李小群 于清武 易湘茜 郝二偉 馬亮 顏棟美 高程海
摘要:【目的】分析廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥放線菌多樣性及其次級代謝產(chǎn)物抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性,為挖掘放線菌新物種及其新型農(nóng)用殺菌劑打下基礎(chǔ)?!痉椒ā窟x取6種分離培養(yǎng)基,采用稀釋涂布法對廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥樣品進(jìn)行分離培養(yǎng),ISP2培養(yǎng)基純化菌株,基于16S rRNA序列分析樣品中放線菌多樣性,并以牛津杯法對分離得到的菌株進(jìn)行抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性測定?!窘Y(jié)果】經(jīng)排重合并和16S rRNA序列比對分析,從廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥中共分離得到36株放線菌,隸屬于6目9科12屬,鏈霉菌屬(Streptomyces)為優(yōu)勢菌屬,共有5株菌株的16S rRNA序列與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)菌株的相似性低于98.00%,可能為潛在新物種。抑菌活性測定結(jié)果表明,36株放線菌中有22株菌對甘蔗鞭黑粉菌有抑制作用,占所分離放線菌總數(shù)的61.11%?!窘Y(jié)論】廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥中蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的海洋放線菌資源,具有開發(fā)成新型農(nóng)用生防殺菌劑的潛力。
關(guān)鍵詞: 紅樹林;放線菌;多樣性;甘蔗鞭黑粉菌;抑菌活性
中圖分類號: S435.661; Q939.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:2095-1191(2018)04-0708-06
Diversity of actinomycetes isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi and its antibacterial activity against Sporisorium scitamineum
LI Xiao-qun1,2,3, YU Qing-wu4, YI Xiang-qian2,3, HAO Er-wei2, MA Liang3,
YAN Dong-mei1, GAO Cheng-hai2,3*
(1Light Industry and Food Engineering College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; 2Institude of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; 3Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine
Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007,
China; 4Guangxi Grades University of Economics and Management, Nanning 530007, China)
Abstract:【Objective】The diversity of actinomycetes isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi and the antibacterial activity of its secondary metabolites against Sporisorium scitamineum were studied in order to lay a foundation for finding new actinomycetes species and the corresponding agricultural fungicides. 【Method】Samples from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi were isolated and cultured with the method dilution coating in six isolation media. Strains were purified with the culture medium ISP2. Diversity of actinomycetes was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antibacterial activity of isolated strain against S.scitamineum were initially tested with the method of Oxford cup. 【Result】There were 36 strains were isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi through removal of duplication, combination, and comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strains distributed in 12 genera, 9 families and 6 orders; Streptomyces was dominant genus. The similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences between the five strains and standard strain was bleow 98.00%. The result indicated the five strains were potential new species.The test result of antibacterial activity showed that among 36 actinomycetes strains, 22 strains had antibacterial effectson S. scitamineum, accounting for 61.11% of total isolated actinomycetes. 【Conclusion】The bo-ttom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi is abundant with marine actinomycetes resources, which provides potential for development of new agricultural fungicides.
Key words: mangrove forest; actinomycetes; diversity; Sporisorium scitamineum; antibacterial activity
0 引言
【研究意義】甘蔗黑穗病是由甘蔗鞭黑粉菌感染引起的一種世界性甘蔗病害,是我國甘蔗普遍發(fā)生的最嚴(yán)重病害之一(Schenck et al.,2005)。近年來,隨著我國甘蔗種植面積不斷擴(kuò)大,高達(dá)80%~90%的甘蔗黑穗病發(fā)病率(劉洪博等,2011)導(dǎo)致我國甘蔗產(chǎn)量和蔗糖分遭受嚴(yán)重?fù)p失,影響了蔗農(nóng)的收益和蔗糖業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。目前,對甘蔗黑穗病的防治主要是采用嘧菌酯、苯醚甲環(huán)唑·嘧菌酯和噻呋酰胺等化學(xué)藥劑,但極易造成農(nóng)藥殘留,危害人體健康(朱桂寧等,2014)。因此,尋找經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效、具有生物活性的殺菌劑是防治甘蔗黑穗病的一種重要手段。【前人研究進(jìn)展】放線菌具有產(chǎn)生多種活性天然產(chǎn)物的能力,是具有新穎結(jié)構(gòu)和開發(fā)新作用機(jī)理的抑菌藥物生物活性資源(許琳雅等,2010;姜素平等,2017)。羅建軍等(2012)通過篩選分離獲得的小白鏈霉菌(Streptomyces albulus Routien)活性高且抑菌譜廣,其菌株及無菌發(fā)酵液對供試16種果蔬病原真菌均具有拮抗作用。梁銀等(2013)從土壤中分離得到的一株白刺鏈霉菌(S. albospinus),其對黃瓜枯萎病的防治效果為51.85%,且對黃瓜生長有一定的促生作用。陸錚錚等(2013)分離得到的一株放線菌菌株對青枯勞爾氏菌(Ralstonia solanaceanm)具有很好的拮抗作用,其平均抑菌圈直徑可達(dá)54.66 mm。孫現(xiàn)超等(2013)篩選出一株對馬鈴薯干腐病菌菌絲生長和孢子萌發(fā)均有很強(qiáng)抑制作用的吸水鏈霉菌(S. hygroscopicus),抑制率分別為74.5%和100.0%。薛應(yīng)鈺等(2016)分離得到的婁徹氏鏈霉菌對蘋果樹腐爛病菌的抑制率高達(dá)96.4%。莊令(2017)從深海沉積物中篩選獲得一株對香蕉枯萎病病原菌具有較強(qiáng)抑制活性的鏈霉菌株220362。近年來,從紅樹林底泥中分離得到的放線菌可產(chǎn)生多種有生物活性的次級代謝物,具有較強(qiáng)的抑菌作用。李聆莉等(2017)從南海紅樹林底泥中分離得到一株具有較強(qiáng)抗花生青枯病菌活性的鏈霉菌新種閘坡鏈霉菌(S. zhapoensis)。吳家法等(2017)從茅尾海紅樹林植物根際土壤分離到具有較強(qiáng)抗香蕉枯萎病菌活性的放線菌,抑菌結(jié)果總陽性率為19.66%。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】目前對甘蔗黑穗病的防治主要采用化學(xué)藥劑,而針對甘蔗鞭黑粉菌開發(fā)出高效安全海洋微生物殺菌劑的研究報(bào)道較少。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】采用稀釋涂布法、16S rRNA序列分析及牛津杯法對廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥放線菌進(jìn)行分離純化及多樣性分析,并對其次級代謝產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行抑菌活性初步篩選,為甘蔗黑穗病的有效防治提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料
1. 1. 1 樣品及供試菌 2015年3月,在廣西北侖河口(東經(jīng)108°18′,北緯21°58′)紅樹林區(qū)采集海泥樣品,深度為15~20 cm。采集后立即裝入無菌袋中,并存放于含冰袋的保溫箱中,送回實(shí)驗(yàn)室于-18 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?016年9月,從金光農(nóng)場自然發(fā)病的甘蔗黑穗病植株采集新鮮甘蔗黑粉菌冬孢子,將冬孢子裝于封口袋中,4 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1. 1. 2 主要試劑及儀器 主要試劑:Premix Taq、PCR反應(yīng)試劑及16S rRNA擴(kuò)增通用PCR引物27F和1492R均購自南寧科迪生物科技有限公司;DNA Marker、Goldview II型核酸染料和培養(yǎng)基原料購自北京康為世紀(jì)生物科技有限公司,其他有機(jī)試劑均為國產(chǎn)分析純。主要儀器設(shè)備:Carestream Gel Logic 2200Pro凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)(Carestream)、Tgradient多功能梯度PCR擴(kuò)增儀(Bimetra)、MINI B-100恒溫金屬浴(杭州米歐儀器有限公司)和VCX750超聲波細(xì)胞破碎儀(Sonicis)。
1. 1. 3 培養(yǎng)基 分離培養(yǎng)基(Qin et al., 2009):改良高氏1號、NA、M8、M9、M10和ISP5等;純化及保藏培養(yǎng)基:改良ISP2固體培養(yǎng)基;發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基:改良ISP2液體培養(yǎng)基;指示菌培養(yǎng)基:PDA培養(yǎng)基。
1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法
1. 2. 1 放線菌分離純化 在超凈工作臺上稱取2.0 g海泥樣品,置于250 mL錐形瓶中,加入含玻璃珠的20 mL無菌陳海水,置于搖床(28 ℃,140 r/min)中富集2 h。將預(yù)處理的樣品懸液依次稀釋成10-1、10-2、10-3和10-4 ,取100 μL不同濃度的稀釋液涂布于放線菌分離培養(yǎng)基上,每種培養(yǎng)基設(shè)3個(gè)平行,置于28 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)7~15 d。
根據(jù)菌落形態(tài)、色澤、濕潤度等,挑出特征較典型的放線菌單菌落,接種至ISP2培養(yǎng)基中進(jìn)行分離純化,純化菌株用20%(v/v)甘油管保存于-80 ℃超低溫冰箱。
1. 2. 2 放線菌16S rRNA擴(kuò)增及系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析 選取代表性菌株進(jìn)行基因組DNA提取及16S rRNA序列測定,菌株DNA提取參照J(rèn)anso和Carter(2010)的方法,根據(jù)Walsh等(1991)的方法進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增。以提取的基因組DNA為模板,采用細(xì)菌通用引物27F和1492R進(jìn)行16S rRNA序列擴(kuò)增。擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物用1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳進(jìn)行檢測,經(jīng)凝膠成像系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)后,委托上海美吉生物科技有限公司廣州分公司進(jìn)行測序。測序結(jié)果在NCBI網(wǎng)站中通過BLAST和EzTaxon-e進(jìn)行在線比對,選取同源性最高典型菌株的序列。
1. 2. 3 菌株發(fā)酵及粗提物制備 保存于4 ℃冰箱的放線菌菌株在ISP2培養(yǎng)基上活化后,接種至裝有50 mL發(fā)酵液的250 mL錐形瓶中,每種菌株設(shè)5個(gè)平行,28 ℃下180 r/min振蕩培養(yǎng)7 d。發(fā)酵液經(jīng)8000 r/min離心10 min,分離上清液和菌體沉定。菌體沉定用丙酮浸泡過夜,混合試劑萃取2次;上清液用乙酸乙酯溶劑1∶1(v/v)萃取3~5次,最后依次用旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀真空濃縮,轉(zhuǎn)移至西林瓶中揮干,即獲得菌株胞內(nèi)及胞外產(chǎn)物浸膏。
1. 2. 4 放線菌浸膏抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌試驗(yàn)
1. 2. 4. 1 甘蔗鞭黑粉菌擔(dān)孢子和菌絲制備 取少量保存于4 ℃冰箱的甘蔗黑粉菌冬孢子加入1 mL無菌水混勻,梯度稀釋成多個(gè)濃度,涂布于PDA培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng)2~3 d(28 ℃);挑取單菌落(羊毛狀)加入1 mL無菌水混勻,取100 ?L混合液加入含900 ?L無菌水的離心管中,依次稀釋至10-3或10-4,取200 ?L涂布于PDA培養(yǎng)基上,置于培養(yǎng)箱中28 ℃培養(yǎng)3~5 d。取5~6個(gè)酵母態(tài)擔(dān)孢子分別接種于裝有1 mL YEPS液體培養(yǎng)基的離心管中,于28 ℃下180 r/min離心36 h。取1 mL菌液按排列組合兩兩交叉分配,點(diǎn)在PDA培養(yǎng)基同一位置,28 ℃培養(yǎng)2 d,觀察菌落是否產(chǎn)生菌絲。指示菌板的制備參照李菲等(2017)的方法。
1. 2. 4. 2 抑菌活性測定 牛津杯法(宮小明等,2015)測定放線菌抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌的活性。在各菌株胞內(nèi)和胞外產(chǎn)物中加入1 mL DMSO溶液溶解,配制成一定量的藥液濃度,取100 ?L藥液加入到每個(gè)牛津杯中。以DMSO溶液為空白對照,5 ?g/mL啶酰菌胺溶液為陽性對照。置于28 ℃培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)7 d,采用十字交叉法測量抑菌圈直徑。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 紅樹林底泥放線菌多樣性分析結(jié)果
采用稀釋涂布法從廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥樣品中共分離得到36株菌株,根據(jù)菌落形態(tài)特征(顏色、大小及出現(xiàn)時(shí)間)排重和基于16S rRNA基因序列分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)36株菌株均為放線菌(表1),隸屬于放線菌綱的6目9科12屬,其中鏈霉菌屬(Streptomyces)19株,占所分離放線菌總數(shù)的52.78%,為優(yōu)勢菌屬;同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)6種稀有放線菌屬,分別為類諾卡菌屬(Nocardioides)、短小桿菌屬(Curtobacterium)、兩面神菌屬(Janibacter)、分支桿菌屬(Mycobacterium)、微桿菌屬(Microbacterium)和纖維微菌屬(Cellulosimicrobium)。根據(jù)放線菌的16S rRNA序列比對分析結(jié)果,菌株BLM0045、BLM0092、BLM0091、BLM0124和BLM0089與最近發(fā)表的菌株N. aestuarii JC2056T、N. gink gobilobae SYP-A7303T、N. cavernae YIM A1136T、Curtobacterium albidum DSM 20512T和Rhizobium oryziradicis N19T相似性最高,分別為96.66%、96.15%、97.96%、96.31%和96.44%,即這5株菌株的16S rRNA序列相似性均低于98.00%,可能為潛在新放線菌物種。
2. 2 紅樹林底泥放線菌抑菌活性初篩結(jié)果
選取36株可培養(yǎng)放線菌的胞內(nèi)和胞外產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性初步篩選,結(jié)果(圖1)發(fā)現(xiàn)有22株放線菌的胞外產(chǎn)物具有抑菌活性,占所分離放線菌總數(shù)的61.11%。36株放線菌中有19株菌可抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌菌絲體生長,陽性率為52.78%,抑菌圈直徑為8.5~37.0 mm,其中菌株BLM0091、BLM0019和BLM0118表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)抑菌活性,抑菌圈直徑分別為29.2、30.0和37.0 mm;9株菌對甘蔗鞭黑粉菌“+”型擔(dān)孢子具有拮抗活性,總陽性率為25.00%,抑菌圈直徑為6.3~23.4 mm,其中菌侏BLM0143和BLM0019具有強(qiáng)抑制作用,抑菌圈直徑分別為21.8和23.4 mm;13株菌對甘蔗鞭黑粉菌“-”型擔(dān)孢子具有拮抗活性,總陽性率為36.11%,抑菌圈直徑為8.3~24.5 mm,其中菌株BLM0143、BLM0091和BLM0019具有強(qiáng)的拮抗作用,抑菌圈直徑分別為20.9、23.0和24.5 mm;有13株菌具有同時(shí)抑制3種或2種甘蔗鞭黑粉菌形態(tài)的能力,其中菌株BLM0019對病原菌菌絲體和2種擔(dān)孢子均表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)抑制作用(表2)。陰性對照組無抑菌圈,陽性對照組抑菌圈明顯,抑菌圈直徑為22.9 mm。
3 討論
近年來,國內(nèi)外已有大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了對油菜菌核病菌、水稻紋枯病菌和草莓炭疽病菌等作物病害菌具有強(qiáng)拮抗作用的阿爾伯龍鏈霉菌(S. albolongus)、革蘭鏈霉菌(S. corchorusii)和禾本氏鏈霉菌(S. gramineus)等鏈霉菌屬菌種,而陸棲放線菌,尤其是鏈霉菌已成為植物生防殺菌劑研究開發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)(Zacky and Ting,2013;Yang et al., 2015;吳穎等,2016)。同時(shí),在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中鏈霉菌產(chǎn)生的次生代謝產(chǎn)物(如植物促生因子)可制作成營養(yǎng)元素或植物保護(hù)劑(Reddy et al., 2016)。在微生物農(nóng)藥開發(fā)中,放線菌占有不可替代的地位,且農(nóng)用抗生素大多數(shù)來源于放線菌的次生代謝產(chǎn)物(Xu et al.,2014),如阿維菌素、多殺菌素和殺稻瘟素-S等放線菌次級代謝產(chǎn)物。但微生物農(nóng)藥在應(yīng)用過程中也存在諸多問題,如藥效慢、時(shí)效性低和穩(wěn)定性差及在推廣時(shí)出現(xiàn)的技術(shù)復(fù)雜化、時(shí)機(jī)難把握和高成本等問題,尋找具有多樣性的次級代謝產(chǎn)物和生物活性獨(dú)特的菌種資源成為解決這一瓶頸的關(guān)鍵(Ji et al., 2016)。
相對于陸地環(huán)境,紅樹林強(qiáng)輻射、高鹽、低氧、低光照和高壓等特殊環(huán)境蘊(yùn)藏著豐富而特異的微生物類群(Lee et al., 2014),是新型生物活性分子和放線菌新菌的重要來源。根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,近20年來,從紅樹林中發(fā)現(xiàn)的放線菌新物種共有73個(gè)(含6個(gè)新屬),其中大部分來自于土壤及沉積物,而紅樹林植物內(nèi)生放線菌來源的僅有2個(gè)新屬和6個(gè)新種(Takeuchi and Hatano K,1998;閆蕾蕾等, 2011;洪葵, 2013;Liu et al., 2017)。微生物所產(chǎn)次級代謝產(chǎn)物具有菌株至種屬水平的特異性(Jensen et al., 2007),而新物種發(fā)現(xiàn)新活性天然產(chǎn)物的潛力相對較大(Takahashi and Omura,2003)。本研究從廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥樣品中共分離得到36株放線菌,分布于6目9科12屬。對36株放線菌開展抑菌活性試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)分離得到的5株潛在放線菌新物種中有3株具有抗甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性,豐富了植物生防菌的篩選范圍,后期將對這5株潛在放線菌新物種及抑菌活性較好的菌株產(chǎn)生的活性物質(zhì)進(jìn)行研究。本研究結(jié)果表明,廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥中承載多樣性豐富的放線菌資源,具有產(chǎn)生豐富代謝產(chǎn)物和發(fā)現(xiàn)新抗生素及放線菌新物種的潛力,為研制新型農(nóng)用殺菌劑提供了重要的參考依據(jù)。
4 結(jié)論
廣西北侖河口紅樹林底泥微生物具有豐富的多樣性,通過分離培養(yǎng)基獲得的放線菌隸屬于6目9科12屬,其中有5株為放線菌潛在新物種,具有開發(fā)成新型農(nóng)用生防殺菌劑的潛力。
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(責(zé)任編輯 麻小燕)