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綜述籃球鞋對(duì)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的生物力學(xué)影響

2018-05-14 17:20宋羽曲峰蔣量
當(dāng)代體育科技 2018年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:生物力學(xué)籃球鞋損傷

宋羽 曲峰 蔣量

摘 要:籃球一直以往作為世界三大球類運(yùn)動(dòng)之一受到廣泛關(guān)注,其激烈的身體對(duì)抗和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的跑動(dòng)、跳躍等運(yùn)動(dòng)特點(diǎn)也導(dǎo)致籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷率居高不下。作為籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)中必不可少的核心運(yùn)動(dòng)裝備—籃球鞋,在發(fā)揮運(yùn)動(dòng)員運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)和預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷方面的作用不可小覷。通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于籃球鞋對(duì)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)生物力學(xué)影響的研究進(jìn)行綜述,發(fā)現(xiàn)大量研究集中在籃球鞋的底部結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的生物力學(xué)作用,且以大底、中底的硬度、屈曲剛度等較為多見(jiàn);研究普遍認(rèn)為地面反作用力、側(cè)切變向動(dòng)作等是造成運(yùn)動(dòng)員踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的主要原因。未來(lái)建議應(yīng)細(xì)化足的結(jié)構(gòu),更為具體深入的分析其對(duì)踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷等的意義,增加籃球鞋后跟杯結(jié)構(gòu)的相關(guān)研究。

關(guān)鍵詞:籃球鞋 損傷 踝關(guān)節(jié) 生物力學(xué) 運(yùn)動(dòng)裝備

中圖分類號(hào):G80 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-2813(2018)03(a)-0016-05

Abstract:Basketball has always been widely regarded as one of the three major ball games in the world. Its intense physical confrontation and prolonged running and jumping characteristics have also lead to high rate of basketball injury. As a necessary core sport equipment in basketball, basketball shoes play an important role in playing athletes' performance and preventing sports injuries. This paper reviews on the influence of basketball shoes on the basketball sports biomechanics research at home and abroad, found that a large number of studies focus on the biomechanical effects of the bottom structure of basketball shoes on sports injury. The hardness and flexural stiffness and so on more common; it is widely believed that the ground reaction force, cut action is the main causes of ankle injury in athletes.

Key Words:basketball;shoes;Injury;Ankle;Biomechanicas;Sport;Equipment

籃球與足球、排球一起被稱為是世界三大球類運(yùn)動(dòng),身體對(duì)抗十分激烈,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)享有廣泛的群眾基礎(chǔ)。其項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)決定了運(yùn)動(dòng)員需要在有限的時(shí)間和空間內(nèi)做大量的跑動(dòng)和各種步法組合的跳躍動(dòng)作。由于其項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn),對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的爆發(fā)力和在激烈身體對(duì)抗下完成各種動(dòng)作的能力要求很高。隨著籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的日益發(fā)展,其直接性身體對(duì)抗和技戰(zhàn)術(shù)的應(yīng)用,運(yùn)動(dòng)的突發(fā)性、復(fù)雜性以及持久性都在不斷提高。這就使得運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽中不僅需要有良好的投球技術(shù)、穩(wěn)定的核心控制力量,還必須要具備快速靈活的移動(dòng)步法。一方面,作為籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)之一,步法的運(yùn)動(dòng)主要依賴于下肢各環(huán)節(jié)間的運(yùn)動(dòng)以及下肢整體與外周環(huán)境間的運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。長(zhǎng)此以往這些運(yùn)動(dòng)特性使得籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢很容易發(fā)生損傷。另一方面,籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)頻繁地起跳、投球,騰空落地時(shí)亦很容易發(fā)生損傷。尤其是當(dāng)騰空后落地時(shí)在場(chǎng)地的限制下,由于卡位等的戰(zhàn)術(shù)需要而踩在其他球員的腳上,重心發(fā)生偏移,經(jīng)常會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷。

1 籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷概述

Sonzogni等[1]研究顯示籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷率為30‰,但損傷概率在不同性別和比賽水平上存在差異,一般表現(xiàn)為女性損傷率大于男性,比賽水平越高損傷率越大。Garrick等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn),籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷發(fā)生部位以上肢的肩、肘、腕關(guān)節(jié)和手指,及下肢的膝關(guān)節(jié)和踝關(guān)節(jié)為主,而其中踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷最為常見(jiàn)。大量研究認(rèn)為,最普遍的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷為踝關(guān)節(jié)的扭傷[3,4],約占到全部損傷的80%。Yde等[5]通過(guò)對(duì)籃球隊(duì)俱樂(lè)部進(jìn)行了一個(gè)賽季的追蹤調(diào)查,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):在每一千小時(shí)的訓(xùn)練量中有3次的全身性損傷率,其中踝關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷就占一次。House等[6]表示,運(yùn)動(dòng)水平越高的球隊(duì),運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)生踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的幾率越大。在對(duì)不同位置間的運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷進(jìn)行調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),前鋒、中鋒、控球后衛(wèi)之間的踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷不存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[7]。

籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)中頻繁的變向側(cè)切、急停、落地和急轉(zhuǎn)等動(dòng)作都是造成踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷概率增加的原因[8-10]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,造成踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的主要原因是由于運(yùn)動(dòng)員在完成這些動(dòng)作時(shí),踝關(guān)節(jié)處內(nèi)翻突然加大,而保護(hù)踝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的相關(guān)肌肉群和韌帶則反應(yīng)時(shí)過(guò)慢,從而引起踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷。也就是說(shuō)比賽時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)員跳起落地的足部呈內(nèi)翻位,如果此時(shí)落地不穩(wěn)就會(huì)造成踝關(guān)節(jié)的迅速內(nèi)翻,很有可能出現(xiàn)踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷的情況[11]。Konradsenl等[12]對(duì)踝關(guān)節(jié)突然翻轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中肌肉對(duì)其的保護(hù)作用做了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)受試者在覺(jué)察到踝關(guān)節(jié)翻轉(zhuǎn)54ms后腓骨部位出現(xiàn)肌電活動(dòng)。而當(dāng)踝關(guān)節(jié)本身處于內(nèi)翻時(shí)潛伏期變小,處于外翻時(shí)潛伏期變長(zhǎng)。在踝關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)生突然內(nèi)翻的176ms后出現(xiàn)主動(dòng)對(duì)抗內(nèi)翻的跡象。在著地時(shí)腳跟很容易發(fā)生內(nèi)翻的情況,此時(shí)周?chē)募∪饪偸菚?huì)反應(yīng)太慢,因此并不能保護(hù)踝關(guān)節(jié)。另外在急?;蜃兿騻?cè)切時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)員經(jīng)常會(huì)選擇以足外側(cè)先接觸地面,此時(shí)單側(cè)足很難承受由整個(gè)身體慣性所產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)大沖擊力,從而導(dǎo)致踝關(guān)節(jié)韌帶和肌肉乃至骨骼的損傷。

運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷帶給運(yùn)動(dòng)員的不只是極大的生理?yè)p傷,還有強(qiáng)烈的心理創(chuàng)傷,它們使運(yùn)動(dòng)員在賽場(chǎng)上的發(fā)揮受到了更多的局限,影響運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)壽命。據(jù)推測(cè),平均一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員因?yàn)閭《鴧s賽的時(shí)間達(dá)到7.6%[13]。因此,深入探討籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的科學(xué)預(yù)防手段十分重要。而運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋作為運(yùn)動(dòng)員和運(yùn)動(dòng)表面直接的接觸介質(zhì),在很大程度上影響著運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢的運(yùn)動(dòng)技術(shù)特征。從研究現(xiàn)狀和未來(lái)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)出發(fā),討論籃球鞋對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢運(yùn)動(dòng)的生物力學(xué)影響具有重要意義。

2 籃球鞋對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的影響

2.1 籃球鞋市場(chǎng)概述

中國(guó)是現(xiàn)今世界上最大的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋生產(chǎn)和制造基地,國(guó)內(nèi)知名品牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋在近些年適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)細(xì)分后也逐漸建立起了自己的研究機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)支撐品牌的專業(yè)化發(fā)展,并且以更多的款式來(lái)獲得消費(fèi)者的青睞以占據(jù)更大的市場(chǎng)。市場(chǎng)上幾乎所有的生產(chǎn)廠家都在宣傳自己產(chǎn)品在體育科技、運(yùn)動(dòng)性能上的優(yōu)越性,來(lái)提高產(chǎn)品的核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和附加值,從而帶動(dòng)消費(fèi)者對(duì)產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值認(rèn)知。例如:安踏籃球鞋主要在“彈力膠”“耐磨橡膠”“氣墊科技”“抗菌防臭”這4個(gè)方面的科技上又強(qiáng)調(diào)了五驅(qū)掌控科技和后跟杯的TPU支撐緊鎖。而李寧籃球鞋則主要在宣傳明星效應(yīng)和款式設(shè)計(jì)感的基礎(chǔ)上推出LiNing-BOUNSE+作為中底材料增加回彈。盡管如此,國(guó)際知名品牌如NIKE、adidas等在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)中還是占據(jù)著較主要的份額。相比于國(guó)內(nèi)品牌,NIKE、adidas等在創(chuàng)新能力和產(chǎn)品技術(shù)含量上還是存在一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。所以,繼續(xù)完善國(guó)產(chǎn)籃球鞋設(shè)計(jì)、增加產(chǎn)品技術(shù)含量和創(chuàng)新成分是未來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)籃球鞋發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。

運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋的綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法包括機(jī)械測(cè)試、生物力學(xué)測(cè)試、特定運(yùn)動(dòng)模式表現(xiàn)以及主觀評(píng)價(jià)測(cè)試。李建設(shè)等[14]通過(guò)模擬裸足、能量回歸、緩震減震、后跟控制和回歸自然這5個(gè)方面入手,認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)必須符合人體運(yùn)動(dòng)的生物力學(xué)原理,即在穿著時(shí)要有良好的舒適性、功能上做到減震性、摩擦性、保持鞋底柔軟性和良好的穩(wěn)固性、從物理角度出發(fā)需要存在與地面隔離性、材質(zhì)上則要防水透氣性等[15]。將籃球鞋區(qū)別于跑鞋和一般運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋的部分主要是中底、后跟杯及鞋面的設(shè)計(jì),以上這些設(shè)計(jì)均能夠從不同角度加強(qiáng)籃球鞋的緩沖性能、側(cè)向穩(wěn)定性及摩擦性[16]。在評(píng)價(jià)一雙優(yōu)秀的籃球鞋所具備的條件時(shí),除了要求其符合美觀的需求,更應(yīng)具備生物力學(xué)功效,為足部提供適當(dāng)?shù)谋Wo(hù)與支撐作用,甚至進(jìn)一步的提高運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)[17-19]。只是市面上籃球鞋種類繁多不宜選擇,需要有可靠的參數(shù)和科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)方法來(lái)衡量運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋的功能特性。而借助生物力學(xué)的研究可以幫助人們深入理解籃球鞋各個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成及其對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的影響。

2.2 影響運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的相關(guān)因素

有研究表明,在籃球和排球等運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目當(dāng)中,落地動(dòng)作時(shí)人體下肢將承受大概是人體體重的3.5~7倍的較強(qiáng)沖擊力[20,21],尤其是在籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)中的三步上籃動(dòng)作,此時(shí)沖擊力甚至可以增加到體重的9倍以上[22]。前人的研究也一直認(rèn)為跑、跳等動(dòng)作在落地時(shí)所承受的巨大沖擊力是致使運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的主要原因,如此反復(fù)的大負(fù)荷可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致急性損傷(如扭傷、骨折、膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)紊亂)或諸如應(yīng)力性骨裂/骨折、髕骨勞損等過(guò)度使用性傷害。因此,在1970—1980年間,大量學(xué)者率先提出了運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋的應(yīng)具有“緩沖避震”效果,他們希望通過(guò)這種效果來(lái)降低運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中可能存在的較大沖擊負(fù)荷,從而達(dá)到預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的目的[23-25]。Nigg等[26]認(rèn)為,運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋中低硬度增加會(huì)減少跖趾關(guān)節(jié)處轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)能量的損失。Stacoff等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著中底厚度的增加,運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋的緩沖效果可以有效提升。Zhang等[28]在不同硬度中底籃球鞋和不同高度的垂直著地動(dòng)作的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),低硬度鞋的緩沖系數(shù)顯著好于中硬度鞋和高硬度鞋,并且不同下落高度下,鞋底硬度與緩沖性能的關(guān)系無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。

大量學(xué)者認(rèn)為側(cè)切變向是踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷的第二大原因,占籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的30%[3]。有學(xué)者探討了籃球鞋底與地面摩擦力之間可能存在的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示足夠的鞋底摩擦力可以使運(yùn)動(dòng)員在急停、變向等動(dòng)作中不發(fā)生側(cè)滑[29]。但是當(dāng)鞋底與地面間摩擦系數(shù)持續(xù)增大時(shí),相比于足部固定的不斷加強(qiáng),下肢也將承載吸收更大的作用力[30]。事實(shí)上,下肢骨骼與肌肉載荷能力是有限的,因此,過(guò)大和過(guò)小的摩擦力都會(huì)增加下肢損傷的概率[31]。所以對(duì)于側(cè)向穩(wěn)定性而言,籃球鞋鞋底的摩擦系數(shù)應(yīng)處于一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)姆秶?/p>

2.3 籃球?qū)W預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的作用

預(yù)防踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的方法通常是兩種:一是對(duì)踝關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定性訓(xùn)練;二是對(duì)踝關(guān)節(jié)的固定,理論上講這種辦法可以產(chǎn)生較好的力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,因此,籃球鞋鞋幫高度的研究較多。早期的研究認(rèn)為鞋幫高度與踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷沒(méi)有很強(qiáng)的關(guān)系[32-34],有些學(xué)者甚至認(rèn)為高幫籃球鞋可能會(huì)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的敏捷性和跳躍表現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面的影響[35,36],但近幾年有大量研究認(rèn)為,高幫鞋在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中可以有效地預(yù)防踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷[37-40]。劉卉等[41]對(duì)籃球鞋鞋幫高度和后跟杯硬度對(duì)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員側(cè)切變向時(shí)踝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的影響展開(kāi)探究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)較高的鞋幫高度和后跟杯硬度會(huì)減少踝關(guān)節(jié)初始的內(nèi)翻角度以及側(cè)切時(shí)到達(dá)地面反作用力第一峰值的時(shí)間。

查閱資料,關(guān)于籃球鞋設(shè)計(jì)的研究大部分集中在減震性能和防滑性能上,與踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷相關(guān)的原因和危險(xiǎn)因素的討論還不夠深入和徹底[13]。我們總是會(huì)將足視為一個(gè)整體來(lái)看起運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),可是事實(shí)上足的構(gòu)造復(fù)雜,并不是單純的一個(gè)剛體在運(yùn)動(dòng),要想更深入地分析運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)影響就應(yīng)該從不同的方面來(lái)探究[42]。比如:跳躍、蹬地啟動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)屈曲的跖趾關(guān)節(jié)和踝關(guān)節(jié)外翻時(shí)以距骨、跟骨足的后部為主導(dǎo)的距下關(guān)節(jié)。后足跟由跟骨和距骨共同構(gòu)成,在步態(tài)支撐期中距骨下關(guān)節(jié)會(huì)借由足跟內(nèi)外翻來(lái)吸收源自地面的反作用力為身體前進(jìn)的前進(jìn)提供推力,即足部需要有足夠的活動(dòng)度在著地時(shí)緩沖來(lái)自地面的反作用力(沖擊力),在足部離地時(shí)因?yàn)樾枰獮樯眢w前進(jìn)的提供推力,此時(shí)需要足部有足夠的穩(wěn)定性,對(duì)于上述關(guān)于足的作用都可以通過(guò)距骨下關(guān)節(jié)的內(nèi)外翻來(lái)控制足部的活動(dòng)與穩(wěn)定性實(shí)現(xiàn)[42]。

對(duì)于籃球鞋而言,穩(wěn)定后足的最大功能部位就是后跟杯(counter),它需要保證運(yùn)動(dòng)員在騰空移動(dòng)式后足的穩(wěn)定性。鞋幫和鞋后跟被認(rèn)為是能夠減少距下關(guān)節(jié)過(guò)度翻轉(zhuǎn),提高踝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)鍵部位[43]。其中,鞋后跟杯對(duì)踝關(guān)節(jié)過(guò)度翻轉(zhuǎn)的限制得到了肯定[43,44]。相比于對(duì)籃球鞋緩沖性能、鞋幫高度的大量討論,運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋后跟杯的相關(guān)討論較少。只有少量對(duì)后跟杯硬度的研究[45],而在結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)計(jì)等進(jìn)一步研究中都鮮少發(fā)現(xiàn)。

3 籃球鞋對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的影響

運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)被認(rèn)為是以時(shí)間,距離,做功為計(jì)量單位的體育活動(dòng)的結(jié)果[46]。可以通過(guò)增強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的力量、速度、敏捷、靈活性,平衡性等方面的素質(zhì)來(lái)提升運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn),其目的是為了預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的發(fā)生,增加肌肉比重[47]。運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋作用于運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)技術(shù)動(dòng)作的拉制,保持運(yùn)動(dòng)員的身體平衡等方面,而中底硬度的變化可以影響起跳以及加速跑,運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋的緩沖減震功能、能量回彈效果都會(huì)影響到運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)[48]。跳躍是籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)中的一項(xiàng)基本動(dòng)作,而運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)很多時(shí)候取決于基礎(chǔ)動(dòng)作完成的質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)劣。Feltner等[49]人對(duì)下蹲反跳的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)60%的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)增加取決于蹬離地面速度的增加。Voigt等[50]證實(shí)在較短觸地時(shí)間的單腿跳動(dòng)作中,機(jī)械功率和比目魚(yú)肌的激活程度在最適觸地時(shí)間情況下會(huì)增加。Horita等[51]通過(guò)進(jìn)一步對(duì)跳深動(dòng)作和下蹲反跳動(dòng)作表面肌電的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)預(yù)先編排激活順序的膝關(guān)節(jié)伸肌群聯(lián)合收縮是在跳深動(dòng)作中影響運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的主要因素。傅維杰[52]通過(guò)自制的翻板器,讓受試者在主動(dòng)著地和被動(dòng)著地兩種情況下進(jìn)行跳躍實(shí)驗(yàn)。研究結(jié)果表明,穿著籃球鞋在主動(dòng)落地時(shí)沒(méi)有改變沖擊力的真符合頻率,而在被動(dòng)著地時(shí)降低了沖擊力、載荷率和鞋跟加速度,并且穿著籃球鞋改變了主動(dòng)落地反跳過(guò)程中的踝關(guān)節(jié)部分運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)結(jié)果。

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

盡管前人已經(jīng)做了一些籃球鞋對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的影響的研究,但在踝關(guān)節(jié)的相關(guān)研究中,普遍是將足視為一個(gè)整體,且對(duì)鞋底結(jié)構(gòu)和鞋幫高度的研究較多,聚焦在籃球鞋后跟幫上的討論較少。因此,相比于其他部分,未來(lái)的研究可以從籃球鞋后跟杯對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的影響入手,細(xì)化足的結(jié)構(gòu),從而更全面的評(píng)價(jià)籃球鞋對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的影響

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