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基于AHP不疑定權(quán)聚類的長距離輸水工程閘門 び急調(diào)控方式研究

2018-11-12 11:20龍巖雷曉輝
南水北調(diào)與水利科技 2018年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:層次分析法

龍巖 雷曉輝

摘要:針對(duì)長距離輸水工程,提出了應(yīng)急調(diào)控過程中影響閘門調(diào)控效果的6項(xiàng)指標(biāo),包括調(diào)控時(shí)間、調(diào)控后污染范圍、調(diào)控后污染物峰值濃度、調(diào)控成本、操作難易程度及調(diào)控對(duì)工程的影響;然后利用層次分析法建立和量化影響閘門調(diào)控效果的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),并引入灰色定權(quán)聚類方法對(duì)閘門調(diào)控方式進(jìn)行灰色分類,建立三角白化權(quán)函數(shù),更能準(zhǔn)確地確定閘門調(diào)控方式。最后以南水北調(diào)中線總干渠京石應(yīng)急段起點(diǎn)至西黑山分水口之間的渠道為例,運(yùn)用AHP灰色定權(quán)聚類方法,確定了中線工程應(yīng)急調(diào)控過程中較為合理的閘門調(diào)控方式為同步閉閘。

關(guān)鍵詞:長距離輸水工程;層次分析法;灰色定權(quán)聚類;白化權(quán)函數(shù);閘門應(yīng)急調(diào)控

中圖分類號(hào):TV133;X522文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):

16721683(2018)04018405

Study on emergency gate control in long distance water transfer project based on AHPGrey fixed weight clustering

LONG Yan1,2,LEI Xiaohui1,XU Guobin2,QUAN Jin1,LI Youming3

1.China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China;2.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China;3.BGI Engineering Consultants Ltd,Beijing 100038,China)

Abstract:

[JP+3]For longdistance water transfer projects,we proposed six indexes which affect the effects of gate control in emergency regulation.The six indexes include control time,sphere of pollution after control,peak concentration of pollutants after control,cost of control,difficulty level of control,and impact of control on the project.Then we used the analytic hierarchy process to establish and quantify these indexes,and adopted the gray fixed weight clustering method to conduct gray classification of the gate control modes.We established the triangular whitening weight function so as to determine the gate control mode more accurately.Finally,taking the channel from the start of the emergency section of the main canal of the Middle Route of SouthtoNorth Water Transfer Project to the Xiheishan offtake as a case study,using the AHPgrey fixed weight clustering method,we determined that synchronous gate closure is a more reasonable control mode in emergency regulation of the Middle Route project.

Key words:

long distance water transfer project;analytic hierarchy process;grey fixedweight clustering;whitening weight function;emergency gate control

由于我國水資源時(shí)空分布不均勻,使許多地區(qū)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重缺水現(xiàn)象,并且經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展也受到制約,因此產(chǎn)生了調(diào)水需求[1]。針對(duì)此問題,我國已建跨流域輸水工程20余座,如南水北調(diào)工程[2]、引灤入津工程、引黃濟(jì)青、引松入長等。正是由于這些跨流域工程沿線有眾多輸水建筑物,易導(dǎo)致突發(fā)水污染事件發(fā)生[34]。目前國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)污染物輸移擴(kuò)散研究較多,如作者已經(jīng)分析了同、異步閉閘調(diào)控方式下污染物輸移擴(kuò)散規(guī)律[5],同時(shí)也對(duì)如何快速預(yù)測(cè)污染物擴(kuò)散范圍進(jìn)行研究[6],TANG等[7]對(duì)南水北調(diào)中線工程正常輸水情況下污染物變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行研究;但是一旦發(fā)生突發(fā)水污染事件,如果不能快速有效的確定閘門的調(diào)控方式,將會(huì)導(dǎo)致調(diào)控方案出現(xiàn)偏差,延誤救援時(shí)機(jī)。許多學(xué)者也針對(duì)突發(fā)水污染事件提出了一些應(yīng)急調(diào)控決策模型[89],在這些模型中,閘門的調(diào)控方式是重要的組成要素,因此對(duì)長距離輸水工程突發(fā)水污染事件閘門應(yīng)急調(diào)控方式進(jìn)行研究[10],將有利于應(yīng)急調(diào)控及應(yīng)急處置。

閉閘調(diào)控方式的選取主要依賴于閘門調(diào)控效果和操作技術(shù)。不同輸水工程的沿線建筑物、水力控制等條件不同,所選擇的閘門調(diào)控方式的調(diào)控效果和操作技術(shù)水平相差很大。為了有效控制污染物擴(kuò)散,減小經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,需根據(jù)輸水工程的實(shí)際情況選取操作技術(shù)容易、調(diào)控效果最好的閉閘調(diào)控方式[11]。因此為了針對(duì)不同的閉閘調(diào)控方式的優(yōu)劣做出客觀、定量的綜合評(píng)價(jià),文中引入了灰色白化權(quán)函數(shù)聚類分析方法。灰色白化權(quán)函數(shù)聚類又分為灰色變權(quán)聚類與灰色定權(quán)聚類兩種方法,其中灰色變權(quán)聚類適合于指標(biāo)的意義、量綱皆相同的情況;灰色定權(quán)聚類則適合于聚類指標(biāo)的意義、量綱不同,并且不同指標(biāo)的樣本值在數(shù)量上相差較大的情況[1214]。而層次分析法(AHP)的多級(jí)分層結(jié)構(gòu)體系[1517],將影響閉閘調(diào)控效果的多狀態(tài)變量轉(zhuǎn)換為單狀態(tài)變量進(jìn)行評(píng)估,使閉閘調(diào)控效果定位易于實(shí)現(xiàn),同時(shí)能定量給出狀態(tài)評(píng)估結(jié)果。因此,本文將AHP與灰色聚類分析相結(jié)合,確定長距離輸水工程應(yīng)急調(diào)控過程中閘門調(diào)控方式,并以南水北調(diào)中線京石應(yīng)急段為例驗(yàn)證了此方法在長距離輸水工程突發(fā)水污染事件應(yīng)急調(diào)控過程中的科學(xué)有效性。

1模型構(gòu)建

模型的具體思路是根據(jù)決策者的判斷信息,利用AHP確定各指標(biāo)的權(quán)重,然后利用白化權(quán)函數(shù)進(jìn)行灰色聚類,最后根據(jù)綜合聚類系數(shù),判斷適用于長距離輸水工程的閉閘調(diào)控方式。其具體步驟為:

2案例分析

本文選取南水北調(diào)中線總干渠京石應(yīng)急段起點(diǎn)至西黑山分水口之間的渠道為研究對(duì)象[25]。具體說明了基于AHP三角白化權(quán)函數(shù)的灰色聚類綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法與過程。

(1) 閉閘調(diào)控評(píng)估體系的確定。

閉閘調(diào)控方式分為同步閉閘調(diào)控、異步閉閘之“上游先關(guān)閉”和異步閉閘之“下游先關(guān)閉”,這三種方法為聚類對(duì)象,取調(diào)控時(shí)間、調(diào)控后污染范圍、調(diào)控后污染物峰值濃度、調(diào)控成本、操作難易程度及調(diào)控對(duì)工程影響為指標(biāo);按照好、較好、差三類進(jìn)行分類。每個(gè)聚類對(duì)象關(guān)于各聚類指標(biāo)的觀測(cè)值矩陣為X=(xij)3×5,應(yīng)急決策者需要根據(jù)觀測(cè)值xij對(duì)相應(yīng)的調(diào)控方式進(jìn)行評(píng)估、判斷,確定所屬灰類,從而確定閉閘調(diào)控方式。影響閘門調(diào)控效果的因素很多,而且各因素的影響程度各不相同,因此,指標(biāo)的選取原則是能直觀地反映閘門調(diào)控效果。為了滿足閉閘調(diào)控方式評(píng)估的需要,本文所建立的評(píng)估體系見圖1。

將各個(gè)指標(biāo)得分轉(zhuǎn)化為百分制,分為好、較好和差3個(gè)灰類,通過AHP方法對(duì)各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行專家調(diào)查得到閉閘調(diào)控評(píng)估判斷矩陣A,通過和法對(duì)矩陣A進(jìn)行求解得到調(diào)控時(shí)間、調(diào)控后污染范圍、調(diào)控后污染物峰值濃度、調(diào)控成本、操作難易程度及調(diào)控對(duì)工程影響的權(quán)重分別為03536,00636,01944,01645,01201,01038。

(2) 評(píng)價(jià)矩陣的建立。

本文假設(shè)南水北調(diào)中線總干渠京石應(yīng)急段起點(diǎn)至西黑山分水口段發(fā)生突發(fā)水污染事件,事件發(fā)生后閘門進(jìn)行緊急調(diào)控,對(duì)這3種閉閘調(diào)控方式進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)研究,評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見表1;其各指標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)值見表2。

從表4中可以看出,在長距離輸水工程中,同步閉閘調(diào)控屬于“好”灰類,異步閉閘之“上游先關(guān)閉”屬于“較好”灰類,而異步閉閘之“下游先關(guān)閉”屬于“差”灰類,說明在長距離輸水工程應(yīng)急調(diào)控中需同時(shí)關(guān)閉上下游節(jié)制閘。從實(shí)際情況來看,對(duì)于多渠段的明渠輸水工程,異步閉閘可有效降低水位波動(dòng)對(duì)渠道岸邊的破壞,但是閉閘調(diào)控的總時(shí)間過長,這樣一旦發(fā)生重大污染事故,不利于污染物的控制;并且同步閉閘調(diào)控較異步閉閘調(diào)控更能有效控制污染范圍。因此,在長距離輸水工程應(yīng)急調(diào)控過程中,較為合理的閘門調(diào)控方式為同步閉閘,這一結(jié)論與練繼建[3]等人提出的突發(fā)水污染事件下,長距離明渠輸水工程中控制污染范圍的應(yīng)急調(diào)控方式為同步閉閘調(diào)控方式是一致的。

3結(jié)論

在長距離輸水工程應(yīng)急調(diào)控過程中,考慮閘門調(diào)控方式對(duì)調(diào)控效果的影響,提出了調(diào)控時(shí)間、調(diào)控后污染范圍、調(diào)控后污染物峰值濃度、調(diào)控成本、操作難易程度及調(diào)控對(duì)工程影響等影響因素。利用AHP建立閉閘調(diào)控評(píng)估體系,并通過構(gòu)建三角白化權(quán)函數(shù)確定閘門的調(diào)控方式,最后以南水北調(diào)中線京石應(yīng)急段為例,通過AHP灰色聚類分析,得到在應(yīng)急調(diào)控中需同時(shí)關(guān)閉上下游節(jié)制閘;同時(shí),可將該閘門調(diào)控方法直接應(yīng)用于調(diào)控系統(tǒng)中,這樣可以有效的控制污染物擴(kuò)散,降低污染事故影響。

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