馬俊 李元齊
摘要:外掛混凝土墻板是裝配式鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑、甚至普通鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的主要圍護(hù)墻體材料,對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的影響不容忽視.在對(duì)各國規(guī)范中鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期計(jì)算方法進(jìn)行歸納的基礎(chǔ)上,基于已有的一棟帶蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土墻板足尺鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)模型試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)和一棟帶預(yù)制裝配式混凝土墻板鋼框架教學(xué)樓實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),分析了相關(guān)規(guī)范計(jì)算方法的適用性.結(jié)果表明,考慮墻體的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式對(duì)帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的估計(jì)較為準(zhǔn)確.基于40棟帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),提出了帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式.公式以結(jié)構(gòu)高度為自變量,基本自振周期為結(jié)構(gòu)高度的冪函數(shù),公式計(jì)算結(jié)果離散度較小,與實(shí)測結(jié)果吻合較好,可供設(shè)計(jì)人員參考.
關(guān)鍵詞:鋼框架;外掛混凝土墻板;自振周期;經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式
中圖分類號(hào):TU391 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Effect of Exterior Concrete Wall Panels on Natural Period of
Steel Frame Structures
MA Jun1,2?偉j , LI Yuanqi1
(1. College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
2. China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200122, China)
Abstract: Exterior concrete wall panels are becoming one of the main building envelope materials for steel frame structures in china, and the effect of exterior concrete wall panels on natural period of steel frames should be realized in the design stage. The formulas for fundamental natural period of steel frame buildings in codes of some countries are summarized, and the feasibility of these formulas for steel frames with exterior concrete wall panels is evaluated by comparing the empirical results with the test data of a full-scale steel frame structure with ALC panels and with the field measured data of a steel frame school building with precast concrete wall panels, the results show that empirical formulas considering the effect of wall materials are most reasonable. Based on the field measured natural periods of steel frames with exterior concrete wall panels, the empirical formula for estimating fundamental natural period of steel frame structures with exterior concrete wall panels is put forward. The structural height is adopted as independent variable in the empirical formula, and the fundamental natural period is a power function of the structural height. The results obtained from the empirical formula have little discreteness and agree well with the field measured data. The empirical formula may serve engineering designers as a reference.
Key words: steel frames; exterior concrete wall panel; natural periods; empirical formulas
鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期是鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)中的重要參數(shù),其取值關(guān)系到地震作用、基底剪力等參數(shù)的計(jì)算.為了滿足空間功能分隔和外部圍護(hù)等建筑功能要求,鋼框架建筑中通常具有大量圍護(hù)墻體材料.墻體的存在增強(qiáng)了鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的側(cè)向剛度,減小了結(jié)構(gòu)的自振周期[1-2].各國規(guī)范在計(jì)算鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期時(shí)均考慮了墻體的影響,但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,由于墻體材料不同和墻體的安裝、布置方式非常靈活,墻體對(duì)鋼框架自振周期的影響程度很難進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一描述.
隨著我國墻改政策的實(shí)施和工業(yè)化建筑的推廣,外掛混凝土墻板已逐步成為鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的主要圍護(hù)墻體材料.外掛混凝土墻板的材料性質(zhì)和安裝方式與傳統(tǒng)的填充墻截然不同,對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的影響也有別于傳統(tǒng)墻體.然而,已有研究主要集中在磚或混凝土砌塊砌體填充墻對(duì)鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的影響,對(duì)于采用外掛混凝土墻板的鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期取值還缺乏相關(guān)研究,設(shè)計(jì)過程中也缺少相關(guān)依據(jù)[3-4].因此,有必要研究外掛混凝土墻板對(duì)鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的影響,提出合理的自振周期計(jì)算公式.
本文首先對(duì)國內(nèi)外規(guī)范中鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期的計(jì)算方法進(jìn)行歸納,隨后采用規(guī)范中計(jì)算方法對(duì)已完成的一棟帶蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土墻板足尺鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)?zāi)P秃鸵粭潕ьA(yù)制裝配式混凝土墻板鋼框架教學(xué)樓的基本自振周期進(jìn)行計(jì)算,并將計(jì)算結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比,分析了規(guī)范計(jì)算方法對(duì)帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的適用性.基于收集到的40棟已有的帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),提出了帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,供設(shè)計(jì)人員參考.
1 1 規(guī)范中鋼框架基本自振周期計(jì)算方法
國內(nèi)外規(guī)范[5-19]中的鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期計(jì)算方法主要包括經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式法和瑞利公式法.經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式在實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析后歸納而成,已經(jīng)包含了墻體影響.根據(jù)是否在表達(dá)式中明確考慮墻體布置影響,經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式可分為忽略和考慮墻體布置兩類形式.瑞利公式法是基于結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量和剛度的動(dòng)力計(jì)算方法,計(jì)算結(jié)果通常需要采用周期折減系數(shù)進(jìn)行修正,以考慮墻體對(duì)自振周期的影響.
%1.1 1.1經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式
1.1.1忽略墻體布置的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式
在實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上,多數(shù)規(guī)范建議了基于結(jié)構(gòu)特征參數(shù)的鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式.這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式大體上可分為基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度、基于建筑樓層數(shù)、基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度和底部寬度三類,部分規(guī)范中建議了多個(gè)基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式.
第一類基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式以鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的高度作為自變量.澳大利亞規(guī)范[5]、意大利規(guī)范[6]、瑞士規(guī)范[7]、韓國規(guī)范[8]和我國臺(tái)灣規(guī)范[9]中,鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期是結(jié)構(gòu)高度的函數(shù),如下:
T1=αhβ. (1)
式中:T1為結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期,s;h為結(jié)構(gòu)高度,m;α和β是經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式系數(shù),取值根據(jù)各國規(guī)范有所不同.澳大利亞規(guī)范中,α和β分別取為0.137 5和0.75,意大利、瑞士、韓國和我國臺(tái)灣規(guī)范中,鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的α和β分別取為0.085和0.75.
第二類基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式以建筑樓層數(shù)作為自變量.我國《建筑結(jié)構(gòu)荷載規(guī)范》(GB 50009—2012)[10]和《高層民用建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)規(guī)程》(JGJ 99—98)[11]中,鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期是建筑樓層數(shù)的線性函數(shù),如下所示:
T1=λN. (2)
式中:N是建筑樓層數(shù);λ是經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式系數(shù).對(duì)于高層鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑,文獻(xiàn)[10]中,λ取為0.1~0.15;文獻(xiàn)[11]中,λ取為0.1.
第三類基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式是結(jié)構(gòu)高度和沿作用力方向結(jié)構(gòu)寬度的函數(shù).法國規(guī)范[12]、西班牙規(guī)范[13]、埃及規(guī)范[14]、印度規(guī)范[15]中建議了該類經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,如下所示,
T1=αhd. (3)
式中:h為結(jié)構(gòu)高度,m;d是沿作用力方向的結(jié)構(gòu)寬度,m;α是經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式系數(shù).法國規(guī)范和西班牙規(guī)范中,α取為0.1;埃及和印度規(guī)范中,α取為0.09.
國內(nèi)外規(guī)范中的鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式大致分為以上三類,同時(shí),部分國家規(guī)范中建議了多個(gè)不同形式的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式.
美國ASCE7—10[16]中分別建議了基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度和建筑樓層數(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式.當(dāng)框架結(jié)構(gòu)承擔(dān)全部地震作用時(shí),可采用基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的基本自振周期:
T1=0.0724h0.8. (4)
同時(shí),對(duì)于總層數(shù)在12層以下且各層層高不小于3 m的鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu),可采用基于建筑樓層數(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的基本自振周期:
T1=0.1N. (5)
日本規(guī)范[17]中同時(shí)建議了基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度和建筑樓層數(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式:
T1=(0.02+0.01αh)h, (6)
T1=(0.1±0.03)N. (7)
式(6)中,基本自振周期是結(jié)構(gòu)高度的函數(shù),αh是采用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建造的樓層高度與結(jié)構(gòu)總高度之比.式(7)中,基本自振周期是建筑樓層數(shù)的函數(shù),經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式系數(shù)根據(jù)墻體和支撐的布置進(jìn)行調(diào)整.
1.1.2考慮墻體布置經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式
部分國家規(guī)范中明確考慮了墻體布置對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的影響.歐洲規(guī)范[18]和新西蘭規(guī)范[19]建議采用式(8)~式(11)計(jì)算高度在40 m以內(nèi)的帶填充墻的鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期,
T1=Cth0.75, (8)
Ct=0.075/Ac, (9)
Ac=∑[Ai·(0.2+(lwi/h))2]. (10)
式中:Ct是針對(duì)填充墻布置的修正系數(shù);Ac是首層填充墻有效面積,m2;Ai是首層第i片填充墻的有效截面積,m2;lwi是沿水平力作用方向填充墻長度,m;h是結(jié)構(gòu)高度,m.同時(shí),墻體長高比lwi/h需小于等于0.9.
歐洲規(guī)范和新西蘭規(guī)范均用修正系數(shù)Ct考慮了填充墻布置對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的影響.值得注意的是,規(guī)范中僅考慮了底層填充墻的影響,對(duì)于其余樓層中的填充墻則沒有具體考慮.
%1.2 1.2瑞利公式
除了經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式方法,國內(nèi)外規(guī)范中還推薦使用瑞利公式來計(jì)算鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的基本自振周期.瑞利公式如下所示:
T=2π∑ni=1Wid2ig∑ni=1Fidi. (11)
式中:Wi是第i層的重力荷載,kg;Fi是第i層所受水平力,N;di是相應(yīng)的第i層彈性變形,m.
為了便于使用,部分規(guī)范中給出了簡化的瑞利公式.我國《高層民用建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)規(guī)程》(JGJ 99—98)針對(duì)質(zhì)量和剛度沿高度分布比較均勻的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑,建議了考慮非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件影響的簡化瑞利公式:
T1=1.7ξTun. (12)
式中:un是將各層重力荷載作為樓層集中水平力后按彈性靜力方法計(jì)算得到的頂層側(cè)移,m;ξT是考慮非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件影響的修正系數(shù),宜取為0.9.
歐洲、新西蘭和瑞士規(guī)范中給出的簡化瑞利公式如下:
T1=2Δ. (13)
式中:Δ是將各層重力荷載作為水平荷載后得到的結(jié)構(gòu)頂點(diǎn)彈性水平位移,m.
日本規(guī)范針對(duì)質(zhì)量和剛度分布均勻的結(jié)構(gòu),建議了基本自振周期的簡化瑞利公式:
T1=δ5~δ5.7. (14)
式中:δ是將各層重力荷載作為水平荷載后得到的結(jié)構(gòu)頂點(diǎn)彈性水平位移,cm.δ/5適用于單自由度系統(tǒng),δ/5.7對(duì)應(yīng)多自由度系統(tǒng).
瑞利公式基于結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力計(jì)算,考慮了材料性質(zhì)、構(gòu)件截面等參數(shù)影響.經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式則基于實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),考慮了墻體作用等動(dòng)力計(jì)算中不能考慮的不確定因素.實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,許多國家規(guī)范將經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果作為基本自振周期上限值,避免地震力設(shè)計(jì)值過度降低.譬如:美國規(guī)范規(guī)定基本自振周期取值不得大于經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算值;我國臺(tái)灣規(guī)范規(guī)定基本自振周期取值不得大于經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式值的1.4倍;澳大利亞規(guī)范規(guī)定基底剪力設(shè)計(jì)值不得小于根據(jù)自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算值所得基底剪力計(jì)算值的80%.
2 2 各國規(guī)范基本自振周期計(jì)算方法對(duì)比
為了分析規(guī)范計(jì)算方法對(duì)帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的適用性,根據(jù)規(guī)范中建議公式,對(duì)已有的一棟帶蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)?zāi)P秃鸵粭潕ьA(yù)制裝配式混凝土墻板鋼框架教學(xué)樓的基本自振周期進(jìn)行了計(jì)算,并將計(jì)算結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)和實(shí)測結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比.
%1.3 2.1帶蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)
2.1.1結(jié)構(gòu)介紹
帶蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)?zāi)P蜑槿毡痉罏?zāi)科學(xué)技術(shù)研究所完成的足尺4層鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)[20].試驗(yàn)?zāi)P腿鐖D1所示,結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層平面圖及外立面布置如圖2所示.鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)X向1跨,Y向2跨,平面尺寸為10 m×6 m,結(jié)構(gòu)總高度為14.375 m,其中底層層高3.875 m,其余樓層層高3.5 m.鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)中框架柱均采用截面為RHS-300×9的方鋼管,框架梁截面尺寸見表1.外掛混凝土墻板采用125 mm厚蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土墻板,墻板在結(jié)構(gòu)的X向兩側(cè)和Y向沿B軸一側(cè)滿布布置,在Y向沿A軸一側(cè)未布置墻板.蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土墻板安裝方式:采用搖擺工法,墻板通過內(nèi)置螺栓和導(dǎo)向角鋼連接到鋼框架,連接構(gòu)造如圖3所示.搖擺工法使墻板具有隨動(dòng)變形性能,墻板能適應(yīng)主體結(jié)構(gòu)在各種外力作用下的變形.實(shí)際工程中,蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土外掛墻板的連接方式主要有外墻豎裝時(shí)的搖擺工法、滑動(dòng)工法、固定工法,以及外墻橫裝時(shí)的搖擺工法和固定工法[21].
該鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)在模擬振動(dòng)臺(tái)上進(jìn)行了不同激勵(lì)幅度的振動(dòng)臺(tái)試驗(yàn).當(dāng)輸入地震波為5%、10%、12.5%、20%的JR鷹取波時(shí),基于測得的加速度時(shí)程數(shù)據(jù),采用單輸入多輸出的ARX模型對(duì)該結(jié)構(gòu)的模態(tài)參數(shù)進(jìn)行了識(shí)別,結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期識(shí)別結(jié)果依次為0.810 4 s、0.820 3 s、0.830 6 s、0.825 8 s[22].對(duì)不同激勵(lì)幅度下的基本自振周期試驗(yàn)結(jié)果取平均值,得到鋼框架模型的基本自振周期為0.82 s.
2.1.2各國規(guī)范基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果對(duì)比
對(duì)于忽略墻體經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,除澳大利亞規(guī)范外,根據(jù)其余規(guī)范計(jì)算得到的基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果均小于試驗(yàn)值,誤差范圍約為24%~66%.基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差多數(shù)在25%左右,但是日本規(guī)范的計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差較大,約為48%.基于結(jié)構(gòu)樓層數(shù)的基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果變化范圍較大,誤差范圍為27%~66%.基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度和底部寬度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差分別為36%和29%.值得注意的是,我國規(guī)范中建議的基于建筑樓層數(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式誤差范圍為27%~51%,與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果相差偏大.
對(duì)于考慮墻體布置經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,歐洲規(guī)范和新西蘭規(guī)范的計(jì)算結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果非常接近,誤差僅為11%.與忽略墻體經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果相比,考慮墻體布置經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式的計(jì)算結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果更加接近.
對(duì)于瑞利公式方法,基于簡化瑞利公式的基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果均大于試驗(yàn)結(jié)果.我國《高層民用建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)規(guī)程》(JGJ 99—98)中的建議公式由于考慮了非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的影響,修正后的基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果最為接近,但對(duì)于修正系數(shù)的取值仍需進(jìn)一步研究.
%1.4 2.2帶預(yù)制裝配式混凝土墻板鋼框架教學(xué)樓
2.2.1結(jié)構(gòu)介紹
帶預(yù)制裝配式混凝土墻板鋼框架教學(xué)樓為日本名古屋大學(xué)東山校區(qū)的IB電子情報(bào)館.建筑外觀如圖4所示,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層平面圖如圖5所示,結(jié)構(gòu)體系為純鋼框架.鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)X向11跨,Y向3跨,平面尺寸60 m×15.2 m,結(jié)構(gòu)總高度41.1 m,建筑樓層數(shù)10層.鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)中框架柱采用方鋼管,框架梁采用H型鋼,截面尺寸見文獻(xiàn)[23].外掛混凝土墻板采用150 mm厚預(yù)制裝配式混凝土墻板,墻板沿結(jié)構(gòu)四周滿布布置.
該鋼框架教學(xué)樓建成后,進(jìn)行了多次環(huán)境激勵(lì).基于環(huán)境激勵(lì)下的結(jié)構(gòu)振動(dòng)加速度,采用隨機(jī)減量技術(shù)對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)模態(tài)參數(shù)進(jìn)行了識(shí)別,結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期識(shí)別結(jié)果為1.0 s[23].
對(duì)于忽略墻體經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,根據(jù)規(guī)范計(jì)算得到的基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差范圍為0~123%.基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差范圍為23%~123%,其中澳大利亞規(guī)范的計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差較大,為123%.基于結(jié)構(gòu)樓層數(shù)的基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差范圍為0%~50%,其中我國規(guī)范下限值和美國規(guī)范的計(jì)算結(jié)果與實(shí)測結(jié)果吻合.基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度和底部寬度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差為5%,與實(shí)測結(jié)果接近.
對(duì)于考慮墻體布置經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,歐洲規(guī)范和新西蘭規(guī)范的計(jì)算結(jié)果與實(shí)測結(jié)果一致,較好地預(yù)測了鋼框架教學(xué)樓的基本自振周期.
對(duì)于瑞利公式方法,基于簡化瑞利公式的基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果大于實(shí)測結(jié)果.我國《高層民用建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)規(guī)程》(JGJ 99—98)中的建議公式考慮了非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的影響,修正后的基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差為3%,與實(shí)測結(jié)果接近.歐洲規(guī)范、新西蘭規(guī)范和日本規(guī)范由于未考慮非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的影響,基本自振周期計(jì)算結(jié)果誤差分別為34%和18%.
通過上述兩棟鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期實(shí)測值與規(guī)范計(jì)算結(jié)果的對(duì)比可知,對(duì)于帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu),歐洲規(guī)范和新西蘭規(guī)范建議的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式中由于考慮了墻體布置的影響,結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期計(jì)算值最接近真實(shí)值;美國、意大利等國家規(guī)范中基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式與法國、西班牙等國家規(guī)范中基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度和寬度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式未明確考慮墻體類型、布置等影響,需對(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式系數(shù)進(jìn)行修正;基于結(jié)構(gòu)樓層數(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果范圍較大;基于瑞利公式的計(jì)算結(jié)果大于實(shí)測結(jié)果,需用考慮非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件影響的修正系數(shù)予以修正.
3 3 帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架自振周期
%1.5 3.1帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架自振周期實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)
本文收集了40棟已有的帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)建筑或足尺試驗(yàn)?zāi)P?,結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)見表4,表中同時(shí)給出了結(jié)構(gòu)的長、寬、高、樓層數(shù)、激勵(lì)方式以及外掛混凝土墻板類型、建筑用途、數(shù)據(jù)來源等信息.表中結(jié)構(gòu)體系為鋼框架,外掛混凝土墻板主要為預(yù)制裝配式混凝土墻板和蒸壓輕質(zhì)加氣混凝土墻板,建筑高度為4~70 m,建筑樓層數(shù)為2~20層.
%1.6 3.2自振周期計(jì)算公式回歸分析
基于實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),采用非線性回歸技術(shù),建立帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式.經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式形式參考各國規(guī)范中建議公式,以高度、寬度等結(jié)構(gòu)特征參數(shù)作為自變量,形式見表5.基于樓層數(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式由于結(jié)果離散性較大,因此表中未列出該類公式形式.非線性回歸分析采用最小二乘法對(duì)實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)回歸,回歸結(jié)果見表5.對(duì)于回歸結(jié)果,采用相關(guān)系數(shù)和模型效率EF對(duì)回歸效果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),評(píng)價(jià)公式如下:
r=∑ni-=1(xi-x-)(yi-y-)∑ni=1(xi-x-)2·∑ni=1(yi-y-)2. (15)
式中:xi和yi為待回歸數(shù)據(jù)和回歸值;x-和y-為均值.
EF=[∑ni=1(yi-y-)2-∑ni=1(yi-y^i)2]∑ni=1(yi-y-)2. (16)
式中:yi為待回歸數(shù)據(jù);y-為待回歸數(shù)據(jù)均值;y^i為對(duì)應(yīng)的回歸值.
4 4結(jié) 論
本文研究了外掛混凝土墻板對(duì)鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期的影響,主要結(jié)論如下:
1)對(duì)于帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu),考慮墻體布置的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果與實(shí)際結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期最為接近,基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式宜考慮墻體布置.
2)忽略墻體布置經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式中,基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式與基于結(jié)構(gòu)高度和寬度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式需對(duì)公式系數(shù)進(jìn)行修正;基于結(jié)構(gòu)樓層數(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算結(jié)果離散性較大.
3)瑞利公式計(jì)算結(jié)果大于實(shí)際結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期,需用考慮非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件影響的修正系數(shù)對(duì)計(jì)算結(jié)果予以修正.
4)基于帶外掛混凝土墻板鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),采用非線性回歸技術(shù),建議了考慮外掛混凝土墻板影響的鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本自振周期經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式以結(jié)構(gòu)高度作為自變量,可供設(shè)計(jì)人員參考.
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