王茜
摘要:由于處理工藝和運(yùn)行成本的限制,再生水中仍殘留一定數(shù)量的污染物,長期使用必然會對受納區(qū)的土壤和地下水環(huán)境產(chǎn)生一定影響。通過文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研和數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),獲得了再生水受納區(qū)土壤和地下水中有機(jī)污染物、重金屬、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、鹽度、pH值和微生物等的種類和濃度,并結(jié)合環(huán)境統(tǒng)計(jì)年報(bào)、土壤環(huán)境和地下水質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),分析和討論了再生水利用對受納區(qū)土壤和地下水環(huán)境的影響。結(jié)果表明,再生水多來自于生活污水,其受納區(qū)域介質(zhì)中藥物及個人護(hù)理品污染和鹽度增加對土壤和地下水環(huán)境影響較大,再生水中其他污染物則影響不大。為了提高再生水利用安全性,應(yīng)根據(jù)受納區(qū)的使用功能,制定出污染物監(jiān)測方案、應(yīng)急預(yù)案和管理措施。
關(guān)鍵詞:再生水;土壤;地下水;有機(jī)污染物;重金屬;營養(yǎng)物質(zhì);鹽度
中圖分類號:X508文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號:
16721683(2018)04010410
Review about effects of reclaimed water usage on soil and groundwater
WANG Qian1,2,HUAN Huan3,WANG Hongrui1,ZHANG Botao1,2
(1.College of Water Sciences,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;2.Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation,Ministry of Education,Beijing 100875,China;3.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China)
Abstract:There are residual contaminants in the reclaimed water due to the limitations of wastewater treatment technology and operating costs.The quality of the soil and groundwater in the reclaimed water usage areas is bound to deteriorate in the long term.In this research,we collected the types and concentrations of contaminants in these areas through literature investigation and data statistics.We analyzed the effects of organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,persistent organic pollutants,pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals),heavy metals,nutrients,salinity,pH,and microbes in reclaimed water on soil and groundwater environment.Since most reclaimed water is from domestic sewage,attention should be paid to the pollution of the PPCPs and salinity.We suggest adopting contaminant monitoring programs,emergency plans,and relevant management measures to ensure the safety of reclaimed water usage.
Key words:reclaimed water;soil;groundwater;organic contaminants;heavy metals;nutrients;salinity
我國人均水資源量僅有2 300 m3,不足世界平均水平的1/4,是水資源貧乏的國家之一[12],再生水利用對緩解水資源短缺,實(shí)現(xiàn)水資源可持續(xù)發(fā)展有重要意義。再生水是指污水經(jīng)過適當(dāng)處理后,達(dá)到一定的水質(zhì)指標(biāo),滿足某種使用要求,可以再次利用的水[3]。再生水的水質(zhì)指標(biāo)低于城市飲用水標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但高于污染水允許排入地面水體的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。它的使用可減少清水的使用量,進(jìn)而有效解決水資源短缺問題,減少水資源的浪費(fèi)。再生水已在世界各國得到了廣泛利用,主要包括農(nóng)林利用、城市雜用、景觀娛樂利用、工業(yè)回用以及河道和地下水補(bǔ)給等[5]。
隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)及城市化進(jìn)程快速發(fā)展,我國城市生活污水排放量日益增加,我國城鎮(zhèn)生活污水由2000年的2210億t增加到2015年的5352億t[2]。美國、日本、澳大利亞等國家某些地區(qū)也面臨水資源短缺,地下水超采等問題,再生水利用對緩解世界各國水資源短缺,實(shí)現(xiàn)水資源可持續(xù)發(fā)展有重要意義。2016年,全國年再生水利用量為5402億m3。其中,用于景觀環(huán)境用水3295億m3,占610%;工業(yè)用水1495億m3,占276%;城市非飲用水323億m3,占60%;農(nóng)林牧業(yè)用水248億m3,占46%;地下水補(bǔ)充用水041億m3,占08%[6]。目前,全國共有21個省級行政區(qū)出臺了再生水利用的相關(guān)法規(guī)政策,例如:北京市出臺了《北京市節(jié)約用水辦法》、《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)污水處理和再生水利用工作的意見》和《加快污水處理和再生水利用設(shè)施建設(shè)三年行動方案(2013—2015年)》等管理政策。同時,再生水利用相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷完善,2002年以來陸續(xù)頒布了一系列再生水利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如《再生水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》、《城市污水再生利用分類》、《城市污水再生利用農(nóng)田灌溉用水水質(zhì)》等。
同未經(jīng)處理或簡單處理的污水相比,再生水水質(zhì)大幅度提高,但是由于成本和工藝限制,再生水中仍然存在一定量的有機(jī)污染物、重金屬、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、鹽離子和微生物,其水質(zhì)特征還與再生水的來源、管網(wǎng)材質(zhì)以及運(yùn)輸條件等因素有關(guān)。再生水的長期使用,可能會對受納的土壤和地下水環(huán)境產(chǎn)生一定影響,造成相應(yīng)的生態(tài)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)前期文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研可知,雖然研究再生水對土壤或地下水影響的文章比較多,但是這些文章的關(guān)注點(diǎn)都只集中于單一介質(zhì)(土壤或地下水)或者集中于再生水中某類污染物研究,缺乏再生水中所有主要污染物在土壤和地下水的檢出分析以及對土壤和地下水影響的研究,因此對再生水的利用及管理缺乏基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)資料和理論依據(jù)。
本文通過文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研和數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),獲得了再生水受納區(qū)有機(jī)污染物(包括多環(huán)芳烴、持久性有機(jī)污染物、藥物及個人護(hù)理品、內(nèi)分泌干擾物)、重金屬、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、鹽度、pH值和微生物等的種類和濃度,對再生水受納區(qū)土壤和地下水檢出濃度進(jìn)行了分析,并結(jié)合環(huán)境統(tǒng)計(jì)年報(bào)、土壤環(huán)境和地下水質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),分析和討論了再生水對受納區(qū)土壤和地下水環(huán)境的影響。
[BT(2+1]1再生水中有機(jī)污染物對土壤和地下水的影響
通過對該部分的文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,再生水中有機(jī)污染物主要通過農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉和城市雜用等利用方式進(jìn)入土壤和地下水,再生水利用時間為短期利用(1~3個月)與長期利用(4~9年)相結(jié)合,對再生水受納區(qū)有機(jī)污染物數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析[738],分別得到了這些區(qū)域的土壤(圖1)和地下水(圖2)中有機(jī)污染物濃度的最大值和平均值。從圖1和2可以看出,多環(huán)芳烴(圖1中A1-A8,圖2 中a1-a6)、持久性有機(jī)污染物(圖1中B1-B4,圖2中b1-b4)、藥物及個人護(hù)理品(圖1中C1-C17,圖2中c1-c14)和內(nèi)分泌干擾物(圖1中D1-D6,圖2中d1-d6)四類有機(jī)污染物在土壤和地下水中均有檢出,土壤濃度平均值范圍為075 ng/kg~332 μg/kg,最大值范圍為150 ng/kg~399 μg/kg;地下水濃度平均值范圍為003 ng/L~256 ng/L,最大值范圍為008 ng/L~563 ng/L。土壤中有機(jī)污染物的檢出濃度多數(shù)高于地下水中的濃度,且藥物及個人護(hù)理品和內(nèi)分泌干擾物在土壤和地下水中檢出濃度和頻率較高。
1.1再生水中多環(huán)芳烴對受納區(qū)土壤和地下水的影響
多環(huán)芳烴(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)是分子中含有兩個以上苯環(huán)的碳?xì)浠衔?,它主要來源于人類活動,尤其是化石燃料的不完全燃燒[8]。由圖1中A1-A8的PAHs濃度數(shù)據(jù)可以看出,低環(huán)PAHs(2-3環(huán))在土壤中的平均濃度在075 ng/kg~4012 μg/kg范圍內(nèi)。檢出濃度最大的多環(huán)芳烴是萘(399 μg/kg),這是因?yàn)樵撗芯繀^(qū)萘在土壤中的含量隨季節(jié)的差異性變化很大,數(shù)據(jù)的采集時間是在濃度最高的8月份[7]。雖然多環(huán)芳烴在整個土層都有檢出,但是表層土壤中檢出濃度較高,這是由于PAHs是非極性化合物,有較強(qiáng)的疏水性,在遷移過程中更傾向于吸附在固體介質(zhì)上[8]。對比地下水不同環(huán)數(shù)的PAHs濃度可以看出,總體上地下水中低環(huán)PAHs(2-3環(huán),a1-a4)的濃度高于高環(huán)PAHs(4-5環(huán),a5-a6),這是因?yàn)镵ow(a1,195×103) 1.2再生水中持久性有機(jī)污染物對受納區(qū)土壤和地下水的影響 持久性有機(jī)污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs)是指通過各種環(huán)境介質(zhì)能夠長距離遷移并能在環(huán)境中長時間存留,進(jìn)而對人類健康和環(huán)境產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重危害的天然和人工合成的有機(jī)污染物[9]。圖1中B1-B4為土壤中檢出的四種主要POPs,檢出濃度都很低,平均值范圍為078 μg/kg~281 μg/kg,最大值范圍為113 μg/kg~600 μg/kg,且主要在表層土壤中檢出,這是因?yàn)镻OPs大多為疏水性物質(zhì),更容易被土壤中的腐殖質(zhì)及有機(jī)質(zhì)吸附。圖2中b1-b4為地下水中檢出的四種主要POPs,七氯的平均值和最大值比較高,分別為2809 ng/L和15745 ng/L,其余POPs濃度較低,平均值和最大值范圍分別為118 ng/L~623 ng/L和225 ng/L~1290 ng/L,這是因?yàn)樵摂?shù)據(jù)所在的點(diǎn)位七氯本底濃度較高,加上七氯的Kow(26×104)較小,所以七氯容易從土壤遷移到地下水中[10]。 1.3再生水中藥物及個人護(hù)理品對受納區(qū)土壤和地下水的影響 藥物及個人護(hù)理品(Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products,PPCPs),是指為了個人健康和化妝原因以及提高家畜生長和健康而使用的各種化學(xué)產(chǎn)品,包括各種抗生素、激素、藥和香料等[11]。如圖1和2所示,PPCPs在再生水受納區(qū)土壤的濃度平均值在068 μg/kg~31850 μg/kg之間,最大值達(dá)332 μg/kg;在地下水中的濃度平均值在027 ng/L~256 ng/L之間,最大值達(dá)505 ng/L。由于生活污水排放量在逐年增加(圖3),因此再生水多數(shù)來源于生活污水,而且常規(guī)的污水處理工藝一般使用生物法,不能有效去除該類污染物,特別是具有殺菌作用的抗生素和消炎藥,所以再生水利用后土壤和地下水中抗生素和消炎藥的檢出頻率和濃度是最高的。由于PPCPs大多是親水性物質(zhì),在持續(xù)利用的條件下,親水性的化合物會隨著下滲水流從土壤遷移至地下水中。 1.4再生水中內(nèi)分泌干擾物對受納區(qū)土壤和地下水的影響
內(nèi)分泌干擾物(Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals,EDCs)是指環(huán)境中存在的能干擾人類或動物內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)諸環(huán)節(jié)并導(dǎo)致異常效應(yīng)的物質(zhì)[1213]。圖1中D1-D6和圖2中d1-d6分別為再生水受納區(qū)土壤和地下水中檢出的主要EDCs。土壤中雌酮和壬基酚的平均濃度相對較高,分別為13590 μg/kg和5620 μg/kg,這和研究地區(qū)大量使用該類化合物密切相關(guān)。其他3種EDCs在土壤中的濃度相對較低,在270 μg/kg~1041 μg/kg之間。地下水中也檢出了較高濃度的壬基酚,平均濃度為16300 ng/L,這是由于淋濾和下滲作用,土壤中的壬基酚順著土壤剖面進(jìn)入地下水[19]。
2再生水中重金屬對土壤和地下水的影響
通過對該部分的文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,再生水相關(guān)研究利用方式主要為農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉,利用時間也是短期利用與長期利用相結(jié)合,通過對不同再生水利用區(qū)土壤和地下水中重金屬濃度的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,結(jié)果表明,Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Ni這八種重金屬在土壤和地下水中均有檢出[3964]。土壤中八種重金屬濃度平均值范圍為018 mg/kg~10790 mg/kg,最大值范圍為050 mg/kg~4035 mg/kg;地下水中平均值范圍為002 μg/L~3961 μg/L,最大值范圍為016 μg/L~140 μg/L。圖4中八種重金屬在土壤中的平均濃度均符合土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB 15618-1995)[65]二級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni的最大濃度符合三級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Zn的最大值濃度比較高,這是因?yàn)閆n在該地本底值較高所導(dǎo)致[39]。
地下水中八種重金屬均有檢出,濃度平均值范圍為002 μg/L~3961 μg/L(圖5)。這是因?yàn)樵偕幂斎胪寥赖闹亟饘匐x子可順著土壤剖面遷移至地下水,根據(jù)新修訂的地下水質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB/T 14848-2017)[66],Hg、As、Ni檢出濃度的平均值均略超II類水標(biāo)準(zhǔn),符合III類水標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而As和Ni的最大檢出濃度均超過III類水標(biāo)準(zhǔn),與當(dāng)?shù)乇镜字递^高和人為活動有關(guān)[40,53]。
近年來,生活污水排放量逐漸增加(圖3),再生水多數(shù)來源于生活污水,而生活污水中重金屬的含量相對較小,再生水的利用對土壤和地下水重金屬濃度改變影響較小。
[BT(2+1]3再生水中其他物質(zhì)或性質(zhì)對土壤和地下水的影響
3.1再生水中營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)對土壤和地下水的影響
營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)與重金屬和有機(jī)污染物不同,當(dāng)營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)濃度低時為植物所需營養(yǎng)元素,但當(dāng)超過植物所需,則會造成植物營養(yǎng)元素失衡,且多余的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)會殘留在土壤中,對土壤和地下水造成污染。
喬麗對北京大興區(qū)北野場灌區(qū)再生水灌溉進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)再生水灌區(qū)土壤中的N、P營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)比其他灌區(qū)含量高,N元素主要在表層20 cm處有明顯累積,P元素只在土壤表面稍有累積,土壤肥力相應(yīng)升高[67]。還有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),再生水中低濃度的磷不會對土壤產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,但長時間施用含有磷的再生水會使磷累積在土壤表面,隨徑流進(jìn)入地表水,促進(jìn)富營養(yǎng)化[68]。Xu等人研究表明再生水灌溉可導(dǎo)致P含量提高,但短期內(nèi)影響不顯著[69]。劉昆鵬對再生水灌溉區(qū)的研究表明,與背景值相比,再生水灌溉土壤中NH+4N含量變化不顯著,NO-3N含量和NO-2N含量增加[70]。
當(dāng)土壤中的硝態(tài)氮濃度超過植物需求時,會滲入地下介質(zhì)中[71],而且細(xì)菌可將土壤中的NH+4N轉(zhuǎn)化為NO-3N,它們順著土壤剖面下滲會導(dǎo)致地下水NO-3N含量超標(biāo)[72]。尹世洋等人的研究表明,北京地區(qū)再生水受納區(qū)地下水含水層硝酸鹽氮濃度的最小值為008 mg/L,最大值為117 mg/L,空間變異性較大,但總體污染較小[72]。由于P主要結(jié)合在土壤表面,遷移能力較弱,因此地下水中幾乎沒有P的累積。
3.2再生水鹽度對土壤和地下水的影響
再生水中一部分鹽離子可被植物或者土壤微生物吸收利用,多余的鹽分則會在土壤中累積,對土壤和地下水造成一定的影響。同時由于蒸發(fā)率、浸出率、土壤類型等因素的不同,鹽分累積對土壤和地下水的影響程度也不同。
Chen等人對北京7個園區(qū)不同的再生水灌溉歷史進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場研究,分析了20個土壤屬性,結(jié)果表明在再生水灌溉下觀察到鹽度的積累,再生水灌溉下兩個表層的平均電導(dǎo)率增加了約20%;平均鈉吸附比在0~10 cm層顯著上升40%,10~20 cm層增加70%,同時觀察到總硼含量稍有增加[73]。Qian等對美國西部10個高爾夫球場使用再生水和清水分別灌溉時,檢測出再生水灌溉下的土壤電導(dǎo)率比清水灌溉下高出187%,鈉吸附比也高出481%,4~5年使用再生水灌溉之后土壤Na含量增加89%到95%[74]。這是因?yàn)樵偕c常規(guī)水相比,一般含有較高濃度的鹽離子,主要是Na+和Cl,而傳統(tǒng)的廢污水處理技術(shù)不能去除鹽分[75]。再生水鹽分對土壤的影響主要表現(xiàn)在對植物生長和對土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。有研究表明再生水利用后,植物根系中高濃度的鹽會導(dǎo)致土壤—水溶液的滲透勢能降低,延緩植物的吸水率,從而影響植物產(chǎn)量[76]。另外,生活污水含硼洗滌劑和清潔劑的使用會導(dǎo)致受納區(qū)土壤中硼濃度增加[73]。
再生水利用對地下水的影響大小與地下水滲流區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。Shang等人在北京市大興區(qū)和通州再生水受納區(qū)觀察到了地下水的高電導(dǎo)率,說明地下水鹽度有相應(yīng)累積,且由于滲流區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)的不同,通州地下水污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比大興區(qū)高[77]。William等人研究約旦再生水利用區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn),由于水分蒸發(fā)較大而導(dǎo)致土壤鹽分累積,加上入滲作用,地下水含水層也觀察到了鹽分累積[78]。吳文勇等人的研究也表明,再生水經(jīng)包氣帶入滲后,鹽分含量增加[79],這是因?yàn)檫^量Na+會與土壤中的Ca2+和Mg2+發(fā)生置換反應(yīng),繼續(xù)通過下滲、淋濾等作用進(jìn)入地下水,導(dǎo)致地下水出現(xiàn)鹽化問題。
3.3再生水pH值對土壤和地下水影響
pH值是反應(yīng)土壤和地下水酸堿性的指標(biāo),土壤pH值發(fā)生變化會影響植物營養(yǎng)元素的可用性。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),再生水灌溉后的綠地土壤樣品pH值稍有降低,但是由于土壤的緩沖作用,再生水對土壤pH值影響較小[8081]。對城市綠化草坪再生水灌溉區(qū)的地下水pH值檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),相比于自來水灌溉,再生水灌溉導(dǎo)致地下水的pH值略有降低,降低程度極小,可忽略不計(jì)[82]。因此,再生水對土壤和地下水的pH值影響不大。但是,再生水中的污染物協(xié)同作用對土壤和地下水pH值的影響不可忽視,例如NO3N氧化、有機(jī)物降解、金屬離子價態(tài)變化等。
3.4再生水中微生物對土壤和地下水影響
再生水中殘留的微生物,一方面可以為土壤提供一定的有益菌,另一方面,也可以向土壤和地下水引入潛在的病原微生物。Candela等人對再生水利用區(qū)土壤中大腸桿菌群和好氧細(xì)菌進(jìn)行了檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)短期內(nèi)可在表層土壤中發(fā)現(xiàn)大腸桿菌,但長期檢測其已失去活性[83]。Aiello等人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)再生水受納區(qū)土壤表面大腸桿菌和糞便鏈球菌含量增加,有一些遷移性較強(qiáng)的病原微生物會從土壤遷移至地下水,對飲用水安全造成威脅[84]。Birks檢測出了某再生水廠中現(xiàn)場鉆孔的地下水中含有軍團(tuán)菌[85]。在Levantesi等的研究中,再生水受納區(qū)地下水僅檢出幾種微生物,但數(shù)量很少[86]。因此,再生水利用對土壤和地下水病源微生物的影響較小,可以通過改變污水處理廠的處理工藝和技術(shù),提高出水水質(zhì),來相應(yīng)降低再生水利用中微生物對土壤和地下水的影響。
4結(jié)語
由于再生水主要來自于城市生活污水,藥物和個人護(hù)理品在土壤和地下水中檢出濃度和頻率較大,同時再生水會使土壤和地下水鹽度增加,這是再生水對土壤和地下水環(huán)境的主要影響因素。再生水中重金屬、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、pH和微生物對受納土壤和地下水環(huán)境影響相對較小。
再生水對于緩解水資源短缺有重要作用,特別是我國北方嚴(yán)重缺水地區(qū)。再生水利用過程中需注意以下兩個方面:首先,應(yīng)對再生水受納區(qū)進(jìn)行長期監(jiān)測,制定相應(yīng)的保護(hù)政策和應(yīng)急預(yù)案;其次,應(yīng)根據(jù)受納區(qū)土壤和地下水的使用功能選擇再生水使用方式或者提高再生水水質(zhì),盡量減少不利影響。
目前,多數(shù)研究的關(guān)注點(diǎn)多集中于單一介質(zhì)(土壤或地下水)或集中于某類污染物質(zhì)研究,研究的周期也比較短,再生水對受納區(qū)域多種介質(zhì)中的多種污染物長期復(fù)合分析研究,將對再生水的利用及管理提升具有重要意義。
參考文獻(xiàn)(References):
[1]王瑗,盛連喜,李科,等.中國水資源現(xiàn)狀分析與可持續(xù)發(fā)展對策研究[J].水資源與水工程學(xué)報(bào),2008,19(3):1014.(WANG Y,SHENG L X,LI K,et al.Analysis of present situation of water resources and countermeasures for sustainble development in China[J].Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2008,19(3):1014.(in Chinese))
[2]環(huán)境保護(hù)部.20002015年環(huán)境統(tǒng)計(jì)年報(bào)[R].20002015.(Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People 's Republic of China.Environmental statistical annual report from 20002015[R].20002015.(in Chinese))
[3]GB/T 30943-2014,水資源術(shù)語[S].(GB/T 30943-2014,Water resources terminology[S].(in Chinese))
[4]李昆,魏源送,王健行,等.再生水回用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較與技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2014,34(7):16351653.(LI K,WEI Y S,WANG J X,et al.Water reclamation:Standards comparison and cost analysis[J].2014,34(7):16351653.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.13671 / j.hjkxxb,2014.0562.
[5]楊茂剛,趙樹旗,王乾勛,等.國外再生水利用進(jìn)展綜述[J].海河水利,2013 (4):3033.(YANG M G,ZHAO S Q,WANG Q X,et al.A summary of progress in reclaimed water utilization and its advancement in foreign countries[J].Haihe Water Resources,2013 (4):3033.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10047328.2013.04.012.
[6]水利部.2016年水資源管理年報(bào)[R].2016.(The Ministry of Water Resources of the Peoples Republic of China.Annual Report on Water Resources Management[R].2016.(in Chinese))
[7]JIN A,HE J,CHEN S,et al.Distribution and transport of PAHs in soil profiles of different water irrigation areas in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science:Processes & Impacts,2014,16(6):15261534.DOI:10.1039/c3em00623a
[8]陳素暖.多環(huán)芳烴在不同灌區(qū)土壤精細(xì)剖面的分布特征研究[D].北京:中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京),2009.(CHEN S N.Distribution characteristics of PAHs in soil profiles of different irrigation areas[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2009.(in Chinese))
[9]王春輝,吳紹華,周生路,等.典型土壤持久性有機(jī)污染物空間分布特征及環(huán)境行為研究進(jìn)展[J].環(huán)境化學(xué),2014,33(11):18281840.(WANG C H,WU S H,ZHOU S L,et al.A review on spatial distribution and environmental behavior of typical persistent organic pollutants in soil[J].Environmental Chemical,2014,33(11):18281840.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.7524 /j.issn.02546108.2014.11.008.
[10]馬文潔,何江濤,金愛芳,等.北京市郊再生水灌區(qū)土壤有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥垂向分布特征[J].生態(tài)環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào),2010,19(7):16751681.(MA W J,HE J T,JIN A F,et al.Verticle distribution of organochlorine pesticides in reclaimed water irrigation area in Beijing suburbs[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(7):16751681.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.16745906.2010.07.028.
[11]DODGEN L K,ZHENG W.Effects of reclaimed water matrix on fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soil[J].Chemosphere,2016,156:286293.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.109.
[12]SIDHU H S,WILSON P C,O CONNOR G A.EndocrineDisrupting Compounds in Reclaimed Water and Residential Ponds and Exposure Potential for Dislodgeable Residues in Turf Irrigated With Reclaimed Water[J].Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2015,69(1):8188.DOI 10.1007/s0024401501476.
[13]LI Z,XIANG X,LI M,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and endocrine disrupting chemicals in reclaimed water and receiving groundwater in China[J].Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety,2015,119:7480.DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.031.
[14]HERNNDEZ M,MAGARZO C,LEMAIRE B.Degradation of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water through soil aquifer treatment (SAT)[J].Journal of Water Reuse & Desalination,2012,2(3):157164.DOI:10.2166/wrd.2012.016.
[15]GARCASANTIAGO X,GARRIDO J M,LEMA J M,et al.Fate of pharmaceuticals in soil after application of STPs products:Influence of physicochemical properties and modelling approach[J].Chemosphere,2017,182:406415.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.049.
[16]蘇思慧,何江濤,楊蕾,等.北京東南郊土壤剖面氟喹諾酮類抗生素分布特征[J].環(huán)境科學(xué),2014,35(11):42574266.(SU S H,HE J T,YANG L,et al.Contamination characteristics of fluoroquinolones in different kinds of soil profiles in southeast suburb of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(11):42574266.DOI:10.13227 /j.hjkx.2014.11.031 (in Chinese))
[17]金愛芳.不同灌溉條件下多環(huán)芳烴在包氣帶中的遷移規(guī)律研究[D].北京:中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京),2010.(JIN A F.The study of migration and transformation of PAHs in soil profiles under different water irrigation[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2010.(in Chinese))
[18]MAHJOUB O,ESCANDE A,ROSAIN D,et al.Estrogenlike and dioxinlike organic contaminants in reclaimed wastewater:transfer to irrigated soil and groundwater[J].Water Science & Technology,2011,63(8):16571662.DOI:10.2166/wst.2011.322.
[19]LI J,F(xiàn)U J,ZHANG H,et al.Spatial and seasonal variations of occurrences and concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals in unconfined and confined aquifers recharged by reclaimed water:a field study along the Chaobai River,Beijing[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,450:162168.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.089.
[20]FRIES E,MAHJOUB O,MAHJOUB B,et al.Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in conventional and nonconventional water resources in Tunisia[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2016,25(9):33173319.
[21]CORADAFERNNDEZ C,CANDELA L,TORRESFUENTES N,et al.Effects of extreme rainfall events on the distribution of selected emerging contaminants in surface and groundwater:The Guadalete River basin (SW,Spain)[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,605:770783.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.049.
[22]XU J,CHEN W,WU L,et al.Leachability of some emerging contaminants in reclaimed municipal wastewaterirrigated turf grass fields[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,2009,28(9):1842–1850.DOI:10.1897/08471.1.
[23]李建忠.典型內(nèi)分泌干擾物在土壤中遷移轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)律研究[D].北京:清華大學(xué),2013.(LI J Z.Study on the migration and transformation of the typical endocrine disrupting chemicals in soil[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2013.(in Chinese))
[24]黃德亮,何江濤,楊蕾,等.某市再生水灌區(qū)水土環(huán)境中PPCPs污染特征分析[J].中國環(huán)境科學(xué),2016,36(9):26142623.( HUANG D L,HE J T,YANG L,et al.Distribution characteristics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water and soil environment in reclaimed water irrigation area of a city[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(9):26142623.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10006923.2016.09.0100
[25]CHEN F,YING G G,KONG L X,et al.Distribution and accumulation of endocrinedisrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(6):14901498.DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.016.
[26]KINNEY C A,F(xiàn)URLONG E T,WERNER S L,et al.Presence and distribution of wastewaterderived pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,2006,25(2):317326.DOI:10.1897/05187R.1.
[27]TERNES T A,BONERZ M,HERRMANN N,et al.Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunschweig,Germany:An option to remove pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances[J].Chemosphere,2007,66(5):894904.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.035.
[28]KARNJANAPIBOONWONG A,SUSKI J G,SHAH A A,et al.Occurrence of PPCPs at a wastewater treatment plant and in soil and groundwater at a land application site[J].Water,Air,& Soil Pollution,2011,216(1):257273.DOI:10.1007/s1127001005328.
[29]CHEN W,XU J,LU S,et al.Fates and transport of PPCPs in soil receiving reclaimed water irrigation[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(10):26212630.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.088.
[30]XU J,WU L S,CHEN W P,et al.Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs),and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in runoff from a potato field irrigated with treated wastewater in southern California[J].Journal of Health Science,2009,55(2):306310.DOI:10.1248/jhs.55.306.
[31]QIN Q,CHEN X,ZHUANG J.The fate and impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in agricultural soils irrigated with reclaimed water[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2015,45(13):13791408.DOI:10.1080/10643389.2014.955628.
[32]TEIJON G,CANDELA L,TAMOH K,et al.Occurrence of emerging contaminants,priority substances (2008/105/CE) and heavy metals in treated wastewater and groundwater at Depurbaix facility (Barcelona,Spain)[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(17):35843595.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.041.
[33]李瑋,何江濤,馬文潔,等.北京市東南郊再生水灌區(qū)地下水多環(huán)芳烴污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估[J].農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2012,31(4):713720.(LI W,HE J T,MA W J,et al.Groundwater PAHs contamination risk assessment of reclaimed wastewater irrigation area,south east part of Beijing,China[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2012,31(4):713720.(in Chinese))
[34]吳苗苗.再生水回灌過程中典型磺胺類抗生素的行為特性研究[D].北京:清華大學(xué),2015.(WU M M.The behavior of typical sulfanomides in soil by groundwater recharge with reclaimed water[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2015.(in Chinese))
[35]姜魯.再生水回灌過程中炔雌醇和壬基酚的行為特性研究[D].北京:清華大學(xué),2012.(JIANG L.The behavior of 17αethinyl estradiol and 4nnonylphenol in soil by groundwater recharge with reclaimed water[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2012.(in Chinese))
[36]李瑋,何江濤,劉麗雅,等.Hydrus1D軟件在地下水污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價中的應(yīng)用[J].中國環(huán)境科學(xué),2013,33(4):639647.(LI W,HE J T,LIU L Y,et al.Application of Hydrus1D software in groundwater contamination risk assessment.[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(4):639647.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10006923.2013.04.009.
[37]ESTEVEZ E,CABRERA M D C,F(xiàn)ERNNDEZVERA J R,et al.Monitoring priority substances,other organic contaminants and heavy metals in a volcanic aquifer from different sources and hydrological processes[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,551552:186196.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.177.
[38]YOUNG M H,GREEN R L,CONKLE J L,et al.Fieldscale monitoring of pharmaceutical compounds applied to active golf courses by recycled water[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2014,43(2):658670.DOI:10.2134/jeq2013.07.0299.
[39]魏益華,徐應(yīng)明,周其文,等.再生水灌溉對土壤鹽分和重金屬累積分布影響的研究[J].灌溉排水學(xué)報(bào),2008,27(3):58.(WEI Y H,XU Y M,ZHOU Q W,et al.Effects of irrigation with reclaimed water on soil salinizealkalization and heavy metal distribution[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2008,27(3):58.(in Chinese))
[40]吳文勇.再生水灌區(qū)地下水防污性能試驗(yàn)及灌溉區(qū)劃研究[D].北京:中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京),2009.(WU W Y.Research on groundwater vulnerability experiment of reclaimed wastewater district and irrigation allocation[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2009.(in Chinese))
[41]馬闖,楊軍,雷梅,等.北京市再生水灌溉對地下水的重金屬污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J].地理研究,2012,31(12):22502258.(MA C,YANG J,LEI M,et al.Assessing the effect of reclaimed water irrigation on groundwater pollution of heavy metals in Beijing[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(12):22502258.(in Chinese))
[42]楊軍,陳同斌,雷梅,等.北京市再生水灌溉對土壤、農(nóng)作物的重金屬污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J].自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2011,26(2):209217.(YANG J,CHENG T B,LEI M,et al.Assessing the effect of irrigation with reclaimed water:The soil and crop pollution risk of heavy metals[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(2):209217.(in Chinese))
[43]楊慶娥,任振江,張航,等.不同水質(zhì)灌溉對土壤中重金屬積累和分布的影響[J].灌溉排水學(xué)報(bào),2007,26(3):4748.(YANG Q E,REN Z J,ZHANG H,et al.Affection of the heavy metals accumulation and distribution in soil column under different sewage irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2007,26(3):4748.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.16723317.2007.03.012.
[44]楊軍.灌溉水中重金屬對土壤和農(nóng)作物的污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[D].重慶:西南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2005.(YANG J.Pollution risks of heavy metals in irrigated water on soils and crops[D].Chongqing:Southwest Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese))
[45]徐秀鳳.龍口市再生水灌溉條件下糧食安全研究[D].濟(jì)南:濟(jì)南大學(xué),2012.(XU X F.Study on reclaimed water irrigation security on grain of LongKou city[D].Jinan:University of Jinan,2012.(in Chinese))
[46]CHEN W,LU S,JIAO W,et al.Reclaimed water:A safe irrigation water source?[J].Environmental Development,2013,8(1):7483.
[47]巫常林,黃冠華,劉洪祿,等.再生水短期灌溉對土壤作物中重金屬分布影響的試驗(yàn)研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2006,22(7):9196.(WU C L,HUANG G H,LIU H L,et al.Experimental investigation on heavy metal distribution in soilcrop system with irrigation of treated sewage effluent[J].Tr ansactions of the CSAE,2006,22(7):9196.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3321/j.issn:10026819.2006.07.019.
[48]MAPANDA F,MANGWAYANA E N.The effects of longterm irrigation using water on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables[J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2005,107(2):151165.DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2004.11.005.
[49]魏益華.再生水灌溉對蔬菜品質(zhì)和土壤特性的影響研究[D].天津:中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,2009.(WEI Y H.Effects of irrigation with reclaimed water on the vegetables qualities and soil properties[D].Tianjin:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2009.(in Chinese))
[50]CORWIN D L,AHMAD H R.Spatiotemporal impacts of dairy lagoon water reuse on soil:heavy metals and salinity[J].Environmental Science Processes & Impacts,2015,17(10):17311748.DOI:10.1039/c5em00196j.
[51]張鐵軍,宋矗森,陳莉榮,等.再生水灌溉對土壤鹽漬化與重金屬累積影響研究[J].節(jié)水灌溉,2016(12):7275.(ZHANG T J,SONG C S,CHEN L R,et al.Effect on reclaimed water irrigation on soil salinization and accumulation of heavy metals[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2016(12):7275.(in Chinese))
[52]辛宏杰,卜慶偉,王愛琴,等.再生水灌溉過程中土壤鹽分及重金屬運(yùn)移研究[J].灌溉排水學(xué)報(bào),2012,31(5):7881.(XIN H J,BU Q W,WANG A Q,et al.Migration of soil salinizealkalization and heavy metals in the process of reclaimed water irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2012,31(5):7881.(in Chinese))
[53]寶哲.再生水灌溉土壤—地下水重金屬污染特征與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價[D].北京:中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京),2014.BAO Z.Research on pollution risk of heavy metals in soil and groundwater under reclaimed water irrigation[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2014.(in Chinese))
[54]黃冠華.再生水農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉安全的有關(guān)問題研究[J].中國農(nóng)業(yè)科技導(dǎo)報(bào),2007,9(1):2635.(HUANG G H.The safety use of treated waste water for irrigation in agriculture[J].Review of China Agricultural Science and Technology,2007,9(1):2635.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10080864.2007.01.005.
[55]楊軍,鄭袁明,陳同斌,等.中水灌溉下重金屬在土壤中的垂直遷移及其對地下水的污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):449456.(YANG J,ZHENG Y M,CHEN T B,et al.Leaching of heavy metals in soil column under irrigation reclaimed water :a simulation experiment[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(3):449456.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3321/j.issn:10000585.2006.03.010.
[56]YIN S,WU W,LIU H,et al.The impact of river infiltration on the chemistry of shallow groundwater in a reclaimed water irrigation area[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2016,193:19.DOI:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.08.004.
[57]趙忠明,陳衛(wèi)平,焦文濤,等.再生水灌溉農(nóng)田土壤鎘累積規(guī)律模擬研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué),2012,33(12):41154120.(ZHAO Z M,CHEN W P,JIAO W T,et al.Modeling the Cd Accumulation in Agricultural Soil Irrigated with Reclaimed Water[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(12):41154120.(in Chinese))
[58]HUANG X,WEI X,WEI L,et al.Effect of reclaimed water effluent on bacterial community structure in the Typha angustifolia L.rhizosphere soil of urbanized riverside wetland,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2017,55(5):5868.DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.022.
[59]LU S,WANG J,PEI L.Study on the Effects of Irrigation with Reclaimed Water on the Content and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soil[J].International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health,2016,13(3):298307.DOI:10.3390/ijerph13030298.
[60]LYU S,CHEN W.Soil quality assessment of urban green space under longterm reclaimed water irrigation[J].Environmental Science & Pollution Research,2016,23(5):111.DOI:10.1007/s113560155693y.
[61]丁光曄,樊貴盛,張艷.山西省汾河再生水灌區(qū)土壤重金屬污染及分布特征[J].灌溉排水學(xué)報(bào),2015,34(2):5355.(DING G Y,F(xiàn)AN G S,ZHANG Y.Pollution and Distribution Characteristic of Heavy Metals in Fenhe River Reclaimed Water Irrigation Area of Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(2):5355.DOI:10.13522/j.cnki.ggps.2015.02.013 (in Chinese))
[62]RAHMAN M M,HAGARE D,MAHESHWARI B,et al.Impacts of Prolonged Drought on Salt Accumulation in the Root Zone Due to Recycled Water Irrigation[J].Water Air & Soil Pollution,2015,226(4):118.DOI:10.1007/s1127001523701.
[63]杜娟,范瑜,錢新.再生水農(nóng)灌過程中重金屬遷移規(guī)律研究[J].環(huán)境污染與防治,2011,33(7):7477.(DU J,F(xiàn)AN Y,QIAN X.Migration of heavy metals in the process of recycled water irrigation[J].Environmental Pollution & Control,2011,33(7):7477.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10013865.2011.07.019.
[64]YOUNIS A,RIAZ A,MUSHTAQ N,et al.Evaluation of the Suitability of Sewage and Recycled Water for Irrigation of Ornamental Plants[J].Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis,2015,46(1):6279.DOI:10.1080/00103624.2014.956886.
[65]GB 156181995,土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[S].(GB 156181995,Environmental Quality Standards for Soils[S].(in Chinese))
[66]GB/T 148481993,地下水質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[S].(GB/T 148481993,Quality Standard for Groundwater[S].(in Chinese))
[67]喬麗.再生水農(nóng)田灌溉生態(tài)效應(yīng)研究—以灌溉冬小麥為例[D].北京:首都師范大學(xué),2006.(QIAO L.Study on irrigation ecological effect of reclaimed water farmland taking irrigation of winter wheat as an example[D].Beijing:Capital Normal University,2006.(in Chinese))
[68]ESTEVEZ E,CABRERA M C,F(xiàn)ERNANDEZVERA J R,et al.Twentyfive years using reclaimed water to irrigate a golf course in Gran Canaria[J].Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,2010,8(S2):S95S101.DOI:10.5424/sjar/201008S21353.
[69]XU J,WU L S,CHANG A C,et al.Impact of longterm reclaimed wastewater irrigation on agricultural soils:a preliminary assessment[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,183(1):780786.DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.094.
[70]劉昆鵬.再生水灌溉地區(qū)氮素在土壤中的運(yùn)移規(guī)律模擬的研究[D].北京:北京工業(yè)大學(xué),2006.(LIU K P.The simulation research on the nitrogen transport rule in the soil under reuse water irrigation[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2006.(in Chinese))
[71]FONSECA,DAHERPIN A F,UWEPAULA,et al.Agricultural use of treated sewage effluents:agronomic and environmental implications and perspectives for Brazil[J].Scientia Agricola,2007,64(2):194209.DOI:10.1590/S010390162007000200014.
[72]尹世洋,吳文勇,劉洪祿,等.再生水灌區(qū)地下水硝態(tài)氮空間變異性及污染成因分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2012,28(18):200207.(YIN S Y,WU W Y,LIU H L,et al.Spatial variability of groundwater nitratenitrogen and cause analysis of its pollution for irrigation area with reclaimed water[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(18):200207.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10026819.2012.18.029.
[73]CHEN W,LU S,PAN N,et al.Impact of reclaimed water irrigation on soil health in urban green areas[J].Chemosphere,2015,119(1):654661.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.035.
[74]QIAN Y L,MECHAM B.Longterm effects of recycled wastewater irrigation on soil chemical properties on golf course fairways[J].American Society of Agronomy,2005,97(3):717721.DOI:10.2134/agronj2004.0140.
[75]商放澤,楊培嶺,任樹梅.再生水灌溉對深層包氣帶土壤鹽分離子的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2013,44(7):98106.(SHANG F Z,YANG P L,REN S M.Effects of reclaimed water irrigation on soil salinity in deep vadose zone[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization,2013,44(7):98106.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.6041/j.issn.10001298.2013.07.018.
[76]裴亮,顏明,陳永蓮,等.再生水灌溉環(huán)境生態(tài)效應(yīng)研究進(jìn)展[J].水資源與水工程學(xué)報(bào),2012,23(3):1925.(PEI L,YAN M,CHEN Y L,et al.Research progress on environmental and ecological effects of reclaimed water irrigation[J].Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2012,23(3):1925.(in Chinese))
[77]SHANG F,REN S,YANG P,et al.Modeling the risk of the salt for polluting groundwater irrigation with recycled water and groundwater using HYDRUS1 D[J].Water,Air,& Soil Pollution,2016,227(6):122.DOI:10.1007/s1127001628752.
[78]BAJJALI W,ALHADIDI K,ISMAIL M M.Water quality and geochemistry evaluation of groundwater upstream and downstream of the Khirbet AlSamra wastewater treatment plant/Jordan[J].Applied Water Science,2017,7(1):5369.DOI:10.1007/s0038200404113.
[79]吳文勇,劉洪祿,陳鴻漢,等.再生水灌區(qū)調(diào)蓄工程對地下水鹽分的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2009,25(12):2225.(WU W Y,LIU H L,CHEN H H,et al.Effect of regulation and storage engineering on groundwater salinity in reclaimed water irrigation district[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(12):2225.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10026819.2009.12.004.
[80]王祥林.再生水對土壤理化性質(zhì)影響的研究[J].山東林業(yè)科技,2009,39(4):14.(WANG X L.Study on the effect of reclaimed water on soil physical and chemical properties[J].Shandong Forest Science and Technology,2009,39(4):14.(in Chinese)) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10022724.2009.04.001.
[81]KIZILOGLU F M,TURAN M,SAHIN U,et al.Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower(Brassica olerecea,L.var.botrytis)and red cabbage(Brassica olerecea,L.var.rubra)grown on calcareous soil in Turkey[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(6):716724.DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.01.008.
[82]王巧環(huán),陳衛(wèi)平,王效科,等.城市綠化草坪再生水灌溉對地下水水質(zhì)影響研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué),2012,33(12):41274132.(WANG Q H,CHEN W P,WANG X K,et al.Impacts of reclaimed water irrigation of urban lawn on groundwater quality[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(12):41274132.(in Chinese))
[83]CANDELA L,F(xiàn)ABREGAT S,JOSA A,et al.Assessment of soil and groundwater impacts by treated urban wastewater reuse.A case study:application in a golf course (Girona,Spain)[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,374(1):2635.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.028.
[84]AIELLO R,CIRELLI G L,CONSOLI S.Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on soil and tomato fruits:A case study in Sicily (Italy)[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,93(1):6572.DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2007.06.008.
[85]BIRKS R,COLBOURNE J,HILLS S,et al.Microbiological water quality in a large inbuilding,water recycling facility[J].Water Science & Technology,2004,50(2):165176.
[86]LEVANTESI C,LA MANTIA R,MASCIOPINTO C,et al.Quantification of pathogenic microorganisms and microbial indicators in three wastewater reclamation and managed aquifer recharge facilities in Europe[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(21):49234930.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.042.