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腸促胰素類藥物治療非酒精性脂肪性肝病研究進(jìn)展

2018-05-08 08:56龐寶瑩匡洪宇
關(guān)鍵詞:艾塞那列汀利拉魯

龐寶瑩 匡洪宇

[摘要] 非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)是世界范圍內(nèi)最普遍的慢性肝病,2型糖尿病與之密切相關(guān)。目前,生活方式干預(yù)是治療NAFLD的主要方法。腸促胰素類藥物包括胰高血糖素樣多肽-1受體激動(dòng)劑和二肽基肽酶-4抑制劑,這是兩種使用最廣泛的新型降糖藥物。大量的臨床試驗(yàn)研究評(píng)估了腸促胰素類藥物對(duì)肝臟脂肪含量的影響,腸促胰素類藥物可能是NAFLD治療的新選擇。本文對(duì)近年腸促胰素類藥物治療NAFLD的相關(guān)臨床試驗(yàn)研究作一綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 非酒精性脂肪性肝?。荒c促胰素;胰高血糖素樣多肽-1;二肽基肽酶-4;肝臟脂肪含量

[中圖分類號(hào)] R575 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)02(c)-0028-04

[Abstract] Type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. Currently, the only validated treatment for NAFLD is lifestyle intervention. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, collectively termed incretin-based therapies, represent two of the most widely used classes of novel antidiabetic drugs. A number of studies of human trials have evaluated the effects of incretins on liver fat content and suggest that the treatment could represent a new alternative for NAFLD management. In this paper, the main clinical studies regarding the effects of incretins on NAFLD are reviewed.

[Key words] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Incretins; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Dipeptidy peptidase-4; Liver fat content

非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪onalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是指除過(guò)量飲酒及其他明確的肝損害因素外,所導(dǎo)致的肝臟細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂肪沉積。其疾病譜包括非酒精性單純脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver,NAFL)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)及其相關(guān)肝硬化和肝細(xì)胞癌。世界范圍內(nèi)NAFLD發(fā)病率約25%,在我國(guó)約為15%[1]。部分嚴(yán)重的NAFLD可發(fā)展為肝硬化或者肝癌[2]。在2型糖尿?。═2DM)患者中,約2/3患有NAFLD[3]。T2DM和NAFLD二者互為加重因素,惡性循環(huán),對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生重大威脅。因此,NAFLD也成為T2DM防治的新靶點(diǎn)。然而,目前尚無(wú)能夠治療NAFLD的特效藥物,所以,針對(duì)NAFLD的特效藥物成為人類的迫切需求。腸促胰素類藥物是近些年治療T2DM的新藥,包括胰高血糖素樣多肽-1受體激動(dòng)劑(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist,GLP-1RA)和二肽基肽酶-4(dipeptidy peptidase-4,DPP-4)抑制劑,最近諸多臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)均證實(shí)此類藥物對(duì)于NAFLD具有良好的療效,是一類最有希望治療NAFLD的新藥物。因此,本文將結(jié)合近年相關(guān)臨床試驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)行綜述。

1 腸促胰素類藥物簡(jiǎn)介

GLP-1是腸道L細(xì)胞在進(jìn)食后反射性分泌的一種腸促胰素,GLP-1不僅能夠增強(qiáng)葡萄糖濃度依賴的胰腺β-細(xì)胞釋放胰島素,同時(shí)也能夠抑制胰高血糖素分泌和減慢胃排空。DPP-4是一種高特異性絲氨酸蛋白酶,它能夠迅速滅活GLP-1和糖依賴性胰島素釋放肽(GIP)等多種激素。DPP-4抑制劑能夠延長(zhǎng)內(nèi)源性GLP-1和GIP的作用時(shí)間,提高其活性,從而促進(jìn)胰島素分泌,降低血糖[4]。

2 GLP-1RA對(duì)NAFLD的影響

GLP-1RA種類包括利拉魯肽、艾塞那肽、艾塞那肽緩釋劑、利西拉來(lái)、阿必魯肽和度拉魯肽等。利拉魯肽是一種人GLP-1長(zhǎng)效類似物,與天然GLP-1相比有97%同源性。生活方式干預(yù)作為目前唯一被多部指南認(rèn)可的NAFLD治療方法,有研究證實(shí)利拉魯肽與結(jié)構(gòu)化生活對(duì)于改善NAFLD一樣有效[5],該試驗(yàn)將24例超重并經(jīng)核磁(MRI)診斷的NAFLD患者隨機(jī)分為兩組,分別接受利拉魯肽3.0 mg/d(n=12)或嚴(yán)格的運(yùn)動(dòng)飲食(n=12)治療26周;治療終點(diǎn)和基線相比,兩組患者體重及肝臟脂肪含量(liver fat content,LFC)均顯著減低。一項(xiàng)多中心、雙盲、隨機(jī)、安慰劑對(duì)照的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)(LEAN研究)[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),利拉魯肽可用于治療NASH并可延緩肝纖維化惡化。研究人員將55例超重并活檢證實(shí)的NASH患者隨機(jī)分為兩組,分別接受利拉魯肽1.8 mg/d(n=23)或安慰劑(n=22)治療,48周治療結(jié)束后再次活檢;和基線相比,利拉魯肽組NASH改善明顯高于安慰劑組(39% vs. 9%),且接受利拉魯肽治療的患者伴隨著空腹血糖水平降低和顯著肝纖維化惡化的減少;分析試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,利拉魯肽組中NASH改善和未改善的患者間體重和血糖的控制沒(méi)有差別,所以,利拉魯肽可能對(duì)NASH具有直接治療作用。在一項(xiàng)法國(guó)關(guān)于NAFLD的研究中(Lira-NAFLD研究)[7],68例血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,利拉魯肽1.2 mg/d治療6個(gè)月,終點(diǎn)和基線相比,體重(95.9 kg vs. 99.5 kg)、HbA1c(7.3% vs. 9.8%)及使用質(zhì)子磁共振波譜定量(1H MRS)測(cè)得的LFC值(11.9% vs. 17.3%)均明顯改善;研究者認(rèn)為,LFC的減少主要是由體重下降所介導(dǎo)的。日本的LEAN-J研究[8]及另一項(xiàng)日本回顧性分析[9]均證實(shí),利拉魯肽治療能夠改善NAFLD患者肝酶、血糖、體重指數(shù)等指標(biāo)。但并不是所有利拉魯肽治療NAFLD的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果均為陽(yáng)性,Tang等[10]和Smits等[11]均觀察到,T2DM患者在為期12周利拉魯肽1.8 mg/d的治療后,經(jīng)1H MRS分析評(píng)估,受試者LFC并沒(méi)有明顯減少,不論體重有無(wú)改善。這可能與研究時(shí)間過(guò)短有關(guān)。

艾塞那肽是從蜥蜴唾液中分離出的GLP-1類似物,包含39個(gè)氨基酸,約53%的同源于GLP-1[12]。Kenny等[13]觀察8例經(jīng)活檢證實(shí)的伴有NAFLD的T2DM患者,經(jīng)艾塞那肽治療28周后再次肝活檢發(fā)現(xiàn),3例肝臟組織學(xué)改善,2例肝臟炎癥減輕,4例肝臟纖維化改善。多個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)1H MRS測(cè)量證實(shí),艾塞那肽能夠改善肥胖的T2DM患者肝臟脂肪含量。Dutour等[14]將44例口服降糖藥物血糖控制欠佳、體重指數(shù)≥30 kg/m2的T2DM患者隨機(jī)分為兩組,一組接受艾塞那肽10 μg一日兩次治療;另一組為對(duì)照組。26周后艾塞那肽治療組LCF顯著降低(1H MRS評(píng)估),他們認(rèn)為這可能與艾塞那肽組受試者體重平行下降5.1 kg有關(guān)。Cuthbertson等[15]有同樣的發(fā)現(xiàn),他們觀察19例使用艾塞那肽治療患者和6例使用利拉魯肽治療患者6個(gè)月,治療后患者LCF較基線顯著減少45%(1H MRS評(píng)估),體重平均減輕5 kg。Sathyanarayana等[16]對(duì)肥胖的T2DM患者觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),為期12個(gè)月的治療后,艾塞那肽聯(lián)合吡格列酮治療組(n=11)較吡格列酮單藥治療組(n=10)LFC相對(duì)減少了20%(1H MRS評(píng)估)。

度拉魯肽作為GLP-1RA周制劑,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[17],對(duì)經(jīng)活檢證實(shí)的NAFLD患者,度拉魯肽治療12周治療后觀察到ALT、體脂和糖化血紅蛋白顯著減少;經(jīng)FibroScan測(cè)量,肝硬度也減輕。一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)回顧發(fā)現(xiàn),利西拉來(lái)可對(duì)肥胖或超重的T2DM患者血清ALT水平升高產(chǎn)生有利影響[18]。

3 DPP-4抑制劑對(duì)NAFLD的影響

DPP-4抑制劑包括:西格列汀、維格列汀、沙格列汀、阿格列汀、利格列汀、吉格列汀、替格列汀、阿拉格列汀和琥珀酸曲格列汀等。有關(guān)DPP-4抑制劑治療NAFLD的諸多臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果并不一致。Iwasaki等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)30例伴有NAFLD的T2DM患者行西格列汀(50 mg/d)治療4個(gè)月后,可降低患者血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平。然而兩項(xiàng)日本研究[20-21]與其結(jié)果相反,他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果均觀察到對(duì)伴有NAFLD的T2DM患者行西格列?。?0 mg/d)治療1年后,血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平無(wú)顯著變化。最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于阿格列汀的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[22],經(jīng)超聲診斷患有NAFLD的T2DM患者,阿格列汀25 mg/d治療12個(gè)月后,NAFIC評(píng)分降低,脂肪肝緩解。另一項(xiàng)對(duì)于伴有NAFLD的T2DM患者研究[23],同安慰劑組相比,6個(gè)月維格列汀100 mg/d的治療后與基線比較,維格列汀可降低血清ALT水平及肝臟三酰甘油含量,并獨(dú)立于體重減輕。但Cui等[24]研究結(jié)果與之相反,西格列汀100 mg/d治療6個(gè)月后,與安慰劑相比,雖然西格列汀被證明是安全的,但經(jīng)過(guò)非侵入性磁共振成像技術(shù)(MRI、MRS)及FibroScan等評(píng)估,未能顯示出在肝功能或肝臟脂肪變性等方面具有利影響?;顧z作為檢測(cè)NAFLD的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Yilmaz等[25]對(duì)比15例患者基線及西格列汀100 mg/d治療1年后的肝活檢結(jié)果顯示,治療后肝細(xì)胞氣球變顯著改善,但肝臟炎癥和纖維化無(wú)明顯改善。以上這些研究由于患者數(shù)量少具有局限性,所以對(duì)于伴有NAFLD/NASH的T2DM患者,DPP-4抑制劑的療效,尚待前瞻性、多中心、與安慰劑或吡格列酮比較的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究來(lái)證實(shí)。

4 小結(jié)

大量的臨床試驗(yàn)證據(jù)表明,腸促胰素類藥物很有可能成為一種NAFLD新的治療方法,其中GLP-1RA更有潛力。GLP-1RA的多效性取決于GLP-1R的廣泛表達(dá),人體內(nèi)GLP-1R廣泛分布,肝臟亦有,且NAFLD患者與健康人群相比肝臟DPP-4水平明顯增高[26]。GLP-1RA及DPP-4抑制劑對(duì)控制血糖、體重、胰島素抵抗、血脂代謝和炎癥均有著積極的作用,對(duì)減肥和脂質(zhì)代謝的影響可能是GLP-1RA治療后減少LFC的兩個(gè)主要機(jī)理。有理由相信這類藥物對(duì)于治療NAFLD會(huì)有良好療效。未來(lái),仍需大量的基礎(chǔ)及臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)其進(jìn)行證實(shí),而且也需要新的研究來(lái)確定是否腸促胰素類藥物對(duì)伴或不伴有糖尿病的NAFLD同樣有效。

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(收稿日期:2017-11-15 本文編輯:李岳澤)

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