朱新法

多年的高考評卷經(jīng)驗告訴我們，高分作文（20分以上），除了具備能帶來視覺美感享受的優(yōu)美書法、能體現(xiàn)考生深厚語言功底的高級詞匯、復(fù)合句和非謂語動詞等特點外，一定少不了起到畫龍點睛，妙筆生花作用的經(jīng)典句型。一般來說，在一篇100個詞左右的書面表達中，我們不提倡緣木求魚、畫蛇添足式的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)和套句，但數(shù)量適中、運用恰當(dāng)、和內(nèi)容有機結(jié)合的經(jīng)典句型往往有事半功倍的效果，會讓閱卷老師眼前一亮、耳目一新，立刻激發(fā)他們?yōu)閹熣叩南Р胖暮统删透校叻肿匀痪蛠砹?。本文?018年廣州一模和全國高考I卷書面表達為例，探討高考書信文體中如何正確使用三個高級句型，即not only... but also、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)和強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，以使文章更有特色。

首先，看一下筆者給學(xué)生評講2018年廣州一模書面表達時的自創(chuàng)例文：

Dear Alice，

In response to your email seeking my advice， I am writing not only to express my sincere gratitude to you for your trust but also to offer my suggestions.

From my perspective， both of your parentsidea and yours are understandable. After all， it is because your parents love you too much that they expect you to accompany them all the time. On the other hand， you are old enough to have your private space. In such a case， I suggest that you stick to your view， and only in this way can you learn to live independently. Of course， you had better have a discussion with your parents about your plans and arrangements to avoid any unnecessary misunderstanding.

Hope my advice will help you to solve your problem.

Yours，

Li Hua

第一段里用not only... but also 把本郵件的兩個寫作目的“1. 感謝她的信任；2. 回應(yīng)她的請求”并列起來，既簡明扼要地向讀者交代了本文的寫作目的，又照應(yīng)了命題人提出的寫作要求，讓讀者一目了然。由于not only... but also 是中國學(xué)生既熟悉又熱衷的一個經(jīng)典寫作句型，也是老師們教學(xué)中反復(fù)強調(diào)的一個結(jié)構(gòu)，在文章開頭使用，閱卷老師一眼就能看到，也會肯倍感親切。

該書面表達的第三個寫作要求是“3. 說明你的理由”。本部分首先分析了問題的根源，即Alice及其父母的看法的合理性；緊接著是針對寫作要求的重點，即作者提出建議并說明自己提這些建議的“理由”。第一點用了強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)“It is... that...”， 強調(diào)父母的想法有道理。此處強調(diào)原因狀語從句，既客觀地分析了問題產(chǎn)生的根源，又加強了語氣，增強了說服力。第二點里用了倒裝句，即Only加狀語放在句首構(gòu)成倒裝，提建議的同時強調(diào)自己建議的合理性，符合人們的思維習(xí)慣。這里倒裝句和強調(diào)句的使用無疑使文章在語言上有了亮點，上了一個檔次，會給評卷老師更深刻的印象，引起他們的共鳴，打分時會情不自禁地往高處打。

在實際的寫作過程中，考生要想拿高分，始終要有強烈的展示這三個高級句型（也可能是其他句型）的意識和愿望，要牢記我們必須想辦法把這些高級句型用到每篇書面表達中。在寫前的構(gòu)思階段即在考慮“寫什么”“怎么寫”的時候，就應(yīng)該琢磨哪一段、哪句話、哪些內(nèi)容里用哪個高級句型。為了用上這些高級句型，要創(chuàng)設(shè)必要的情景，提煉有關(guān)的要點，精選相應(yīng)的用詞，拓展關(guān)鍵的句子，調(diào)整表達的思路，有目的地把要表達的內(nèi)容和目標(biāo)句型縝密地結(jié)合起來。也可以在書面表達初步成文之后，在潤色的環(huán)節(jié)把這三個句型用改寫的方法恰當(dāng)?shù)厝谌脒M去，達到使文章晉檔升級、妙筆生花的效果。

當(dāng)然，不少學(xué)生對這三個句型的掌握還有模糊的地方，導(dǎo)致不敢用或錯用；或沒必要用而盲目使用；或牽強附會地死搬硬套，為倒裝而倒裝，為強調(diào)而強調(diào)。為此，筆者以2018年全國高考I卷書面表達（1. 到達時間；2. 合適的禮物；3. 餐桌禮儀）為例說明如何在高考書信中正確運用三個句型。

一、not only... but also（不但……而且……）

1. 用法說明：該結(jié)構(gòu)屬并列連詞，連接兩個詞類和句法功能完全對等平行、做同一句子成分的詞、短語或并列分句；強調(diào)后者；連接主語時謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與后者保持一致；連接并列分句時可以把not only 放在第一個并列分句的句首，且該分句倒裝；第二個分句中的also 可以省略，或放在行為動詞之前、主語或助動詞之后。因此，要想在書面表達中運用這個句型，必須找出兩個對等的或平行的成分或結(jié)構(gòu)。

2. 典型錯句

（1）用于否定句。如：

Not only you but also your friend should not play with cell phones while eating.

（2）并列部分不對等。如：

You can not only buy some fruits but also some tea.

（3）not only放在第一個分句句首時，不倒裝。如：

Not only you can go to visit your friends before dinner， but also you can go to see him in the evening.（also最好放在 can后面）

3. 運用舉例：

（1）談寫信目的

Im writing not only to tell you about the right arrival time and suitable gifts when visiting Chinese friends but also to introduce you some Chinese table manners.

In reply to your email inquiring about Chinese customs about visiting friends， I am writing not only to inform you of the relevant information but also to give you some advice.

（2）談到達時間

Chinese hosts are not only friendly but also hospitable， so they expect you to get there before dinner in order to treat you to a big dinner.

Youd better arrive at your friends home at the appointed time. In this way， not only can you leave your friend a good impression of being punctual， but he can also have enough time to prepare dinner.

（3）談合適禮物

You can take some fruits or flowers that are loved not only by children but also by adults.

You can not only take some fresh fruits but also buy a boxes of milk.

Gifts like fruits and flowers are not only inexpensive but also meaningful and practical.

（4）談餐桌禮儀

Chinese hosts will not only prepare quite a few delicious dishes for their respectable guests but also frequently put food on the guestsplate or bowl.

Not only loud noises but also laughing and talking loudly are thought to be impolite， which should be forbidden.

It is not only impolite but also disrespectful to play with cellphones at dinner time.

Not only the hosts but also the guests should avoid focusing on their cell phones at table.

二、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

1. 使用說明：倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是為了突出句子的某一部分，把某些詞放在句首時，必須把謂語動詞或助動詞放到主語前面，從而構(gòu)成（部分）倒裝。倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的使用，增強了句式的多樣性和說服力。寫作過程中必須根據(jù)上下文創(chuàng)設(shè)情景，選擇最適合的倒裝句式。only加狀語放在句首構(gòu)成的倒裝句寫作中用得最廣。另外，否定意義的頻度副詞（little， never， hardly， seldom， neither， nor， scarcely， rarely， barely等）、表示程度的so /such以及not only，not until等放在句首構(gòu)成的倒裝也很常用。

2. 典型錯句

（1）助動詞或情態(tài)動詞不提前。如：

Only by working hard you can succeed.

（2）加助動詞do， does， did后，謂語動詞沒有用原形。如：

Only then did I realized that I had forgot to close the door.

3. 運用舉例

（1）談寫信目的

So grateful am I to you for your trust in me that I am writing to inform you of the relevant information as soon as I receive your e-mail.

（2）談到達時間

Only by getting there on time or a few minutes late can you give your friends enough time to get prepared.

So friendly are Chinese hosts that they often prepare a big dinner for their guests so you can arrive there a little early to give them a hand.

By no means should you arrive at your friends home too early or too late.

（3）談合適禮物

Seldom do Chinese buy expensive gifts when visiting friends except on important occasions.

In China， hardly do we open a gift box or bag to appreciate the gifts before the guests leave.

So practical and popular are such gifts as fruits， milk and childrens toys that they are appropriate for most home visits.

So unique and characteristic are the native produce taken from your homeland that they are the best gifts to give to your friend.

（4）談餐桌禮儀

So hospitable is your Chinese host that he will frequently put the most delicious food into your dish to encourage you to eat more， in which case youd better not reject.

We dont use forks and knives in China. Neither do you need to feel surprised when offered a pair of chopsticks.

You can not make much noise when chewing food， nor can you cough without turning around.

Never can you stick your chopsticks in the food or point them at others， which is thought disrespectful.

Never can you urge others to drink alcohol unless you toastthe others.

Only after all the people are seated can you begin eating with others.

Only in this way can you and your friend have a good time enjoying a feast together.

三、強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)

It is +被強調(diào)部分+ that/who+ 其他

1. 使用說明：顧名思義，強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)就是為了強調(diào)句子的某一成分（謂語動詞和做定語、狀語的形容詞、副詞除外）。使用該結(jié)構(gòu)，既能增加文章句式的多樣性和復(fù)雜性，又能加強語氣，提高說服力和表達效果，容易引起評卷老師的注意。

2. 典型錯誤：使用該句型的常見錯誤包括：

（1）不需要強調(diào)卻用強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。

（2）is 和was 的誤用（謂語是各種現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)時用 is，謂語是各種過去時時用was， 不能用am， are 或were）。如：

It is you who was to blame for the accident.（強調(diào)過去應(yīng)該用was）

（3）that， who， where和when的誤用（除被強調(diào)部分是人可以用who或that外，其他情況均只用that，不能用which，where 或when）。如：

It was in the classroom where we had our PE lesson， because it was raining.（強調(diào)地點狀語應(yīng)該用that，此處把強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)和定語從句混淆）

（4）丟掉引導(dǎo)詞（that 或who）。

（5）強調(diào)句中插入定語從句造成句子過長、句意不清等。

3. 運用舉例

（1）談寫信目的

It is your trust in me and your interest in Chinese customs that urge me to write back to you so soon.

It is for the purpose of giving you a brief introduction about Chinese culture concerning gifts and table manners that Im writing to you.

（2）談到達時間

It is your punctual arrival on time that matters.

It is being a few minutes late that will give your friend more time to get ready.

As for the time of arrival， it is your punctuality that indicates your good manners and respect for others.

It is your punctual appearance at the appointed time that will leave your friend adequate time to make preparations.

It is your early arrival that will leave your friend unprepared， which is not advocated.

（3）談合適禮物

The gift itself may be small， but it is the goodwill it conveys that counts.

It is small and inexpensive gifts such as fruits， milk and childrens toys that are recommended.

It is fresh fruits and flowers which are not so expensive that are especially well received.

It is toys and candies that are most suitable if your friend has children.

It is the local agricultural products of your hometown in New Zealand that are most proper in such a case.

（4）談餐桌禮儀

It is talking and laughing loudly while eating that is always forbidden.

It is the noise caused while chewing or enjoying food that is considered most impolite.

If you have dinner in a restaurant， it is your host friend who should order the dishes.

It is your praise for your hosts cooking skill and hospitality that will make him happier with a sense of achievement.

It is your enjoying the foods prepared by your friend that will make your friend more delighted.

四、含三個高級句型的原創(chuàng)例文

2018年全國高考I卷的書面表達在內(nèi)容方面明顯有難度，因為不僅涉及到知識性問題，考生的地域、知識面、家庭教育、社交經(jīng)歷等背景差異也會對寫作結(jié)果帶來影響；而且餐桌禮儀又是一個很大的話題，如何在100個詞左右的短文中內(nèi)談清楚三個話題對中學(xué)生來說很有挑戰(zhàn)性。在有限的時間內(nèi)，做到深入淺出、長話短說、大題小做，既要斟酌要點，又要用上高級詞匯和兩到三個高級句型，這絕對不是一件容易的事。但只要我們平時多積累，考場認(rèn)真審題，準(zhǔn)確理解寫作要求，切題而不跑題（“到達時間”應(yīng)該指到達朋友家的時間而不是指坐飛機到達中國的時間，飯前洗手是衛(wèi)生問題而不是餐桌禮儀），精選要點，充滿信心，正確使用基礎(chǔ)語法和詞匯，適當(dāng)使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)和高級詞匯，特別是恰當(dāng)運用本文提到的三個高級句型，相信我們的書面表達一定能夠得高分甚至滿分。以下是一篇運用了上述三個高級句型的原創(chuàng)例文：

DearTerry，

I am Li Hua. I am writing to inform you of the Chinese customs concerning not only the right arrival time and suitable gifts but also proper table manners in family visiting.

Personally speaking， you should arrive at your friends home on time， for it is your punctual presence that will keep everything going as scheduled. As for the gifts， you can take some inexpensive fresh fruits or flowers. Native local products from your homeland are more appropriate. Talking of table manners， you are kindly reminded that you can never stick your chopsticks in your food or point them at others. Besides， noises in chewing food or talking loudly while dining are considered impolite. Lastly， only by praising your host for his cooking skills and saying thanks for his warm reception can you make him more delighted.

Hope my introduction will be helpful and look forward to your pleasant visit.

Yours，

Li Hua

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青