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二甲雙胍對(duì)初診2型糖尿病患者代謝指標(biāo)影響的研究進(jìn)展

2018-05-24 10:12鹿繼璇詹曉蓉
關(guān)鍵詞:降糖葡萄糖血脂

鹿繼璇 詹曉蓉

[摘要] 二甲雙胍降糖已有將近60年的歷史,多個(gè)糖尿病研究學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)為二甲雙胍能夠作為臨床上2型糖尿病治療的一線用藥。因此,在給予生活方式管理的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)用二甲雙胍單藥治療是多數(shù)初診2型糖尿病患者治療的首選方案。近年來(lái),二甲雙胍除降糖以外的其他作用越來(lái)越被重視,已有很多研究證明二甲雙胍對(duì)血壓、血脂代謝及體重等指標(biāo)也存在調(diào)控作用。本文在給予規(guī)范的生活方式(飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng))的干預(yù)下,將二甲雙胍對(duì)初診2型糖尿病患者的相關(guān)代謝指標(biāo)的影響作一綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 二甲雙胍;代謝指標(biāo);初診;2型糖尿病

[中圖分類號(hào)] R587.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)03(b)-0032-04

Research progress of Metformin on metabolic markers in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients

LU Jixuan ZHAN Xiaorong

Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150001, China

[Abstract] Metformin has been used as a hypoglycemic agent for nearly 60 years. A number of Diabetes Research Institute believes that Metformin can be used as first-line drugs in clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, based on the given lifestyle management, Metformin monotherapy is the most preferred regimen in the treatment of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. In recent years, Metformin has been paid more and more attention in addition to its hypoglycemic effects. Many studies have shown that Metformin also plays a regulatory role in blood pressure, lipids metabolism, body weight and so on. This article reviews the effects of Metformin on related metabolic parameters in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus under the influence of standardized lifestyle(diet and exercise).

[Key words] Metformin; Metabolic markers; Preliminary diagnosis; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

2型糖尿?。╰ype 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是一種合并多種代謝障礙的代謝性疾病。初診2型糖尿病的患者若合并血壓異常、血脂代謝紊亂等危險(xiǎn)因素,會(huì)加速疾病進(jìn)展。因此,目前治療2型糖尿病的主要目標(biāo)已由單純的降糖治療,漸漸轉(zhuǎn)向以控制血糖為核心,對(duì)血壓、血脂和其他代謝指標(biāo)全面控制,從而防治心腦血管等各種并發(fā)癥。作為當(dāng)前治療2型糖尿病的一線用藥,與大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代藥物不同,二甲雙胍是來(lái)源于草藥中的天然產(chǎn)物,并不是針對(duì)特定的途徑或疾病機(jī)制而設(shè)計(jì)的[1]。有研究統(tǒng)計(jì),全世界已有超過(guò)一億人在服用。然而,盡管它已經(jīng)在臨床上使用了近60年,其分子作用機(jī)制仍備受爭(zhēng)議,對(duì)于其是否會(huì)影響2型糖尿病患者的相關(guān)代謝指標(biāo)也存在質(zhì)疑。因此,基于對(duì)疾病早期全面調(diào)控的重要性,現(xiàn)就二甲雙胍單藥應(yīng)用治療初診2型糖尿病對(duì)其相關(guān)代謝指標(biāo)的影響進(jìn)行綜述,以期為臨床醫(yī)師在臨床上對(duì)初診2型糖尿病患者應(yīng)用二甲雙胍提供參考。

1 對(duì)血糖的影響

1.1 降糖機(jī)制

1.1.1 肝選擇性的作用 二甲雙胍的調(diào)控作用主要是減少肝臟葡萄糖的輸出,其次是在外周組織(肌肉組織、脂肪組織)增加攝取率。二甲雙胍能抑制糖異生,從而減少空腹肝臟葡萄糖[2-3]。在各種可能的機(jī)制中有包括胰島素受體及其底物的磷酸化作用,在糖異生途徑中關(guān)鍵酶(如:磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶,果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶,葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶)的抑制作用和丙酮酸激酶的活化作用[4-5]。也有假設(shè)認(rèn)為,可能是由于細(xì)胞膜去極化,肝臟內(nèi)糖異生的底物(乳酸、丙氨酸)攝取減少。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),二甲雙胍抑制線粒體的呼吸作用減少了進(jìn)行糖異生所需要的能源供應(yīng)[6-8]。

1.1.2 肌肉的作用 二甲雙胍可以增強(qiáng)外周(主要在肌肉組織中)胰島素介導(dǎo)的葡萄糖的攝取。應(yīng)用二甲雙胍治療能夠恢復(fù)參與胞內(nèi)胰島素信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的酶系統(tǒng)的活性,提高肌肉對(duì)胰島素的攝取,增加胰島素受體的活性,同時(shí)增加葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體-4的移動(dòng)和運(yùn)輸活動(dòng),改善二甲雙胍對(duì)外周葡萄糖利用率[9]。正如預(yù)期的那樣,增加葡萄糖的攝取是通過(guò)細(xì)胞膜上葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的增加來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,盡管二甲雙胍明確的細(xì)胞作用仍有待闡明。

1.1.3 AMPK激活劑 近年來(lái),二甲雙胍被發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠刺激腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine 5-monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK),AMPK抑制肝臟葡萄糖的產(chǎn)生,刺激肌肉組織的葡萄糖攝取,并且抑制脂肪合成,使它成為二甲雙胍作用的理想介質(zhì)[10-12]。然而報(bào)道表明,AMPK可以通過(guò)格列酮類激活,也可以通過(guò)二甲雙胍激活,提高了AMPK的激活,可能是胰島素增敏的非特異性結(jié)果。

1.2 降糖優(yōu)勢(shì)

對(duì)于2型糖尿病患者來(lái)說(shuō),二甲雙胍與其他藥物相比,具有更高的“性價(jià)比”。首先,作為單藥治療時(shí),二甲雙胍與磺脲類藥物等相比,低血糖的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著降低;其次,在單藥治療效果不佳時(shí),作為基礎(chǔ)用藥,二甲雙胍可以與其他降糖藥物聯(lián)合使用,如磺脲類口服降糖藥物、胰島素以及近些年來(lái)應(yīng)用較廣泛的人胰高血糖素樣肽-1(glucagon-like peptide1,GLP-1)等。因此,在臨床工作中,若無(wú)明顯用藥禁忌,對(duì)初診2型糖尿病患者降糖治療可首選二甲雙胍。

2 對(duì)血壓的影響

2.1 初診2型糖尿病患者引起血壓異常的機(jī)制

初診2型糖尿病患者多數(shù)合并有高胰島素血癥。高胰島素血癥可能通過(guò)幾個(gè)病理生理機(jī)制升高血壓,包括胰島素介導(dǎo)的腎鈉重吸收增加,中樞交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的激活和血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖[13-14],從而增加血管系統(tǒng)的血容量和血管阻力,導(dǎo)致高血壓。另一方面,胰島素具有直接的血管舒張?zhí)匦?,這可能會(huì)抵消其升壓作用,胰島素的擴(kuò)血管作用與其調(diào)控作用有關(guān),隨著程度的胰島素抵抗,降低血管擴(kuò)張能力。

2.2 二甲雙胍對(duì)初診2型糖尿病患者血壓調(diào)節(jié)的機(jī)制

在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Majithiya等[15]對(duì)糖尿病合并高血壓大鼠研究表明:二甲雙胍不僅能夠修復(fù)血管內(nèi)皮功能,而且能夠降低血壓。另外,在一些基礎(chǔ)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍可能通過(guò)以下途徑進(jìn)行降壓[16-18],包括抑制α受體,介導(dǎo)交感神經(jīng)末梢釋放去甲腎上腺素和削弱血管平滑肌細(xì)胞對(duì)鈣離子的應(yīng)答。英國(guó)前瞻性糖尿病研究證明,與傳統(tǒng)的飲食療法相比,二甲雙胍治療能顯著降低心血管疾病發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19]。但是在實(shí)際臨床應(yīng)用中,二甲雙胍本身是否具有降壓作用依舊存在爭(zhēng)議。

3 對(duì)血脂的影響

3.1 初診2型糖尿病患者的脂代謝異常特點(diǎn)

2型糖尿病患者突出表現(xiàn)的血脂譜特點(diǎn)主要為:膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)升高,三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)升高,高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)降低,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-den?鄄sity lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)升高或正常[20]。近年來(lái),對(duì)載脂蛋白的關(guān)注逐漸提高。已有報(bào)道指出與LDL-C和HDL-C相比,血漿載脂蛋白B(apoli?鄄poprotein B,ApoB)和載脂蛋白AI(apolipoprotein AI,ApoAI)作為動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclorosis,AS)的危險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)更有意義,而ApoAI和ApoB則可以作為糖尿病合并冠心病(coronary artery heart disease,CHD)及AS的危險(xiǎn)警示因子[21-22]。本研究通過(guò)臨床對(duì)初診2型糖尿病患者的觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)初診患者已存在明顯的脂代謝紊亂,并且類似于上述糖尿病血脂譜[23]。

3.2 二甲雙胍調(diào)節(jié)初診2型糖尿病患者脂代謝異常的機(jī)制

2型糖尿病患者的機(jī)體對(duì)胰島素的敏感性降低,尤其包括肥胖、胰島素抵抗以及高胰島素血癥者,極有可能引起血脂代謝紊亂[24]。有研究顯示,腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)是脂肪組織中主要表達(dá)的一種細(xì)胞因子,可刺激脂肪慢性分解。二甲雙胍不僅能抑制高葡萄糖濃度誘導(dǎo)的基礎(chǔ)脂肪分解,而且能抑制誘導(dǎo)的TNF-α或異丙腎上腺素的脂肪分解反應(yīng),使得循環(huán)中游離脂肪酸(free fatty acid,F(xiàn)FA)降低,從而減輕胰島素抵抗[25-26]。

然而,通過(guò)對(duì)文獻(xiàn)的檢索閱讀可以發(fā)現(xiàn),二甲雙胍對(duì)血壓及脂代謝的調(diào)節(jié)多在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中進(jìn)行論證分析,而對(duì)于這種多可能性的、復(fù)雜的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,仍需要大量的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)和研究來(lái)證實(shí)。

4 對(duì)體重的影響

身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)對(duì)于2型糖尿病來(lái)說(shuō)是一項(xiàng)十分重要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。例如:每公斤體重的增長(zhǎng)將增加近5%患糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為大家所熟知,二甲雙胍已經(jīng)在許多研究證實(shí)對(duì)2型糖尿病患者有減輕體重的效果,鑒于此,甚至有些非2型糖尿病的肥胖人群也將二甲雙胍作為一種減重藥物[27-28]。并且在與其他藥物聯(lián)合使用時(shí),能一定程度抵消某些藥物的增重作用,尤其與胰島素聯(lián)合使用時(shí),還能夠相對(duì)減少胰島素的使用量,從而降低低血糖風(fēng)險(xiǎn),更好的控制糖化血紅蛋白等指標(biāo)。但是,在一些英國(guó)前瞻性糖尿病研究和糖尿病預(yù)防計(jì)劃研究中,認(rèn)為二甲雙胍治療2型糖尿病與最初的適當(dāng)?shù)捏w重減輕相關(guān),隨著時(shí)間的推移,這種減重效果會(huì)消失[29]。

5 對(duì)其他代謝指標(biāo)的影響

除上述指標(biāo)外,大量研究表明,二甲雙胍還能夠?qū)?型糖尿病患者其他的代謝指標(biāo),如:肝功能、腎功能、纖溶系統(tǒng)等進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),從而對(duì)相關(guān)代謝性疾病進(jìn)行治療。而這些指標(biāo)在初診患者表現(xiàn)有或僅有輕度異常,往往是被臨床醫(yī)師及患者本人所忽視,從而會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展。二甲雙胍還能保護(hù)纖溶凝血的平衡機(jī)制,顯著改善多毛,抗腫瘤(如:乳腺癌、肺癌、腸癌、膀胱癌等),抗衰老,治療多囊卵巢綜合征,人類免疫缺陷病毒等疾病相關(guān)的某些代謝異常[30-32]。

6 小結(jié)與展望

綜上所述,各種研究表明,對(duì)初診2型糖尿病患者越早進(jìn)行降糖、降壓、降脂等多重危險(xiǎn)因素的干預(yù),越是能夠顯著降低心血管事件和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,在給予規(guī)范生活方式(飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng))的干預(yù)下,二甲雙胍對(duì)初診2型糖尿病患者相關(guān)代謝指標(biāo)的干預(yù)是十分必要的。同時(shí),與其他藥物(如磺脲類、噻唑烷二酮類藥物等)相比,二甲雙胍是一種安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、有效的治療2型糖尿病的主要口服藥物,除了它的降糖作用以外,其他方面的臨床價(jià)值也不斷的在被發(fā)掘,并已經(jīng)有了一定的成效,但還是需要更多、更全面的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)研究來(lái)證實(shí)。

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(收稿日期:2017-11-16 本文編輯:劉學(xué)梅)

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