采訪：（韓）金振午 （美）弗雷德里克·斯坦納 譯：黃思寒 倪永薇

中國因為風(fēng)景園林學(xué)術(shù)水平顯著提升，獲得了很大的關(guān)注。在2000年只有少數(shù)學(xué)校有風(fēng)景園林教學(xué)課程，而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)超過200個學(xué)校正在培養(yǎng)中國風(fēng)景園林師。與此同時，與其他國家不同的是韓國致力于推進風(fēng)景園林人均水平。韓國擁有約5 000萬的人口，并且擁有48個專業(yè)風(fēng)景園林教學(xué)課程。相比之下，美國雖有65個大學(xué)有風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)，但其人口遠多于韓國，高達3.14億。韓國風(fēng)景園林取得突出成就主要源自一個人的引領(lǐng)與啟發(fā)：吳輝英。

吳教授于1937年12月27日出生在韓國首爾（漢城）。1963年獲得漢陽大學(xué)建筑學(xué)學(xué)位后，進入美國伊利諾伊大學(xué)就讀風(fēng)景園林碩士（MLA）。當(dāng)他還是風(fēng)景園林碩士的時候，便開始在芝加哥的伊利諾伊州森林保護區(qū)工作。1973年，吳教授被樸正熙總統(tǒng)召回韓國。

1 吳輝英作品（自然與光，1986）Oh's work (Nature and Light, 1986)

吳教授在為樸總統(tǒng)工作期間撰寫了許多與韓國環(huán)境相關(guān)的規(guī)劃發(fā)展法律和政策，并一直將風(fēng)景園林師納入其中作為重要的角色[1]。例如，他促成了1977年制定的《自然環(huán)境保護法（NECA）》，該法取代了1963年頒布的第一個卻無效的國家環(huán)境法—《污染防治法》。NECA為1979年成立的第一個國家環(huán)境機構(gòu)—環(huán)境管理局提供了重要的立法基礎(chǔ)，并成為最重要的韓國環(huán)境法（20世紀(jì)90年代初的基本環(huán)境政策法）的關(guān)鍵支撐，該法根據(jù)美國《國家環(huán)境政策法（NEPA）》改編。吳教授還著手建立立法基礎(chǔ)，將風(fēng)景園林作為一個獨立于建筑、林業(yè)和園藝的專業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)[1-2]。作為韓國第一個向國家介紹風(fēng)景園林的人，吳輝英被其同胞稱為“韓國弗雷德里克·勞·奧姆斯特德”。

作為國家公職人員，吳教授通過規(guī)劃和建設(shè)新社區(qū)，為改善人居環(huán)境做出貢獻。在韓國工業(yè)化和城市化迅速發(fā)展的時期，他引領(lǐng)韓國的發(fā)展和保護政策[1,3]。在20世紀(jì)70年代，吳教授促成了韓國風(fēng)景園林研究院的基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)，同時促進了專業(yè)和商業(yè)執(zhí)照的確立[1,4]。除了公眾和學(xué)科服務(wù)外，吳教授一直是學(xué)術(shù)界和出版界的領(lǐng)軍人物。他獲得了日本大阪府立大學(xué)的博士學(xué)位（1984年），并在國立首爾大學(xué)和漢陽大學(xué)創(chuàng)立了具有影響力的風(fēng)景園林項目。此外，他還曾在祥明大學(xué)擔(dān)任特聘教授。吳教授于1982年在韓國創(chuàng)辦了《環(huán)境與景觀》雜志，任編輯兼出版人，隨后又創(chuàng)辦了第二本雜志《風(fēng)景園林建造》。在撰寫自己的5本書籍時，他翻譯并出版了重要的理論和實踐著作。45年來，吳教授進行了包括慶州綜合旅游發(fā)展計劃（1974年）、國家公園計劃（1976年）、首爾奧林匹克公園規(guī)劃和設(shè)計（1985年）、亞洲游樂園和雕塑設(shè)計（1986年，圖1）、伊爾桑新城景觀規(guī)劃（1990年）、仁川國際機場填海區(qū)種植設(shè)計策略（1995年）在內(nèi)的各種設(shè)計和規(guī)劃項目。他撰寫的12本書籍均在韓國得到廣泛閱讀，并在韓國和國際期刊上發(fā)表了許多有影響力的文章。吳教授在風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域做出了極大的貢獻，獲得了頗具聲望的獎項，其中包括服務(wù)勛章（1977年）、總統(tǒng)獎（1985年，2003年）、工業(yè)服務(wù)勛章（1994年）、韓國環(huán)境與文化獎（1999年）和總理表彰（2002年）。以下是我們采訪吳教授回顧自己成就的對話①。

Dr. Oh：吳輝英教授

J-OK and FS：金振午和弗雷德里克·斯坦納

J-OK and FS：您在韓國學(xué)習(xí)了建筑學(xué)，而1965年去美國求學(xué)時攻讀的是風(fēng)景園林碩士。是什么促使您在美國深造風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)？有哪些是您在韓國不甚了解的？

Dr. Oh：我最初考入美國伊利諾伊大學(xué)就讀建筑碩士。但是，該大學(xué)的寄宿家庭計劃為國際學(xué)生提供了與美國家庭進行社會和文化交流的機會，從而改變了我的生活。我的寄宿家庭的父親是園林系主任William Carnes教授，在一系列關(guān)于韓國歷史和文化的交談后，他推薦我轉(zhuǎn)到風(fēng)景園林學(xué)專業(yè)。他建議說由于韓國正在經(jīng)歷快速工業(yè)化，景觀設(shè)計師可以在土地開發(fā)和環(huán)境保護方面發(fā)揮重要作用。他鼓勵我成為韓國風(fēng)景園林新領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍人物。所以，我轉(zhuǎn)到風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)，Carnes教授成為我的導(dǎo)師。他對于國家公園的興趣和熱情也影響了我對風(fēng)景園林的態(tài)度和責(zé)任感，促使我參與創(chuàng)建韓國國家公園協(xié)會，協(xié)會是對決策土地利用、保護和國家公園管理有影響力的非政府組織（NGO）。

J-OK and FS：在完成碩士學(xué)位之后，您從1967到1972年在美國工作。請問，您在美國曾經(jīng)做過哪些工作？

Dr. Oh：我在伊利諾斯庫克縣森林保護區(qū)工作了大約5年。我的主要工作是致力于規(guī)劃、設(shè)計和管理芝加哥郊區(qū)的開放空間。在此期間，芝加哥市認(rèn)識到自然區(qū)域的價值，并希望通過收購及有效的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計來保護它們。我與庫克縣其他政府機構(gòu)、專家、非政府組織和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)合作，尋找更好的辦法來管理公眾購買的土地，維持特殊的環(huán)境質(zhì)量。

J-OK and FS：1972年，您回到自己的祖國，擔(dān)任韓國總統(tǒng)樸正熙的風(fēng)景園林部長。您是如何得到這個職位的？您的主要工作職責(zé)是什么？

Dr. Oh：我在美國工作期間，在第三屆總統(tǒng)樸正熙的強力領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，韓國通過全國土地開發(fā)和工業(yè)化迅速促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，處于一個充滿活力的形勢。在被稱作“新村運動”（為推動韓國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)代化而發(fā)起的一項政治舉措）的全國新社會運動中，管理局關(guān)注于如何在快速發(fā)展住房、工業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的過程中，同時減輕環(huán)境影響和恢復(fù)損壞的景觀。

由于當(dāng)時在韓國沒有景觀設(shè)計師，所以我被推薦作為一位合適的專家來協(xié)助總統(tǒng)。因此，我與青瓦臺（類似于美國的白宮）聯(lián)系，向總統(tǒng)介紹了什么是風(fēng)景園林，以及如何幫助政府完成使命。在演講的前一天，我真的很擔(dān)心如何解釋什么叫做“風(fēng)景園林”（在韓國還沒有引入）。在韓國保守的社會背景下，我認(rèn)為在總統(tǒng)面前使用英語詞匯可能有點傲慢，所以我想用韓語來代替這個詞。在中國和日本各自的語言體系中都有不同詞匯來解釋“景觀”，但在韓國沒有。

因此，為了獲取建議，我約了一個好朋友也是當(dāng)時的建筑師、國立首爾大學(xué)教授鄭燮云（Jeong Sup Yun），他提出了“Jo-Gyeong”這一詞匯，在韓國的的意思是“造（Jo）景（Gyeong）”。在青瓦臺第一次的展示中我毫不猶豫使用這個詞， “造景”也被廣泛用來介紹韓國風(fēng)景園林。演講結(jié)束一年后，青瓦臺與我聯(lián)系并為我提供了一份韓國總統(tǒng)秘書的工作，以景觀設(shè)計師的身份在韓國土地開發(fā)中發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用。毫無疑問，這是一個為我們的國家作出貢獻的極好機會。但我的最終決定并不容易，我很喜歡在美國的工作，全家人都很好地融入了社區(qū)。但是，我最終還是接受了這份工作，希望能為韓國的風(fēng)景園林建設(shè)開辟一個新的領(lǐng)域，在工業(yè)化的關(guān)鍵時期為全國土地開發(fā)的政策、規(guī)劃和設(shè)計起到重要的指導(dǎo)作用（圖2、3）。

J-OK and FS：當(dāng)您返回韓國擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)秘書時，風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)才剛剛出現(xiàn)。在當(dāng)時的社會經(jīng)濟和政治背景下，您認(rèn)為引入和發(fā)展風(fēng)景園林的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)是什么？

Dr. Oh：風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)受到樸總統(tǒng)的大力支持是極大的幸運。在為總統(tǒng)工作的約10年時間里，我寫了差不多200～300條關(guān)于景觀規(guī)劃的建議和報道，令人驚訝的是，在審批時沒有遇到任何的問題。樸總統(tǒng)經(jīng)常和我一起郊游，認(rèn)真聆聽我的建議，并開展關(guān)于風(fēng)景園林的討論。在總統(tǒng)1979年被暗殺之前，我在促進風(fēng)景園林的政策和實踐中沒有遇到任何困難。

在他突然去世后，又有一位新的總統(tǒng)上臺，我辭去了總統(tǒng)秘書的職務(wù)，在總統(tǒng)辦公室從事了幾年其他行政工作。我意識到，新總統(tǒng)任職期間風(fēng)景園林已不再是優(yōu)先事務(wù)。于是，我辭去公職，于1982年加入漢陽大學(xué)景觀學(xué)院研究生院（圖4）。此后，風(fēng)景園林職位從總統(tǒng)秘書中撤掉，這導(dǎo)致政府在風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和責(zé)任感減弱。但是，很顯然在我為樸總統(tǒng)工作的十年里，風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域在制度上、學(xué)術(shù)上和專業(yè)上都得到了強有力的政治支持。令我感到遺憾的是，在樸總統(tǒng)去世后，我沒有完成進一步發(fā)展風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域這個偉大的使命。

J-OK and FS：20世紀(jì)70年代，樸總統(tǒng)為國家土地開發(fā)和經(jīng)濟增長政策提供了強有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，您認(rèn)為風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)的發(fā)展有助于實現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)嗎？

Dr. Oh：樸總統(tǒng)團隊有一個清晰的愿景，使在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭中破壞的農(nóng)業(yè)社會實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化。我在第一次全國體育發(fā)展計劃期間加入韓國政府（1972—1980）。全面體育發(fā)展計劃專注于發(fā)展空間和經(jīng)濟方面的整合，它的目標(biāo)包括提高國家土地利用效率和擴大交通、電力和公用事業(yè)系統(tǒng)。實現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)往往會對環(huán)境質(zhì)量和文化資產(chǎn)造成威脅。樸總統(tǒng)清楚地認(rèn)識到預(yù)防、減少和修復(fù)這些負(fù)面影響是風(fēng)景園林的迫切需要。在此期間，風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)在政府主導(dǎo)的主要發(fā)展項目中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。慶州旅游綜合發(fā)展計劃始于1971年，我引導(dǎo)景觀規(guī)劃作為提升文化遺產(chǎn)的一種方式，在韓國東南部的古州—慶州開發(fā)了博蒙湖畔度假綜合體。在樸總統(tǒng)的特別安排下我參與了顯忠祠李舜臣將軍（1545—1598）神社的重建。在這個項目中，我領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了基于空間分析的景觀設(shè)計，以確定適合建筑、設(shè)施、植物和排水系統(tǒng)的生態(tài)位置。

J-OK and FS：作為總統(tǒng)的秘書，您在為風(fēng)景園林師建立專業(yè)認(rèn)證計劃以及在韓國大學(xué)建立新的景觀設(shè)計課程中起到了關(guān)鍵的作用?；谶@些，您的愿景、目標(biāo)和挑戰(zhàn)是什么？如何看待這些機構(gòu)支持影響

2～3 吳輝英教授Dr. Whee-Young Oh

4 Students of Hanyang University漢陽大學(xué)的學(xué)生

整體土地開發(fā)實踐以及景觀行業(yè)的發(fā)展？

Dr. Oh：1972年初，當(dāng)我開始為總統(tǒng)工作時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)最緊迫的問題是缺乏風(fēng)景園林的人才資源。因此，我建議建立教育和培訓(xùn)計劃，以培養(yǎng)風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)人員。在總統(tǒng)批準(zhǔn)后，1973年成立第一個風(fēng)景園林計劃：國立首爾大學(xué)和南部大學(xué)的本科課程和國立首爾大學(xué)的研究生課程。自那時起，許多大學(xué)開始建立景觀專業(yè)課程，現(xiàn)在幾乎有2 000名學(xué)生畢業(yè)于全國超過48所大學(xué)。我還建議總統(tǒng)頒布法律，在1974年創(chuàng)建風(fēng)景園林師的資格證，以便風(fēng)景園林學(xué)校的首批畢業(yè)生可以申請這個新的資格證。與其他專業(yè)不同，這種集中的政策制度支持促進了風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域在學(xué)術(shù)界和實踐界以及各政府部門的迅速擴展。

J-OK and FS：在1992年，作為國際風(fēng)景園林師聯(lián)合會（IFLA）東部地區(qū)副總裁，您在組織韓國舉行的第29屆IFLA世界大會中起到了核心的作用?？梢愿嬖V我們這對您和您的同事意味著什么，您認(rèn)為會議的成功如何影響韓國風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)的發(fā)展？

Dr. Oh：1992年第29屆IFLA世界大會是向國際社會分享我們對風(fēng)景園林關(guān)注和努力的一個很好的機會（圖5～7）。雖然尚處于起步階段，IFLA競賽受到了來自政府多個部門的重視，包括國土開發(fā)、環(huán)境保護、林業(yè)管理以及旅游發(fā)展。我的政治網(wǎng)絡(luò)對保障中央和地方政府經(jīng)濟和制度支持起到了極大的作用。作為組織委員會主席，在同事們的自愿支持下，我指導(dǎo)了整個計劃和活動。我記得那是一段非常美好的時光，它以風(fēng)景園林的名義，促進學(xué)術(shù)界、實踐界和政府之間有意義的合作。

J-OK and FS：自1982年以來，您每月出版一期的專業(yè)雜志《環(huán)境與景觀》被譽為韓國風(fēng)景園林界最受歡迎的雜志。是什么促使您開始出版這本雜志，有什么機遇和挑戰(zhàn)？

Dr. Oh：在風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)的起步階段，我認(rèn)為媒體宣傳對于向公眾以及建筑、規(guī)劃、園藝和林業(yè)等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域分享我們的見解和專長起到至關(guān)重要的作用。幸運的是，我能夠聚集一批知名學(xué)者創(chuàng)建一個新的風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)雜志。通過與他們的合作，在1982年我創(chuàng)辦了一個新的專業(yè)雜志，叫做《景觀季度》。但是，資金是個問題。作為一名在總統(tǒng)辦公室工作的公職人員，我在資助連續(xù)出版物方面只能發(fā)揮非常有限的作用。1982年，在我剛剛辭去公職并被漢陽大學(xué)錄用后，我接管了出版公司的全部工作。我承認(rèn)由于財政狀況不穩(wěn)定，每季度的出版都很困難。我將所有辭職津貼都花在了雜志上。盡管我的熱情和專業(yè)責(zé)任驅(qū)使著我，但現(xiàn)實是嚴(yán)酷的，我面臨著無數(shù)的問題和挑戰(zhàn)。31年過去了。我衷心感謝所有為連續(xù)出版物做出貢獻的工作人員。

J-OK and FS：作為風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域的官員、學(xué)者、教育家和實踐者，您已經(jīng)取得了許多重要成就。在面對全球經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境危機時，您認(rèn)為景觀設(shè)計師應(yīng)該扮演什么樣的重要角色？

Dr. Oh：我之所以在《環(huán)境與景觀》雜志上提出“環(huán)境”一詞，是因為我認(rèn)為環(huán)境是風(fēng)景園林界應(yīng)該追求的最重要的價值。在樸總統(tǒng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的發(fā)展時代，我加入青瓦臺之前，諸如“環(huán)境”“環(huán)境保護”等詞匯的使用被認(rèn)為是有點反政府的行為。我建議總統(tǒng)在發(fā)展過程中不應(yīng)忽視環(huán)境的重要價值，在面對全球經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境危機時，能夠發(fā)揮這一重要作用的正是風(fēng)景園林。因此，第一個研究生院被命名為“環(huán)境研究院”，并且在研究生院設(shè)立了風(fēng)景園林課程。

環(huán)境的概念是廣泛的，風(fēng)景園林師可以做的并不僅限于此。我們的景觀是如何構(gòu)成的，景觀設(shè)計師如何做出貢獻取決于人們?nèi)绾慰创坝^及其與環(huán)境的相互聯(lián)系。景觀設(shè)計師應(yīng)該對他們在環(huán)境中的重要性充滿信心，并且必須領(lǐng)導(dǎo)組織不同的領(lǐng)域。景觀設(shè)計師必須成為環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的利益相關(guān)者。并不是所有的風(fēng)景園林師都需要成為優(yōu)秀的設(shè)計師。只要他們相信他們的關(guān)注和責(zé)任與景觀有關(guān)，他們可以是政治家、政府官員、顧問、非政府組織工作者或教育工作者。當(dāng)面對環(huán)境危機時，對風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)發(fā)揮積極和關(guān)鍵的傳播作用。韓國正處于特殊的形勢下，景觀設(shè)計師在強有力的政治支持下對城市進行改造。在整個工作過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)與其他相關(guān)領(lǐng)域分享我們的關(guān)注對于實現(xiàn)我們的目標(biāo)至關(guān)重要。我們必須非常善于分享我們的愿景，使其他領(lǐng)域了解他們與風(fēng)景園林密切的相關(guān)性，并提供新的視野，和我們一起找到更好的方法來改善、修復(fù)和再生我們的城市和環(huán)境（圖8）。

China has received considerable attention because of the phenomenal growth of its academic landscape architecture programs. While only a few academic programs existed in 2000, now well over 200 prepare Chinese landscape architects. Meanwhile, South Korea probably boosts more academic programs per capita than any other nation. With its population of around 50 million, the nation houses 48 academic landscape architecture programs. In comparison, landscape architecture is offered in 65 universities in the United States with our much larger population of 314 million people. The prominence of South Korean landscape architecture is largely a result of the leadership and inspiration of one man: Dr. Whee-Young Oh.

Dr. Oh was born in Seoul on December 27,1937. After he received an architecture degree from Hanyang University in 1963, he entered the Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) program at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. While still a MLA student, he began working for the Illinois Forest Preserve in Chicago. In 1973, Dr. Oh was summoned home to Korea by President Jeong-Hee Park.

Working for President Park, Dr. Oh authored many of his nation’s environmental, planning, and development laws and policies, always inserting landscape architects into important roles[1]. For instance, he facilitated the establishment of Natural Environment Conservation Act (NECA) in 1977 that replaced the Pollution Prevention Act, the first but ineffective national environmental law enacted in 1963. NECA provided a crucial legislative basis on which Environmental Administration, the first national environmental agency was established in 1979, and became a crucial backbone of the most important Korean environmental law, the Basic Environmental Policy Act in the early 1990s adapted from U.S.National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). He also initiated to establish a legislative basis to include landscape architecture as a separate professional industry from architecture, forestry, and horticulture[1-2].As the first Korean to introduce landscape architecture to the nation, Whee-Young Oh is called the “Korean Frederick Law Olmsted” by his countrymen.

As a public servant, Dr. Oh led efforts to improve human environments through planning and building the new communities. He led development and preservation policies through a period of South Korea’s rapid industrialization and urbanization[1,3].During the 1970s, Dr. Oh led the foundation of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture, while helping to establish both professional and business licensure[1,4]. In addition to his public and professional service, Dr. Oh has been a leading academic and publisher. He earned his Ph.D. from Osaka Prefecture University in Japan (1984) and founded the in fluential landscape architecture programs at Seoul National University and Hanyang University. In addition, he served as distinguished professor at Sangmyung University. Dr. Oh also established the magazine Environment & Landscape Architecture of Korea in 1982, serving as both its editor and publisher, and later launched a second magazine, Landscape Architecture Construction. He translated and published important books on theory and practice while writing five of his own books. Over 45 years, Dr. Oh has conducted a variety of design and planning projects including Gyeongju Comprehensive Tourism Development Plan (1974), National Park Plan (1976), Seoul Olympic Park Plan and Design (1985), Asian Game Park and Sculpture Design (1986, Fig. 1), Ilsan New Town Landscape Plan (1990), Planting Design Strategies in Reclamation Area for Incheon International Airport (1995). He also wrote more than 12 books widely read in Korea, and published many in fluential articles in national and international journals. For his extensive contribution to the field of landscape architecture, Dr.Oh received highly prestigious awards including the Order of Service Merit (1977),Presidential Citation (1985, 2003), Order of Industrial Service Merit (1994), Korean Environment & Culture Award (1999), and Prime Minister’s Citation (2002). We asked Dr. Oh to reflect on his contributions and his responses follow①.

5 1992年在韓國舉辦IFLA世界大會IFLA in Korea in1992

J-OK and FS: You studied architecture in Korea, and moved to U.S. in 1965 to pursue MLA. What motivated you to study landscape architecture in the U.S. which was largely unknown in Korea?

Dr. Oh: I initially applied and was admitted to the architecture graduate program at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. However, the university’s Host Family Program, which offered international students the opportunity to be matched up with American families for their social and cultural adjustment, changed my life. The father of my host family was Professor William Carnes, department chair of landscape architecture, and after a series of conversations about the history and culture of South Korea, he recommended that I transfer to the landscape architecture program. He advised that since South Korea was experiencing rapid industrialization, landscape architects could play an important role in land development and environmental protection. He encouraged me to be a leader in cultivating the new field of landscape architecture in South Korea. So, I did transfer to the landscape architecture program and Professor Carnes became my mentor. His interest and enthusiasm in national parks also affected my attitude and responsibility towards landscape architecture, resulting in my in-depth involvement in the creation of the Korean National Park Association,an influential non-governmental organization (NGO) supporting decision-making for land use, conservation, and management of national parks.

J-OK and FS: After the completion of MLA, you worked in the U.S.from 1967 to 1972. What was your job?

Dr. Oh: I worked for Illinois Forest Preserve District of Cook County for about five years. My primary job focused on planning, design, and management of ample open space in suburban Chicago. During that time, the City of Chicago recognized the value of natural areas and wanted to conserve them by acquisition and effective planning and design. In collaboration with other governmental agencies, experts, NGOs, and local communities in Cook County, I sought to find better ways to manage the purchased lands for the public, maintaining the unique environmental quality.

J-OK and FS: In 1972, you returned to your home country to serve as a secretary of landscape architecture to the South Korean President Jeong-Hee Park. How did you get offered the position and what were your primary responsibilities?

Dr. Oh: While I was working for the U.S., South Korea was in a dynamic situation, rapidly promoting economic development through nation-wide land development and industrialization under the strong leadership by Jeong-Hee Park, the third president of South Korea. During the nation-wide new community movement,called “Saemaul,” a political initiative launched to modernize the rural South Korea economy, the Park administration was concerned about mitigating environmental impact and restoring damaged landscapes in the process of rapid developing housing,industry, and infrastructure.

Since there were no landscape architects at that time in South Korea, I was recommended as an appropriate expert to assist the president. So, I was contacted by the Blue House (similar to the White House in the U.S.) to make a presentation for the president about what landscape architecture is and how it could help us meet the government’s mission. A day before the presentation, I was really concerned about what to call “l(fā)andscape architecture” (which had not been introduced in South Korea) in Korean. In the conservative social context of South Korea, I thought it might be a bit arrogant to use English terms in front of the president, so I wanted to substitute Korean terms. In China and Japan, there were different terms for “l(fā)andscape architecture” in their own languages, but we had none.

So, for advice I met one of my close friends, Jeong-Sup Yun, an architect and professor at Seoul National University at the time, and he suggested “Jo-Gyeong”which means “making (Jo) landscape (Gyeong)” in Korean. Without hesitating, I used this term for my first presentation in the Blue House, which is how “Jo-Gyeong”came to be widely used to indicate landscape architecture in South Korea. One year after the presentation, the Blue House contacted me and offered me a job as the presidential secretary of South Korea to take a leadership role in organizing ambitious national land development as a landscape architect. Undoubtedly, this was a great opportunity to contribute to our nation, but my ultimate decision was not easy. I was enjoying my job in the U.S. and all my family were settled well into the community.However, Ifinally accepted the job, hoping that I could help build a new field of landscape architecture in South Korea and play an important role for guiding policy,planning, and design for nation-wide land development during the critical time of industrialization (Fig. 2, 3).

J-OK and FS: The landscape architecture profession was new in Korea when you moved back to the country to serve as a secretary to the president. What did you think opportunities and challenges for introducing and developing landscape architecture in the given socioeconomic and political contexts?

Dr. Oh: It was a great fortune that the landscape architecture profession received strong political support from President Park. During the approximately 10 year period of my time working for the president, I wrote almost 200-300 proposals and reports regarding landscape architecture and planning, but surprisingly never had any problems in obtaining approval. President Park frequently went out on field trips with me, paid careful attention to my advice,and enjoyed discussion about landscape architecture. I literally had no difficulty promoting policies and practices regarding landscape architecture until the president was assassinated in 1979.

After his sudden death, followed by a new president, I stepped down from the position as presidential secretary and served a few years in the prime minister’s of fice to take care of other administrative work. I realized that landscape architecture was no longer the priority in the new presidency. So, I resigned from public of fice and joined the faculty of the Graduate School of Landscape Architecture at Hanyang University in 1982 (Fig. 4). Since then, the landscape architecture position was eliminated from the presidential secretaries, resulting in the diminishment of the government’s leadership and responsibilities in landscape architecture. But, it is clear that for over 10 years of my work for President Park, the field of landscape architecture was firmly established institutionally, academically, and professionally with the powerful political support. One thing I regret is that I had not completed my ambitious mission to further develop landscape architecture field after President Park’s death.

J-OK and FS: President Park provided strong leadership for national land development and economic growth policies in 1970s;how do you think the development of landscape architecture profession contributed to meet the goals?

6 1992年在韓國舉辦IFLA世界大會IFLA in Korea in 1992

7 1992年在韓國舉辦IFLA世界大會IFLA in Korea in 1992

Dr. Oh: The Park administration had a clear vision to industrialize the country from the rural society ruined by the Korean War. I joined the Park administration in the period of the First National Physical Development Plan(1972—1980) that focused on the integration of spatial and economic aspects of development. Its goal included the improved efficiency of national land use and the expansion of transportation, power, and utility systems. Meeting these goals often generated threats to environmental quality and cultural assets. President Park clearly acknowledged the critical need of landscape architecture for preventing, minimizing, and healing these negative impacts. During that period,the landscape architecture profession held a pivotal role in major government-led development projects. For the Gyeongju Comprehensive Tourism Development Plan that began in 1971, I led landscape planning as a way to enhance cultural heritage and to develop the Bomun lakeside resort complex in the ancient city of Gyeongju in the southeastern part of the country. I was also engaged in rebuilding Hyeonchungsa, the shrine of General Sun-Shin Lee (1545-1598) under the special order of President Park. For this project, I led landscape design based on spatial analysis to decide ecologically suitable locations for buildings, facilities,plants, and the drainage system.

J-OK and FS: As a secretary to the president you played a central role in establishing a professional certification program for landscape architects as well as new degree programs of landscape architecture in universities in Korea. What were the visions, objectives,and challenges? And how do think these institutional support affected overall land development practices as well as development of landscape architecture profession?

Dr. Oh: When I started my work for the president in 1972, I found the most urgent problem was the lack of human resources in landscape architecture.So, I proposed to create educational and training programs to produce landscape architecture professionals. After the president’s approval, the first landscape architecture programs were established in 1973: undergraduate programs at Seoul National University and Young-Nam University, and a graduate program at Seoul National University. Since then many universities have established landscape architecture programs and now almost 2,000 students graduate annually from over 48 universities in the nation. I also proposed that the president enact laws to create the license of landscape architects in 1974 so that the first graduates of landscape architecture schools could apply for the new license. Unlike other professions, this intensive institutional support facilitated rapid expansion of the field of landscape architecture in academia and practice, as well as in a variety of governmental sections.

J-OK and FS: In 1992, as the vice president of International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) Eastern Region, you played a central role in organizing the 29th IFLA World Congress held in South Korea. Tell us about what it meant to you and your colleagues, and how do you think the successful organization affected the development of Korean landscape architecture profession?

Dr. Oh. The 29th IFLA World Congress in 1992 was a great opportunity to share our concerns and efforts in landscape architecture with the international community (Fig. 5, 6). Although the field was in its young stage, the IFLA event received considerable attention from a variety of governmental sections involved in national land development,environmental protection, forestry management,and tourism development. My political network was a great help in securing a variety of financial and institutional support from the central and local governments. As the chair of the organizational committee, I directed the entire schedule and events with grateful voluntary support from our colleagues. I remember it was a really wonderful time that catalyzed meaningful collaboration among academia, practice,and government under the name of landscape architecture.

J-OK and FS: Since 1982, you have published a monthly professional magazine,Environment & Landscape Architecture,known as the most popular magazine in the field of landscape architecture in Korea.What motivated you to start publishing the magazine and what were the opportunities and challenges?

Dr. Oh: In the beginning stage of the landscape architecture profession, I thought the creation of media was critical for sharing our vision and expertise with the public as well as with other related fields including architecture, planning, horticulture, and forestry. Fortunately, a group of leading scholars was formed to facilitate the creation of a new professional landscape architecture magazine. In collaboration with them, I led the birth of a new professional magazine,called Quarterly Landscape Architecture in 1982. But,finances were an issue. As a public official working for the prime minister’s of fice, I certainly had a very limited role in helping finance sustainable publication.Right after my resignation from the public life and acceptance into the faculty of Hanyang University in 1982, I took over the entire responsibility as a publisher to operate the magazine company. I confess it was really hard to publish quarterly because finances were not stable. I spent my entire resignation pay on magazine publication. Although driven strongly by my passion and professional responsibility, the reality was harsh and I had faced countless problems and challenges. 31 years have since passed. I give my heartfelt thanks to all staff members who contributed to continuous publication.

J-OK and FS: You have made many important achievements as a public official,scholar, educator and practitioner in the field of landscape architecture. What do you think are the important roles that landscape architects should play in the face of global economic and environmental crisis?

Dr. Oh: The reason why I put the term“environment” in the magazine title Environment& Landscape Architecture is that I envisioned environment as the most important value that the landscape architecture profession should pursue. In the development era led by the President Park, the use of terms such as “environment” or “environmental protection” was thought as somewhat antigovernment activity before I joined the Blue House. I advised the President that critical values of the environment should not be overlooked during the development and it is landscape architecture that can play an important role. This is how the first graduate school that housed landscape architecture program in Seoul National University was named “Graduate School of Environmental Studies.”

8 吳輝英教授Dr. Whee-Young Oh

The concept of environment is broad and what landscape architects can do is not necessarily limited.How our landscapes are structured and how landscape architects can contribute depends on how people perceive landscape architecture and its interconnection with our environment. Landscape architects should be con fident about the importance of their roles for the environment and must take leadership in organizing different fields. Landscape architects must be stakeholders in making places that are environmentally sustainable. Not every landscape architect needs to be an excellent designer. They can be politicians, public officials, consultants, NGO workers, or educators as long as they believe their concerns and responsibilities are associated with landscape architecture. This will result in the spread of the social attitude toward the positive and critical roles of landscape architecture profession in the face of environmental crisis. South Korea was in a unique situation in which landscape architects took a leadership role in restructuring cities with strong political support. Throughout the work, I found sharing our concerns with other related fields was most critical in realizing our goals. We have to be very smart in sharing our visions, making other fields understand they are critically related to landscape architecture, and providing new vision that together we can find better ways to improve, regenerate, and heal our cities and environment (Fig. 8).

Notes:

①The initial face-to-face interview was conducted in 2017 and the manuscript has been complemented via additional communication through meetings, phone calls and emails.The interview was conducted by Jin-Oh Kim from Kyung Hee University and Frederick Steiner from University of Pennsylvania.

② All photos were provided by Dr. Whee-Young Oh.

(Editor / LIU Yuxia)

注釋：

① 最初的面對面訪談于2017年進行，手稿通過會議、電話和電子郵件進行溝通補充。采訪由慶熙大學(xué)的金振午和賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的弗雷德里克·斯坦納進行。

② 文中所有圖片由吳輝英教授提供。

（編輯/劉玉霞）