劉健
夜幕降臨,華燈初上,如果你來(lái)浙江的千島湖旅游,就一定會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象:遍布大街小巷的餐館,到處閃爍著“千島湖有機(jī)魚(yú)”“生態(tài)魚(yú)”等字眼。
千島湖,無(wú)處不“魚(yú)”。短短20年間,千島湖魚(yú)從不知名的生態(tài)魚(yú),躍過(guò)了道道“龍門(mén)”,轉(zhuǎn)型為融入旅游的文化魚(yú)。最新統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,這條魚(yú)撬動(dòng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)已超過(guò)人民幣20億元。
關(guān)于傳統(tǒng)漁業(yè),淳安有一個(gè)傳說(shuō)。相傳元末農(nóng)民起義爆發(fā)后,漁民出生的陳友諒起兵,后與朱元璋展開(kāi)了3年多的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),大敗于鄱陽(yáng)湖之戰(zhàn)。陳友諒被打敗后,他手下九員大將“陳、錢(qián)、林、李、袁、孫、葉、許、何”的家族被朱元璋貶到新安江,世代以捕魚(yú)為業(yè),不得穿鞋,不得在岸上建房居住,更不能與岸上人通婚,形成了一個(gè)特殊的水上漁民部落,故稱(chēng)“九姓漁民”。
1960年,新安江水庫(kù)蓄水后,“九姓漁民”后代的命運(yùn)發(fā)生了根本改變,適逢淳安縣成立捕撈大隊(duì),一些有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的漁民順理成章成為漁業(yè)工人。1962年,“淳安縣新安江開(kāi)發(fā)總公司”正式成立,確立“以漁為主,多種經(jīng)營(yíng)”的發(fā)展方針,開(kāi)始了艱苦的創(chuàng)業(yè)歷程,試圖探索出一條生態(tài)漁業(yè)發(fā)展之路。
很多淳安人至今還記得上世紀(jì)七八十年代千島湖漁業(yè)的發(fā)展盛況?!霸诮y(tǒng)購(gòu)統(tǒng)銷(xiāo)的年代,從來(lái)沒(méi)有為賣(mài)魚(yú)而發(fā)過(guò)愁。魚(yú)捕上來(lái)后,一般直接冷凍,然后由縣里的水產(chǎn)供銷(xiāo)公司根據(jù)上級(jí)業(yè)務(wù)部門(mén)的計(jì)劃,用車(chē)運(yùn)往杭州肉聯(lián)廠,通過(guò)火車(chē)運(yùn)往各地水產(chǎn)供銷(xiāo)部門(mén)。”經(jīng)歷過(guò)那段歲月的新安江開(kāi)發(fā)總公司員工汪敏說(shuō),當(dāng)時(shí)千島湖的凍魚(yú)很受歡迎,尤其是在東北,這些魚(yú)在農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)一亮相,客戶就蜂擁而來(lái)。
但那個(gè)時(shí)候,千島湖魚(yú)的價(jià)格非常便宜,大個(gè)兒的鳙魚(yú)不到3元一斤,鰱魚(yú)1元多一斤,魚(yú)頭8分錢(qián)一斤,幾乎是當(dāng)處理品賣(mài)的?!吧鲜兰o(jì)90年代后期,由于體制及外部市場(chǎng)環(huán)境的變化,風(fēng)光一時(shí)的千島湖魚(yú)開(kāi)始走下坡路?!币?jiàn)證這場(chǎng)變遷的新安江開(kāi)發(fā)總公司邵建強(qiáng)說(shuō),更糟糕的是,此時(shí)的千島湖魚(yú)害嚴(yán)重,鰱鳙魚(yú)被肉食性鳡魚(yú)大量攝食,產(chǎn)量急劇下降。為了有效保護(hù)漁業(yè)資源,千島湖還實(shí)行三年封庫(kù)禁漁,公司在漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)上幾乎只有投入沒(méi)有產(chǎn)出。
1998年,負(fù)債累累的淳安縣新安江開(kāi)發(fā)總公司引入中國(guó)林業(yè)集團(tuán),共同組建了全新的杭州千島湖發(fā)展集團(tuán)有限公司,調(diào)來(lái)懂市場(chǎng)的淳安縣農(nóng)業(yè)局局長(zhǎng)汪建敏擔(dān)任總經(jīng)理?!澳菚r(shí)候,全公司的營(yíng)業(yè)額不到2000萬(wàn)元,虧損800萬(wàn)元,員工人心渙散?!蓖艚粽f(shuō)。
在困境逼迫下,汪建敏發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)十年的“淳”魚(yú)品牌創(chuàng)建工作。
步入2000年,市場(chǎng)發(fā)生了新變化,過(guò)去滿足于凍魚(yú)的人們,開(kāi)始對(duì)活魚(yú)感興趣。為此,杭州千島湖發(fā)展集團(tuán)有限公司制定了年產(chǎn)10萬(wàn)斤活魚(yú)的目標(biāo),邁出了拯救漁業(yè)的第一步?!斑@不僅是生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的一個(gè)改善,更是整條生產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)售流程的變化。”汪建敏介紹說(shuō),比如為了在捕撈時(shí)不對(duì)魚(yú)產(chǎn)生損傷,工人們發(fā)明了一種新式武器——沉浮式活水運(yùn)漁船,通過(guò)魚(yú)艙、艏艉浮力調(diào)節(jié)艙控制進(jìn)排水的結(jié)構(gòu),使得起網(wǎng)后魚(yú)能徑直游到船艙里。
生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的改善,并非是一蹴而就,而是經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)的琢磨和試驗(yàn),包括最早的“攔、趕、刺、張”捕魚(yú)法,顛覆了傳統(tǒng)漁業(yè)的作業(yè)方式,徹底向精細(xì)化轉(zhuǎn)型。在另一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)“活魚(yú)運(yùn)輸”中,公司也是交了不少“學(xué)費(fèi)”。負(fù)責(zé)配送的老員工朱軍介紹說(shuō),在高速公路網(wǎng)沒(méi)有成形的年代,一旦運(yùn)魚(yú)車(chē)半路出現(xiàn)故障,新的運(yùn)魚(yú)車(chē)就會(huì)星夜趕往接應(yīng)替換,每隔一段時(shí)間,運(yùn)輸人員還要關(guān)注水質(zhì)、水溫、含氧量、PH值等數(shù)據(jù)。
通過(guò)優(yōu)化捕撈方式和改造運(yùn)輸流程,第二年,公司就完成了90萬(wàn)斤的活魚(yú)捕撈任務(wù)。時(shí)至今日,活魚(yú)捕撈量已占捕撈總量的99%以上。如果說(shuō)從賣(mài)凍魚(yú)到賣(mài)活魚(yú)是一次價(jià)值的飛躍,那么品牌化戰(zhàn)略則讓千島湖魚(yú)的附加值實(shí)現(xiàn)了質(zhì)的提升。2000年,杭州千島湖發(fā)展集團(tuán)有限公司注冊(cè)“淳”牌商標(biāo),“淳安”的“淳”,代表著原生、原味、原鮮;之后,又把“千島湖”作為原產(chǎn)地通過(guò)了國(guó)家地理標(biāo)志產(chǎn)品的認(rèn)證。
有了商標(biāo),不代表消費(fèi)者就會(huì)買(mǎi)單,還必須導(dǎo)入最核心的品牌內(nèi)涵。當(dāng)時(shí),在國(guó)內(nèi)沒(méi)有先例的情況下,杭州千島湖發(fā)展集團(tuán)有限公司向國(guó)家環(huán)??偩钟袡C(jī)食品認(rèn)證中心申請(qǐng)活魚(yú)有機(jī)認(rèn)證?!半m然千島湖的生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)好,但有機(jī)認(rèn)證流程非常嚴(yán)格,從對(duì)環(huán)境的監(jiān)測(cè)到對(duì)養(yǎng)殖的要求,從對(duì)餌料的把控到對(duì)疾病的防治,從捕撈到產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)輸,甚至包括宰殺等環(huán)節(jié),都需經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)證部門(mén)嚴(yán)格考核。”汪建敏說(shuō),經(jīng)過(guò)一年多努力,2000年10月,千島湖鰱、鳙魚(yú)等十多個(gè)品種的魚(yú)類(lèi)獲得有機(jī)食品認(rèn)證;三年后,淳安又被國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)部命名為全國(guó)第一個(gè)“中國(guó)有機(jī)魚(yú)之鄉(xiāng)”。
俗話說(shuō)“早起的鳥(niǎo)兒有蟲(chóng)吃”,2002年起,杭州千島湖發(fā)展集團(tuán)有限公司打響了一場(chǎng)全員營(yíng)銷(xiāo)戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)年5月9日,公司在杭州成功舉辦千島湖淳牌有機(jī)魚(yú)新聞發(fā)布會(huì),邀請(qǐng)幾十家賓館、飯店和新聞媒體參加,淳牌有機(jī)魚(yú)在杭州一炮打響,有機(jī)魚(yú)的銷(xiāo)售價(jià)格猛漲數(shù)倍。
嘗到甜頭后,公司啟動(dòng)了一連串的創(chuàng)意營(yíng)銷(xiāo)組合拳,在營(yíng)銷(xiāo)手段上不斷創(chuàng)新,比如聯(lián)合中國(guó)烹飪協(xié)會(huì),承辦“2002千島湖杯全國(guó)淡水魚(yú)烹飪大賽”,積極參加北上廣舉辦的農(nóng)博會(huì),邀請(qǐng)中央電視臺(tái)等媒體跟蹤采訪。
步入21世紀(jì),淳安開(kāi)始提出旅游轉(zhuǎn)型的目標(biāo)。在這樣的大背景下,經(jīng)歷品牌漁業(yè)的發(fā)展階段后,杭州千島湖發(fā)展集團(tuán)有限公司將目光聚焦在文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)上,以文化改造現(xiàn)有漁業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)體系,大力發(fā)展淳魚(yú)藝術(shù)品產(chǎn)業(yè)、淳魚(yú)文化休閑旅游業(yè)。
首先,大家想到的是將巨網(wǎng)捕魚(yú)開(kāi)發(fā)成一個(gè)旅游項(xiàng)目。作為漁業(yè)捕撈生產(chǎn)的最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),巨網(wǎng)捕魚(yú)一直有著很強(qiáng)的觀賞性:隨著“嘿唑……嘿唑……”的號(hào)子聲,一張一百多米的張網(wǎng)在20多位漢子的合力使勁下,從三個(gè)方向收攏,數(shù)萬(wàn)斤鰱魚(yú)、鳙魚(yú)受到驚嚇,爭(zhēng)相跳出水面,濺起一片片浪花?!?006年,公司投資百萬(wàn)元打造了全新的觀光平臺(tái),專(zhuān)門(mén)制定了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化操作流程,使得巨網(wǎng)捕魚(yú)正式成為獨(dú)立的表演項(xiàng)目,全年組織演出百余場(chǎng),接待游客超十萬(wàn)人次?!辈稉埔魂?duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)葉志清說(shuō)。
也就在同一年,一次偶然的機(jī)會(huì),管理層與日本、韓國(guó)等漁業(yè)同行開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)交流時(shí),無(wú)意中聽(tīng)到了“魚(yú)拓”這一新鮮事物——將魚(yú)的形象用墨汁或顏料拓印在紙張上。2009年,淳安千島湖魚(yú)文化協(xié)會(huì)成立,同步創(chuàng)辦國(guó)內(nèi)首個(gè)魚(yú)拓社,打造魚(yú)拓藝術(shù)展。“任何一種藝術(shù)形式,背后的核心要素都是人,我們想到了引進(jìn)人才?!蓖艚粽f(shuō),除了邀請(qǐng)韓日的魚(yú)拓大師外,公司將目光投向國(guó)內(nèi),四處搜尋那些技藝精湛但卻鮮為人知的魚(yú)拓高手,請(qǐng)來(lái)了西安的年輕藝術(shù)家楊阿永,由他擔(dān)當(dāng)千島湖魚(yú)拓社社長(zhǎng),一有稀罕的魚(yú)便邀請(qǐng)他創(chuàng)作。
2008年5月的一天,捕撈隊(duì)在千島湖捕獲了一條151斤重的大青魚(yú),將它拓成了魚(yú)拓,制作成標(biāo)本,展示于千島湖魚(yú)博館。千發(fā)集團(tuán)聯(lián)合楊阿永,用三年時(shí)間制作了《千島湖錦鱗圖》。為了將這幅巨制的傳播效應(yīng)發(fā)揮到極致,公司專(zhuān)門(mén)申報(bào)了吉尼斯世界紀(jì)錄。如同最初的巨網(wǎng)捕魚(yú)一樣,魚(yú)拓藝術(shù)如同水面上的漣漪漸漸散開(kāi)來(lái),魚(yú)拓藝術(shù)品在各個(gè)節(jié)日活動(dòng)上頻頻亮相,單幅價(jià)格低則幾千,高則數(shù)萬(wàn),并延伸到服裝、明信片等方面,甚至還多次被淳安作為禮品運(yùn)送到加拿大、澳大利亞等國(guó)的友好省市。
為了全面展示淳魚(yú)文化,2015年,省內(nèi)首家專(zhuān)業(yè)魚(yú)文化博物館“千島湖魚(yú)博館”正式成立。館內(nèi)不僅有千島湖全部114種魚(yú)類(lèi)標(biāo)本,還可體驗(yàn)九姓漁民的生活場(chǎng)景和捕魚(yú)工具;既可以欣賞法國(guó)魚(yú)頭藝術(shù)家展出的魚(yú)頭人藝術(shù),又可現(xiàn)場(chǎng)親手參與制作一幅魚(yú)拓作品。此外,公司還投入巨資,建立全國(guó)第一家休閑漁業(yè)公園,融吃魚(yú)、賞魚(yú)、釣魚(yú)、購(gòu)魚(yú)于一體;與鰲山村合作,以魚(yú)文化為依托,打造魚(yú)市一條街和主題民宿,一個(gè)有情調(diào)的鰲山漁村正在形成。
經(jīng)過(guò)多年精心打造,以魚(yú)為主題,千島湖漁業(yè)已開(kāi)發(fā)出包括巨網(wǎng)捕魚(yú)、休閑垂釣、放魚(yú)節(jié)慶、魚(yú)文化餐飲、魚(yú)文化景點(diǎn)、魚(yú)文化工藝品等一系列新型服務(wù)業(yè)態(tài),實(shí)現(xiàn)了從傳統(tǒng)漁業(yè)、品牌漁業(yè)到文化漁業(yè)的升級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)型,打造了一條完整的漁業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。
當(dāng)下,杭州千島湖發(fā)展集團(tuán)有限公司正在考察全國(guó)各地的知名湖泊,千島湖魚(yú)的成功模式或?qū)⒈榈亻_(kāi)花。
No sane traveler would leave Qiandaohu, a popular tourist destination in Chunan County, Zhejiang Province, without trying the “spicy fish head”, a local signature delicacy that has become a calling card of Qiandaohu Town. Statistics indicate that “fish” has generated an annual income of two billion yuan into the local economy.
The towns fame is closely associated with the namesake lake. Qiandaohu Town is just a dot by the 567-km2 lake called Qiandaohu, or 1,000-isle Lake, a reservoir made in 1960.
About the fishing tradition of Qiandaohu, legend has it that Chen Youliang, a local fisherman, kept fighting against Zhu Yuanzhang (the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty 1368-1644) in the last three years of the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). After losing the fierce and grueling fight, the nine core groups of the soldiers of Chens army were banished to todays Xinan River and were banned from wearing shoes or living onshore. They are believed to have been the ancestors of the towns “gypsies”, or “nine-surname fishing people”, who traditionally lived on junks and fished as their traditional livelihood, like the Tankas in the south. Historically, they were considered to be outcasts. The descendents of these boat people have preserved many of their ancestors traditions although nowadays most dont live in boats on the river.
The life of the “boat people” on Xinan River began changing drastically in 1960, when the Xinan Reservoir went operational. The more experienced fishing people joined the countys fishing team to make a living. The 1970s and 1980s saw the heyday of the fishing industry of Qiandaohu. “We never had to worry about sales in a market in which everything else was planned and managed by the government. All we needed to do was to send the hauls of the day for quick freezing and transport them to the Hangzhou Meat Processing Factory and other supply and marketing cooperatives,” Wang Min recalled. “The frozen fish from Qiandaohu enjoyed a dedicated following in northeastern parts of the country.”
The decline of the fishing industry of Qiandaohu came in the late 1990s, when the market reshuffle came and the worsening of water ecology added insult to injury. The yield of “Qiandaohu fish” took a nosedive and resulted in a three-year fishing ban imposed to restore fish resources.
The new consumption trend came around in the year 2000. Frozen fish fell into disfavor. Gourmets became interested in eating fish fresh from water. Sensing the new opportunity, Hangzhou Qiandaohu Development Group set new goals to salvage the languishing fishing industry of the county. “The result was not only improvements on production but a brand-new industrial chain, with new tools invented and fishing efficiency greatly improved,” recalled Wang Jianmin, a government official with the countys agricultural authorities. Technological innovation brought in a total yield of 450,000kg of live fish in 2001.
In addition to the sharp increase of catch, the company did a series of things to improve its market competitiveness. In 2000, it launched its new trademark “Chun”, which indicates the geographical roots of “Qiandaohu fish” as well as the unique quality of the fish from Qiandaohu. This was an important step taken by the company in its “organic reform”. In October 2000, a dozen kinds of fish from Qiandaohu were granted the Organic Food Certification. In 2003, Chunan became Chinas first “capital of organic fish” in China.
Today, the countys brisk organic fish industry does more than just satisfying the taste buds of gourmets. People go to Qiandaohu for more reasons than sightseeing and trying the countys signature hot and spicy “fish head”.
A new goal of the Qiandaohu Development Group is to weave the local fishing tradition into tourism and creative industry. In 2006, the company launched a new “giant-net fishing” product tailor-made for tourists to feast the eye on the spectacle that illustrates the countys fishing glory in a “seeing is believing” way. Giant-net fishing is a spectacular must for many tourists. It has been broadcast on television for years.
In 2009, the company unveiled Qiandaohu Fish Culture Association and Chinas first Society. Gyotaku is an art that prints fish onto paper that originated in Japan and has evolved with different approaches. It dates back to the mid-1800s. This form of nature printing was used by fishermen to record their catches, but has also become an art form of its own. Over the years, the Association has worked with Japanese artists and Yang Ayong, a young artist from Xian. One of the clubs master works is created from a black carp that weighed more than 75kg. The artworks from local artists add a strong cultural touch to Qiandaohu.