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心率變異性在妊娠期疾病中的應(yīng)用研究進展

2018-05-08 08:56朱美琳鄭文慧程莉莉董有靜
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報 2018年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:交感母體頻域

朱美琳 鄭文慧 程莉莉 董有靜

[摘要] 妊娠期母體特殊的生理及心理變化會導(dǎo)致某些疾病的發(fā)生,如妊娠期高血壓,妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征等。妊娠期疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展與妊娠期母體自主神經(jīng)功能的變化密切相關(guān),如先兆子癇產(chǎn)婦的極低頻功率與低頻功率(LF)顯著升高;妊娠期糖尿病產(chǎn)婦夜間的高頻功率(HF)下降明顯;妊娠期睡眠呼吸綜合征患者LF/HF升高;先天性心臟病產(chǎn)婦的24 h連續(xù)正常RR間期的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、HF和LF明顯降低;心律失常產(chǎn)婦的心率變異性變化存在爭議。心率變異性可通過安全無創(chuàng)手段監(jiān)測自主神經(jīng)的變化,對評價及預(yù)測妊娠期母體系統(tǒng)病變有重要的臨床價值。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 心率變異性;頻域分析;時域分析;妊娠期高血壓疾病;妊娠期糖尿??;妊娠期睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征

[中圖分類號] R714.2 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)02(c)-0031-04

Research progress in application of heart rate variability in pregnancy disease

ZHU Meilin ZHENG Wenhui CHENG Lili DONG Youjing

Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110000, China

[Abstract] Particular physical and psychological changes in the maternal body during pregnancy can lead to the occurrence of certain diseases, such as gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, gestational sleep apnea syndrome, etc. The development of pregnancy disease is closely related to the change of maternal autonomic nervous function during pregnancy, for example, the very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF) of pregnant women with preeclampsia increased significantly. The high frequency (HF) of pregnant women with gestational diabetes decreased significantly at night. The LF/HF of pregnant women with sleep apnea syndrome increased. The 24 hours standard deviation of NN intervals, HF and LF of the patients with congenital heart disease were significantly decreased, and the Heart rate variability (HRV) variation of the mothers with arrhythmia was controversial. HRV connected by safe noninvasive means can monitor the change of autonomic nerve and it has important clinical value in the evaluation and prediction of pregnancy maternal system disease.

[Key words] Heart rate variability; Frequency domain analysis; Time domain analysis; Gestational hypertension; Gestational diabetes; Gestational sleep apnea syndrome

心率變異性(heart rate variability,HRV)是指心電圖中的RR間期變異性,反映心率連續(xù)波動的瞬時變化。由于其產(chǎn)生于自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對心臟竇房結(jié)的調(diào)節(jié)作用,故可以作為反映心臟自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)平衡的指標(biāo),并為評估交感和副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的狀況及二者的相互作用提供參考。HRV監(jiān)測手段安全無創(chuàng),在反映心臟自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和外周壓力感受器調(diào)節(jié)的靈敏度方面要高于血壓、心率等指標(biāo)[1-2]。因此,HRV不僅在評價及預(yù)測妊娠期母體自主神經(jīng)功能狀態(tài)上得到廣泛應(yīng)用,而且在評價相關(guān)妊娠期疾病的臨床作用方面也日益受到人們的關(guān)注。

1 HRV的分析方法

HRV分析方法主要包括:頻域分析、時域分析、頻譜分析、幾何分析和非線性分析。另外,壓力反射敏感性和心率紊亂度也可以作為HRV的分析方法。頻域分析和時域分析在臨床上的應(yīng)用較為廣泛。

1.1 頻域分析

頻域分析多用做短程研究,其指標(biāo)包括:①反映交感和迷走神經(jīng)的雙重活性的低頻功率(LF);②反映迷走神經(jīng)功能狀態(tài)的高頻功率(HF);③反映心臟交感和迷走神經(jīng)張力平衡狀況的LF/HF;④反映自主神經(jīng)受血管舒縮張力影響的極低頻功率(VLF);⑤反映自主神經(jīng)的總功率。

1.2 時域分析

通過分析一段時期內(nèi)相鄰RR間期的變異性,利用各種統(tǒng)計方法得出一系列時域統(tǒng)計指標(biāo)進行時域分析。指標(biāo)包括:①24 h連續(xù)正常RR間期的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDNN);②24 h內(nèi)連續(xù)5 min平均R-R間期的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;③相鄰 RR 間期相差>50 ms的個數(shù)(NN50);④NN50計數(shù)占總RR間期數(shù)的百分比;⑤全程相鄰RR間期之差的均方根(rMSSD)。

2 妊娠期母體HRV變化

大量研究表明,妊娠期母體在自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的變化比較顯著,已經(jīng)證實正常產(chǎn)婦妊娠期與非妊娠時期相比,HRV出現(xiàn)明顯抑制。Carpenter等[3]認(rèn)為,從孕早期開始,母體的自主神經(jīng)功能就開始出現(xiàn)變化。他們的實驗通過檢測QT間期變異率以及HRV,發(fā)現(xiàn)從孕早期開始母體就呈現(xiàn)出交感神經(jīng)張力增加而迷走神經(jīng)張力下降的趨勢,即LF/HF升高的趨勢。同樣,也有研究證實,妊娠期LF/HF的升高主要發(fā)生在妊娠前6個月[4]。然而,也有一些研究者得到不同的結(jié)論,在整個孕期反應(yīng)交感與迷走平衡的指標(biāo)LF/HF沒有顯著變化,孕晚期產(chǎn)婦會發(fā)生較明顯HRV削減,這可能與孕晚期巨大的子宮對下腔靜脈的壓迫有關(guān)[5]。

3 妊娠合并系統(tǒng)疾病與HRV

3.1 妊娠合并高血壓疾病與HRV

妊娠合并高血壓疾病是造成圍生期母胎死亡的重要因素,在全球范圍內(nèi),妊高癥的發(fā)病率已經(jīng)高達5%~10%[6],其發(fā)病機制尚未完全明確。有研究者稱,在妊娠期交感神經(jīng)占據(jù)明顯優(yōu)勢,而在妊娠期高血壓疾病的患者中這種優(yōu)勢更加明顯[7-8]。有日本學(xué)者認(rèn)為,亞洲人群中妊娠期高血壓疾病的發(fā)生率低于白種人,原因在于白種人自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中交感優(yōu)勢更明顯[9]。Hossen[10]利用了頻域分析方法成功地區(qū)分了先兆子癇產(chǎn)婦與健康產(chǎn)婦,先兆子癇產(chǎn)婦VLF與LF顯著升高。Lakhno等[11-12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與健康產(chǎn)婦相比,先兆子癇的產(chǎn)婦SDNN和PNN 50明顯降低,表明先兆子癇產(chǎn)婦自主神經(jīng)功能存在不同程度損傷,提示合理的HRV監(jiān)測可以幫助實現(xiàn)妊娠期高血壓疾病的早發(fā)現(xiàn)早治療。

3.2 妊娠期糖尿病與HRV

妊娠期糖尿?。╣estational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是2型糖尿病的重要危險因素,目前已經(jīng)證實2型糖尿病患者的自主神經(jīng)功能存在不同程度損傷,且其LF/HF較健康人群升高。國外研究對比了GDM產(chǎn)婦與健康產(chǎn)婦夜間的HRV,結(jié)果顯示,GDM產(chǎn)婦HF較健康產(chǎn)婦明顯下降,而LF/HF變化卻并不明顯[13],提示GDM患者并非呈現(xiàn)出交感優(yōu)勢的狀態(tài),可能與GDM患者與2型糖尿病患者的自主神經(jīng)受損程度不同有關(guān)[14-15]。上述研究同時發(fā)現(xiàn),血清中兒茶酚胺的濃度與VLF 、LF及HF成分呈負(fù)相關(guān)。也有研究指出,妊娠期血糖的升高并未使產(chǎn)婦的HRV出現(xiàn)明顯變化,反而使胎兒的SDNN、LF和HF出現(xiàn)一過性下降[16]。盡管如此,仍有學(xué)者提出HRV的減少可以成為更好的GDM預(yù)測指標(biāo),可見監(jiān)測圍生期HRV的變化可用于GDM的預(yù)測以及臨床干預(yù)[17]。

3.3 妊娠期睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征與HRV

受妊娠期肥胖以及高齡妊娠的影響,妊娠期睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(obstructive sleep apnoea,OSA)的發(fā)生率逐漸升高。一項涵蓋了105名孕婦的隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在孕早期與孕晚期OSA的發(fā)生率分別為10.5%和26.7%[18]。妊娠期OSA可導(dǎo)致包括巨大兒、先兆子癇及宮內(nèi)遲緩發(fā)育等一系列母嬰不良反應(yīng)。研究表明,妊娠期OSA造成的慢性間歇性缺氧會形成機體內(nèi)的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),使交感神經(jīng)的張力升高、壓力感受器敏感性下降,使產(chǎn)婦LF/HF升高[18-19]。在重度OSA人群中,清醒期的LF/HF與血氧飽和度呈負(fù)相關(guān)[19]。而國外學(xué)者的研究通過更詳盡的睡眠研究表明了妊娠期OSA的患者在清醒期LF/HF升高,而在快動眼睡眠期則呈現(xiàn)HRV下降的趨勢,這可能與OSA患者睡眠期自主神經(jīng)功能下降造成的LF下降有關(guān)[20]。由此也可以解釋年齡作為OSA的重要影響因素的作用機制,與年輕患者相比,高齡患者OSA的發(fā)生率較高,自主神經(jīng)功能下降,睡眠期HRV能量下降,從HRV的角度闡釋了高齡妊娠的一定風(fēng)險。

3.4 先天性心臟病合并妊娠與HRV

正常產(chǎn)婦妊娠期心率有增快趨勢,而在大多妊娠合并先天性心臟病的產(chǎn)婦中,由于內(nèi)源性傳導(dǎo)障礙、血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定以及長期服用藥物等因素,使得心率增快、心律失常的發(fā)生更加普遍[21]。有報道稱,合并先天性心臟病的產(chǎn)婦較正常產(chǎn)婦SDNN、HF與LF明顯減低[22],提示自主神經(jīng)功能的損害可能是先天性心臟病產(chǎn)婦妊娠期心血管意外發(fā)生的重要始動因子。在妊娠合并先天性心臟病的患者中,HRV的實時監(jiān)測可以提供較為準(zhǔn)確的心臟自主神經(jīng)功能的評價,進而為臨床指導(dǎo)用藥、評估病情進展以及為確定終止妊娠的時機提供證據(jù)[23]。

3.5 心律失常與HRV

妊娠期間新發(fā)心律失常風(fēng)險較高,可能與孕期自主神經(jīng)功能及血流動力學(xué)穩(wěn)態(tài)的改變有關(guān)。圍術(shù)期心律失常發(fā)生率更高,一項針對254名進行剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的健康產(chǎn)婦的研究表明,約13%的產(chǎn)婦可發(fā)生圍術(shù)期心律失常[24]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為HRV的改變是引起妊娠期惡性心律失常及猝死的主要因素[25]。進入孕晚期,自主神經(jīng)對竇房結(jié)的調(diào)控功能減弱,QT間期縮短,心率加快,對應(yīng)HRV能量降低,進而增加圍生期心律失常的風(fēng)險。也有研究者得出的結(jié)論認(rèn)為LF/HF的升高是圍生期快速型心律失常的重要危險因素[26]。最終結(jié)論有待進一步的實驗證實。

3.6 其他妊娠期不良事件與HRV

在一項針對習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn)的人群自主神經(jīng)功能的研究中,LF/HF的升高提示母體交感迷走調(diào)節(jié)紊亂與不良妊娠有著緊密聯(lián)系。也有人研究產(chǎn)婦緊張程度與HRV的關(guān)系,妊娠期間適當(dāng)?shù)男睦砀深A(yù)可以穩(wěn)定自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),降低心血管意外的發(fā)生率,增加自然生產(chǎn)的概率[27]。除此之外,高風(fēng)險妊娠胎兒的HRV分析可以很好地反映胎兒自主神經(jīng)的發(fā)育狀況[28-29],但母體HRV與胎兒HRV的相互聯(lián)系還有待大量實驗佐證。

4 展望

綜上所述,HRV作為一種新型監(jiān)測自主神經(jīng)功能的無創(chuàng)技術(shù),在妊娠期特殊的生理狀態(tài)中有著日益廣泛的應(yīng)用。期待HRV監(jiān)測技術(shù)的完善與普及,為臨床工作者判斷自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能與疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和預(yù)后帶來更大的幫助。

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(收稿日期:2017-10-29 本文編輯:王 娟)

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