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依托泊苷/達卡巴嗪進入WHO兒童藥物基本目錄治療兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤有效性、安全性和經(jīng)濟性的循證快速評估

2018-09-10 07:22陳敏喻佳潔向桐煜郎炳辰杜亮鄺心穎李幼平張伶俐
中國藥房 2018年19期

陳敏 喻佳潔 向桐煜 郎炳辰 杜亮 鄺心穎 李幼平 張伶俐

中圖分類號 R95 文獻標志碼 A 文章編號 1001-0408(2018)19-2593-05

DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2018.19.01

摘 要 目的:按世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)兒童基本藥物目錄(EMLc)專家委員會要求,循證快速評估依托泊苷/達卡巴嗪治療兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的有效性、安全性和經(jīng)濟性,為其是否納入第5版WHO EMLc提供證據(jù)。方法:系統(tǒng)檢索Cochrane圖書館、PubMed、Embase、WHO國際臨床試驗注冊平臺(ICTRP)、美國國家指南(NGC)數(shù)據(jù)庫和Google學(xué)術(shù)搜索,檢索時限均為建庫起至2015年1月。獲取依托泊苷/達卡巴嗪治療兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤有效性、安全性和經(jīng)濟性的臨床研究、指南和系統(tǒng)評價,分別采用AMSTAR、Cochrane handbook和ACROBAT-NRSI工具評估系統(tǒng)評價/Meta分析、隨機對照試驗(RCT)和觀察性研究的文獻質(zhì)量,采用GRADE標準(2011)評價證據(jù)質(zhì)量和推薦強度。結(jié)果:最終納入8篇文獻。有效性方面,1篇循證指南推薦使用依托泊苷治療兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤;5項RCT中,2項含依托泊苷/達卡巴嗪方案的無進展生存率(EFS)和總體生存率(OS)均在75%以上,但2項含達卡巴嗪方案的EFS、OS和1項含依托泊苷方案的完全緩解率(CR)與其他化療方案比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;安全性方面,含依托泊苷/達卡巴嗪方案的不良事件主要包括中性粒細胞減少、骨髓抑制、肺毒性、惡心嘔吐及二次惡性腫瘤,但均可耐受。經(jīng)濟性方面,ABVD方案在發(fā)達國家可負擔(dān),在發(fā)展中國家較昂貴。GRADE結(jié)果顯示證據(jù)質(zhì)量為中等。結(jié)論:推薦依托泊苷/達卡巴嗪作為兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的治療藥物納入第5版WHO兒童基本藥物清單中。

關(guān)鍵詞 依托泊苷;達卡巴嗪;兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤;兒童基本藥物目錄

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy, safety and econimics of etoposide/dacarbazine for pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma according to the requirements of WHO pediatric EMLc Expert Committee, and to provide the evidence whether etoposide and dacarbazine should be included in fifth edition of WHO EMLc. METHODS: Retrieved from the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, WHO ICTRP, NGC database and Google scholar search systematically, clinical studies, guideline and systematic review about efficacy, safety and safety of etoposide/dacarbazine for pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma were collected from database establishment to Jan. 2015. The quality of systematic evaluation/Meta-analysis, RCT and observational research literature were evaluated by using AMSTAR, Cochrane handbook and ACROBAT-NRSI tool. The quality of evidence and recommended intensity were evaluated by using GRADE (2011). RESULTS: Totally 8 literatures were included. For efficacy: one evidence-based guideline supported the use of etoposide for the treatment of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma. Among 5 RCTs, progression-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of 2 schemes containing etoposide/dacarbazine were all higher than 75%, but there was no statistical significance in EFS and OS of 2 schemes containing dacarbazine, complete remission (CR) of 1 scheme containing etoposide, compared with other chemotherapy plan. For safety, adverse events of schemes containing etoposide/dacarbazine containing mainly included neutrophils, bone marrow suppression, lung toxicity, nausea and vomiting, and secondary malignant tumors, which were all tolerable. For economics, ABVD regimen was affordable for developed countries, but expensive for developing countries. GRADE results showed that evidence had moderate quality. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended to include etoposide/dacarbazine for treatment of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma into fifth edition of WHO pediatric EMLc.

KEYWORDS Etoposide; Dacarbazine; Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma; Pediatric EMLc

霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin lymphoma)是15~19歲青少年中最常見的惡性腫瘤,美國每年約有1 100名兒童和20歲以下的青少年確診霍奇金淋巴瘤,占全部兒童期腫瘤的6%[1]。兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤治愈率高,5年生存率超98%,但長期總體存活率受化療遠期副作用影響而降低[2]。

目前,兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤化療方案中的主要藥物有長春新堿、多柔比星、環(huán)磷酰胺、強的松、博來霉素、依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪[3-12]。第4版世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)《兒童基本藥物目錄》(Model List of Essential Medicine for Children,EMLc)已納入長春新堿、多柔比星和環(huán)磷酰胺,未收錄依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪,國際抗癌聯(lián)盟(Union for International Cancer Control,UICC)申請將依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪納入第5版WHO EMLc,從而提高藥物的可及性。因申請者多數(shù)并未完全按照循證醫(yī)學(xué)要求進行資料的系統(tǒng)全面檢索、質(zhì)量評價和證據(jù)合成,所提交的材料質(zhì)量參差不齊。為了確保WHO EMLc推薦的藥品有證可循,WHO EMLc 委員會收到申請材料后將審校并組織相關(guān)專家進行外部評審,最終決定藥品是否進入或剔出下一版目錄。受WHO EMLc專家委員會之邀,基于WHO EMLc外審專家循證快速評估的方法和流程[13],本研究循證快速評估依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪治療兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的有效性、安全性和經(jīng)濟性,為依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪是否納入第5版WHO EMLc提供決策依據(jù)。

1 資料與方法

1.1 納入與排除標準

1.1.1 研究類型 以英文形式發(fā)表的臨床指南、系統(tǒng)評價(SR)、Meta分析或衛(wèi)生技術(shù)評估(Health technology assessment,HTA),若有同一作者或團隊研究不同時間的更新,以最新發(fā)表為主;無此類證據(jù)時考慮納入隨機對照試驗(RCT),若無再選擇觀察性研究。

1.1.2 研究人群 通過病理檢查確診的兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤患者,年齡≤20歲。

1.1.3 干預(yù)措施 試驗組為含依托泊苷或達卡巴嗪的化療方案,對照組為其他化療方案或非化療方案。

1.1.4 結(jié)局指標 ①有效性:完全緩解率(CR)、總體生存率(Overall survival,OS)、無進展生存率(Event-free survival,EFS)等;②安全性:死亡率、嚴重不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率;③經(jīng)濟性:成本分析、成本效益分析;④其他指標:使用該藥需要的特殊要求或培訓(xùn)、相關(guān)注冊監(jiān)管信息。

1.1.5 排除標準 重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻、非英文文獻。

1.2 檢索策略

計算機檢索美國國家指南數(shù)據(jù)庫(National guideline clearinghouse,NGC)、WHO 國際臨床試驗注冊平臺(International clinical trials registry platform,ICTRP)、Cochrane 圖書館、PubMed、Embase;補充檢索Google學(xué)術(shù)搜索。采用主題詞與自由詞相結(jié)合的方式,根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)庫不同,適當調(diào)整檢索策略,檢索時限均為建庫起至2015年1月。同時,補充檢索歐盟食品安全局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)和美國FDA網(wǎng)站,獲取依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪相關(guān)注冊信息。以PubMed為例,具體檢索策略見圖1。

1.3 文獻篩選、資料提取與質(zhì)量評價

兩位研究者背靠背篩選文獻和提取資料,分歧經(jīng)討論或咨詢第三位研究者解決。按預(yù)先制訂好的資料提取表提取以下內(nèi)容:(1)研究基本信息(作者、國家、年份、設(shè)計類型);(2)受試者信息(年齡、性別、診斷);(3)干預(yù)措施(治療方案、劑量、療程)和隨訪時間;(4)研究結(jié)局。文獻偏倚風(fēng)險評估工具包括:(1)SR和Meta分析質(zhì)量評價采用AMSTAR量表[14];(2)RCT采用Cochrane 系統(tǒng)評價員手冊5.1.0推薦的 RCT 偏倚風(fēng)險評估工具;(3)觀察性研究采用ACROBAT-NRSI (A cochrane risk of bias assessment tool:for non- randomized studies of interventions)工具。采用GRADE(Grading of recommendations assessment,development ,and evaluation)評價證據(jù)質(zhì)量[15-16]。經(jīng)濟學(xué)評價證據(jù)質(zhì)量目前尚無公認的評價標準與工具,僅描述其結(jié)果。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理

基于原始文獻的數(shù)據(jù),描述性報告納入文獻結(jié)果。若原始文獻數(shù)據(jù)無臨床異質(zhì)性,則進行Meta分析;反之,則僅進行描述性分析。統(tǒng)計分析采用Rev Man 5.3軟件,采用χ2檢驗判斷統(tǒng)計學(xué)異質(zhì)性。P<0.05或I 2≥50%表示存在異質(zhì)性,應(yīng)找出異質(zhì)性來源,若不存在臨床或方法學(xué)異質(zhì)性,則采用隨機效應(yīng)模型合并分析;反之,則采用固定效應(yīng)模型。連續(xù)變量采用加權(quán)均數(shù)差(WMD)或標準化均數(shù)差(SMD),分類變量采用相對危險度(RR)為效應(yīng)量,計算95%置信區(qū)間(CI)并繪制森林圖。此外,采用倒漏斗圖觀察是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 文獻檢索結(jié)果

初檢獲得文獻664篇,按納入排除標準逐層篩選后,最終納入8篇文獻,含1篇指南[17],7篇臨床研究[包括5項RCT[7,18-21](2 208例患者)和2項經(jīng)濟性研究[22-23](138例患者)]。文獻檢索流程圖見圖2。

2.2 納入文獻質(zhì)量評價

納入5項RCT中1項僅有摘要[21],未能獲得全文,其隨機序列產(chǎn)生、分配隱藏、盲法和其他偏倚未做評價。另外4項[7,18-20]也未描述分配隱藏和盲法,總體質(zhì)量不高,詳見圖3。

2.3 納入文獻基本信息及結(jié)果

2.3.1 臨床效果證據(jù) ①指南。1篇英文循證指南[17]對低、中、高?;颊呔扑]含依托泊苷的聯(lián)合化療方案。其中低危組采用2~4個療程的AOPE方案(多柔比星,長春新堿,強的松,依托泊苷),中危組采用3~6個療程的AOPE-COPP方案(多柔比星,長春新堿,強的松,依托泊苷-環(huán)磷酰胺,長春新堿,強的松,甲基芐肼)或ABVE-PC方案(多柔比星,博來霉素,長春新堿,依托泊苷-強的松,環(huán)磷酰胺),高危組采用4~6個療程的AOPE-COPP或ABVE-PC方案。

②RCT。共納入5項RCT[7,18-21](2 208例患者),其基本信息見表1(表中MOPP-ABVD表示氮芥,長春新堿,甲基芐肼,強的松-多柔比星,博來霉素,長春花堿,達卡巴嗪方案;CVPP表示環(huán)磷酰胺,長春新堿,甲基芐肼,強的松方案;DECA表示地塞米松,依托泊苷,順鉑,阿糖胞苷;“×”表示療程)。

在2項RCT[7,19]中,含依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪的聯(lián)合化療方案報道的EFS和OS均在75%以上,不良反應(yīng)可耐受。在2項RCT[18,21]中,含達卡巴嗪聯(lián)合化療方案與放療比較,EFS[RR=0.93,95%CI(0.8,1.07),P>0.05]和OS[RR=1.01,95%CI(0.91,1.13),P>0.05]差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。在1項RCT[20]中,含與不含依托泊苷聯(lián)合化療比較,結(jié)果兩組患者的CR比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[RR=0.88,95%CI(0.73,1.05),P>0.05]。

③證據(jù)質(zhì)量。采用GRADE評價證據(jù)質(zhì)量。在3項RCT[18,20-21]中比較了含依托泊苷/達卡巴嗪聯(lián)合化療與其他化療或放療的CR、EFS、OS。因隨機序列產(chǎn)生和盲法多不清楚,影響證據(jù)質(zhì)量的最主要因素為偏倚風(fēng)險,結(jié)果顯示證據(jù)質(zhì)量為中等,詳見表2。

2.3.2 安全性證據(jù) 5項含有依托泊苷/達卡巴嗪的聯(lián)合化療RCT中,常見的不良反應(yīng)有骨髓抑制、粒細胞減少、發(fā)熱、惡心、嘔吐等,其中含達卡巴嗪的ABVD方案和含依托泊苷的AOPE方案的不良反應(yīng)可耐受,詳見表1。

2.3.3 經(jīng)濟學(xué)證據(jù) 本研究包括2項經(jīng)濟性研究[22-23],結(jié)果顯示,在非洲,4~6周期ABVD方案的藥品成本為340~510美元,若加上診斷、隨訪等其他費用總計6 647.27美元,超過了其人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的3倍[22]。在墨西哥,體質(zhì)量20 kg左右的ⅠB~ⅡB期患兒的治療總成本約為3 000美元,體質(zhì)量30 kg左右患兒約為4 000美元。Ⅲ~Ⅳ期治療費用分別約為3 150、4 200美元,低于其人均GDP[23]。提示霍奇金淋巴瘤的治療在非洲國家(發(fā)展中國家)的經(jīng)濟負擔(dān)比墨西哥(發(fā)達國家)高得多。

2.3.4 注冊監(jiān)管信息 檢索美國FDA、歐盟EMA的相關(guān)文件,發(fā)現(xiàn)依托泊苷在美國未注冊兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的適應(yīng)證和兒童劑量;依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪在歐洲均未注冊兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤適應(yīng)證,也無兒童劑量[24-25]。

3 討論

3.1 與申請材料對比

與申請材料相比[26],筆者補充納入1項RCT,最終結(jié)果與申請材料提供結(jié)果一致。

3.2 有效性

申請材料推薦使用依托泊苷或達卡巴嗪治療兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的化療方案,包括AOPE、ABVE-PC和AOPE-COPD方案(多柔比星,長春新堿,強的松,依托泊苷-環(huán)磷酰胺,長春新堿,強的松,達卡巴嗪)。結(jié)果顯示,1篇指南和5項RCT報道了依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪化療的有效性。1篇指南推薦使用含依托泊苷的化療方案,5項RCT中3項采用含達卡巴嗪的化療方案,2項采用含依托泊苷的化療方案。筆者補充納入1項RCT,進一步證實了達卡巴嗪和依托泊苷用于兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的有效性,與申請材料的推薦一致。

3.3 安全性

申請材料報道了化療藥物的不良反應(yīng),其中長春新堿易致神經(jīng)毒性、博來霉素易致肺毒性、多柔比星易致心臟毒性、環(huán)磷酰胺可致不孕、依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪有導(dǎo)致二次惡性腫瘤的風(fēng)險。

筆者的檢索結(jié)果和申請材料一致。5項RCT報道了化療的安全性。MOPP-ABVD的主要藥品不良反應(yīng)(ADR)為中性粒細胞減少、骨髓抑制、肺毒性和不孕及二次惡性腫瘤;AOPE方案為惡心和嘔吐;AOPE-COPP方案為二次惡性腫瘤。ABVD 和AOPE方案的不良反應(yīng)可耐受。

3.4 經(jīng)濟性

申請材料未報告含依托泊苷或達卡巴嗪化療方案的費用相關(guān)情況。筆者新納入2篇文獻。結(jié)果顯示ABVD方案對發(fā)達國家可負擔(dān),對發(fā)展中國家較昂貴。

3.5 本研究局限性及對未來研究的建議

本研究為循證快速評估,因指南和臨床研究異質(zhì)性較大且文獻質(zhì)量不高,無法定量分析。筆者的檢索結(jié)果補充了英文證據(jù),但缺乏兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的高質(zhì)量原始研究和經(jīng)濟學(xué)研究。建議基于患兒病情和經(jīng)濟條件,多進行高質(zhì)量原始證據(jù)的研究,為兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的患兒治療提供依據(jù)。

3.6 結(jié)語

本評估完善了英文證據(jù),研究結(jié)果證實了依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪的有效性和安全性。推薦將依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪作為兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的治療藥物新編入第5版WHO EMLc清單,但仍要完善注冊信息,如增加兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤為其適應(yīng)證。

基于該研究結(jié)果,WHO在第5版EMLc中增加了依托泊苷和達卡巴嗪用于治療兒童霍奇金淋巴瘤的信息[27]。

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(收稿日期:2018-05-22 修回日期:2018-07-26)

(編輯:劉明偉)