張睿昊 朱龍基
摘要:基于通用流域負(fù)荷模型(GWLF模型),選取柳河流域?yàn)檠芯繉?duì)象,利用2006-2014年的水文水質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行水文化學(xué)過(guò)程的模擬,評(píng)估流域節(jié)點(diǎn)斷面的月徑流量及特征污染物負(fù)荷通量,根據(jù)模型結(jié)果分析了特征污染物的污染來(lái)源及貢獻(xiàn)率。結(jié)果表明,從年際變化上看,COD、氨氮和總氮的總負(fù)荷通量近年來(lái)有所下降,總磷的總負(fù)荷通量呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)。從年均水平上看,COD、氨氮的點(diǎn)源污染與非點(diǎn)源污染貢獻(xiàn)率相差不大,均接近50%;總氮的非點(diǎn)源污染貢獻(xiàn)率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于點(diǎn)源污染,貢獻(xiàn)率高達(dá)79.6%;總磷的污染來(lái)源主要為點(diǎn)源污染,貢獻(xiàn)率高達(dá)74.9%。根據(jù)特征污染物的污染源解析結(jié)果,提出有針對(duì)性的削減和控制污染的措施,為流域水污染管控提供依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:柳河流域;GWLF模型;污染負(fù)荷;污染源解析
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):X522文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號(hào):
16721683(2018)04012008
Simulation of characteristic pollutant load and analysis of pollution source in Liuhe River basin
ZHANG Ruihao,ZHU Longji,WANG Baimei
(
Water Resources Protection Bureau of Haihe River Basin,Tianjin 300170,China)
Abstract:
The generalized watershed loading function (GWLF) model was used in this paper to simulate the hydrochemical process of Liuhe River basin from 2006 to 2014,and to evaluate the monthly water flow and the load fluxes of characteristic pollutants in the basin.According to the model results,we analyzed the sources of the characteristic pollutants and their contribution rates.The results showed that in terms of interannual variation,the total load flux of COD,ammonia nitrogen,and total nitrogen decreased in recent years,and the total load flux of total phosphorus increased year by year.In terms of annual average level,the point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution made basically equivalent contributions to COD and ammonia nitrogen,both approaching 50%.For total nitrogen,the nonpoint source pollution had a much higher contribution rate (up to 796%) than the point source pollution.The main pollution source of total phosphorus was point source pollution,whose contribution rate was up to 749%.
Key words:
Liuhe River basin;GWLF model;pollution load;analysis of pollution source
隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和城市化進(jìn)程的迅猛發(fā)展,人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)水環(huán)境的影響日益顯著,水環(huán)境狀況和水生態(tài)功能受到嚴(yán)重威脅,水資源短缺、水體污染、水生態(tài)惡化等問(wèn)題不斷凸顯[1]。目前工業(yè)點(diǎn)源尚未得到有效控制,城鎮(zhèn)污水處理率較低,導(dǎo)致入河的COD和氨氮排放量較高,甚至超過(guò)其水體環(huán)境容量[23]。非點(diǎn)源污染物對(duì)水體污染的貢獻(xiàn)日益增加,特別是農(nóng)業(yè)非點(diǎn)源污染源中氮、磷等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)大量進(jìn)入河流湖庫(kù),成為水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化和水質(zhì)惡化的重要原因[46]。流域作為水文循環(huán)單元,點(diǎn)源和非點(diǎn)源污染物經(jīng)支流匯入干流而影響著水環(huán)境和水生態(tài)系統(tǒng),在流域尺度上分析土地利用類(lèi)型研究污染類(lèi)型是開(kāi)展水環(huán)境保護(hù)與管理的大勢(shì)所趨[710]。流域污染與水文循環(huán)過(guò)程密切相關(guān),加之非點(diǎn)源污染的廣泛性、多重性、模糊性、潛伏性及難監(jiān)測(cè)性等特點(diǎn),增加了解析流域污染源特別是非點(diǎn)源污染來(lái)源的難度[1112]。通過(guò)流域污染模型定量模擬水文和污染物過(guò)程,解析污染源組成,分析污染負(fù)荷分布特征,評(píng)估土地利用對(duì)污染負(fù)荷和水質(zhì)的影響,可為水環(huán)境管理提供決策支持[1316]。
柳河流域作為潘家口水庫(kù)重要水源地上游的主要匯水區(qū)域之一,其污染狀況直接影響水庫(kù)的水資源質(zhì)量,研究柳河流域污染物負(fù)荷和來(lái)源對(duì)保護(hù)水源地水環(huán)境具有重要意義。根據(jù)國(guó)家水污染控制指標(biāo),以柳河流域作為研究對(duì)象,結(jié)合點(diǎn)源污染和非點(diǎn)源污染的主要污染物,選取COD、氨氮、總氮、總磷作為特征污染物,利用GWLF模型系統(tǒng)評(píng)估柳河流域特征污染物負(fù)荷量,識(shí)別關(guān)鍵污染貢獻(xiàn)源,提出針對(duì)不同污染源的削減和控制措施,為該流域的水污染管控和水資源保護(hù)提供技術(shù)依據(jù)。
1研究區(qū)概況
柳河發(fā)源于河北省承德市興隆縣六里坪的柳源湖,流經(jīng)河北省興隆縣、承德縣和鷹手營(yíng)子礦區(qū)三縣區(qū),與灤河相匯,流入潘家口水庫(kù)。選取“石佛”水文測(cè)站為水文節(jié)點(diǎn)斷面,“柳河橋”水質(zhì)測(cè)站為水質(zhì)節(jié)點(diǎn)斷面,研究范圍涵蓋柳河流域,流域總面積1 02601 km2。研究區(qū)范圍見(jiàn)圖1。