(zhì)中可見到大量含鐵血黃素沉積[1]。
目前該病發(fā)病原因尚不清楚,大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為其發(fā)生多與外傷或炎癥的慢性刺激相關(guān),導(dǎo)致受累局部損失、出血及機(jī)體異常免疫反應(yīng)[2]。也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道外傷的原因少見,本例患者也無外傷史,故外傷發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確。GCRG由于發(fā)病少,缺乏大量流行病學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì),文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道常在青少年多發(fā),女性多于男性,年齡可在10~60歲。本例患者為13歲女性青年患者,與報(bào)道相符。GCRG常發(fā)生于額骨,也有發(fā)生在蝶骨、面骨、四肢長骨及腰椎的病例報(bào)道,顳骨則少見[2-3]。該病常為單發(fā),多發(fā)罕見,葉茂奎等[4]報(bào)道了1例術(shù)后隨訪5年發(fā)生8個(gè)部位骨多發(fā)病灶。
該病以患側(cè)聽力下降及耳悶等耳部癥狀為首發(fā),經(jīng)一般治療無效。影像檢查最先發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶,表現(xiàn)為惡性腫瘤樣改變,缺乏特異性。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道GCRG在CT上以病灶骨膨脹性溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞為主要表現(xiàn),也可見骨質(zhì)增生硬化、小骨質(zhì)碎片。MRI示呈長T1、混雜短T2的軟組織腫塊,增強(qiáng)后不均勻強(qiáng)化。顳骨GCRG主要與軟骨瘤、骨巨細(xì)胞瘤、腦膜瘤等相鑒別[5-7]。
圖1 患者,女,13歲。A~B:CT平掃示左側(cè)顳部一團(tuán)狀占位,鄰近顳骨、蝶骨及乳突骨質(zhì)呈膨脹性吸收破壞。左側(cè)顳部病灶呈等密度,其內(nèi)可見片狀低密度區(qū),周圍可見環(huán)狀及小片狀高密度;C~D:MRI平掃示左側(cè)顳部占位形態(tài)不規(guī)則,呈等稍長T1、稍短T2信號(hào),并可見小片狀短T1、稍長T2信號(hào),邊緣見線狀環(huán)形低信號(hào)影及片狀水腫信號(hào),周圍腦組織、左側(cè)外出顳角及腦干受壓,中線結(jié)構(gòu)輕度右偏;E~F:增強(qiáng)掃描示病灶呈明顯不均勻強(qiáng)化;G~H:病理切片(左側(cè)顳部中顱底)鏡下可見較多增生的膠原纖維,內(nèi)可見多核巨細(xì)胞,其大小不一,分布不規(guī)則,符合巨細(xì)胞性修復(fù)性肉芽腫Fig. 1 A 13-year-old female patient. A—B: Noncontrast CT scan showed the left temporal occupying a ball shape, Adjacent to the temporal bone, sphenoid bone and mastoid bone, swelling, absorption and destruction. The left temporal lesions showed equal density, the patchy low density areas, Seen around the ring and small pieces of high density; C—D: MRI scan, the left temporal lesions showed slightly irregular shape, slightly long T1 and short T2 signal,visible and small pieces of short T1 and longer T2 signal. The edge of linear circular low signal intensity and slice edema signal, the surrounding brain tissue,left lateral temporal angle and brain stem were compressed, and the midline structures were slightly right skewed; E—F: The tumor was heterogeneous enhancement after administered intravenously contrast; G—H: In the left temporal region of skull base, More hyperplastic collagen fibers were seen under the microscope, multinucleated giant cells can be seen in it, they vary in size and irregularly distributed, comply with giant cell reparative granuloma.
本例患者CT病灶巨大呈不規(guī)則狀等密度影,位于側(cè)顱底,鄰近顳骨、蝶骨、乳突多骨呈膨脹性骨質(zhì)破壞,可見碎片骨。MRI為稍長T1、短T2信號(hào),病灶內(nèi)可見小片狀短T1、稍長T2信號(hào)且在CT上呈低信號(hào),故考慮為囊性改變,病灶內(nèi)低信號(hào)考慮為含鐵血黃素的沉積所致,增強(qiáng)后明顯不均勻強(qiáng)化。本例病例特殊性在于病灶巨大向上突破側(cè)顱底至顱中凹平面,相鄰顳葉腦組織受壓、水腫,屬腦外病變且有局部侵襲性,與惡性腦膜瘤、骨巨細(xì)胞瘤鑒別困難。惡性腦膜瘤有腦膜尾征,增強(qiáng)后不均勻強(qiáng)化,鄰近顱骨可破壞形成軟組織樣腫塊[7]。顱底骨巨細(xì)胞瘤為極少見的惡性腫瘤,可有溶骨性和膨脹性骨質(zhì)破壞并存,部分病變可見骨質(zhì)硬化[8]。巨細(xì)胞瘤與巨細(xì)胞修復(fù)性肉芽腫二者存在組織學(xué)上的重疊性,影像學(xué)上亦鑒別困難,MRI平掃與GCRG鑒別無特異性,由于骨細(xì)胞成分相對(duì)較多,強(qiáng)化程度不及GCRG明顯。故應(yīng)結(jié)合發(fā)病年齡、臨床及影像表現(xiàn)、組織學(xué)、治療預(yù)后等方面來鑒別。通常巨細(xì)胞瘤發(fā)生于中年,20歲以前少見,而巨細(xì)胞修復(fù)性肉芽腫青少年女性多見,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率低,現(xiàn)仍無惡變、轉(zhuǎn)移的報(bào)道;巨細(xì)胞瘤易復(fù)發(fā),并有惡變、轉(zhuǎn)移的特點(diǎn)[8-9]。
結(jié)合患者臨床癥狀,CT上病灶鄰近骨質(zhì)范圍有廣泛的邊界清晰的膨脹性吸收破壞,可見小碎片骨;MRI示呈長T1、混雜短T2信號(hào),增強(qiáng)后明顯不均勻強(qiáng)化,術(shù)后無惡變及轉(zhuǎn)移,應(yīng)考慮診斷GCRG。
參考文獻(xiàn) [References]
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