AECOM

項(xiàng)目位置、規(guī)模和范圍

因受環(huán)境污染、棲息地破壞和生物多樣性降低等問題的影響，修復(fù)長江生態(tài)環(huán)境是中國環(huán)境修復(fù)的重點(diǎn)。在南京市域內(nèi)長江下游段，新加坡·南京生態(tài)科技島在進(jìn)行城市化發(fā)展的同時(shí)，也在不斷改善其濱水生態(tài)環(huán)境。

新加坡·南京生態(tài)科技島（以下簡稱“生態(tài)島”）位于長江之中，距南京市中心僅6.5km，島嶼整體呈優(yōu)美的流線形。2009年，中新南京生態(tài)島投資發(fā)展有限公司在保護(hù)和提升生態(tài)島現(xiàn)有生態(tài)環(huán)境的基礎(chǔ)上，著力打造一座集高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、低碳生活、休閑旅游綜合功能為一體的城市典范。

2014年，生態(tài)島大江側(cè)濱江風(fēng)光帶項(xiàng)目面向國際發(fā)起競(jìng)標(biāo)。場(chǎng)地位于生態(tài)島西側(cè)，面向長江，自南向北綿延12km，占地約210hm2。AECOM在競(jìng)賽中獲勝，其景觀概念設(shè)計(jì)從構(gòu)建15km2的島嶼綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的角度出發(fā)，提供了一個(gè)全面的解決方案。生態(tài)島的設(shè)計(jì)理念旨在通過自然和自然系統(tǒng)的營造，提升場(chǎng)地的環(huán)境和生態(tài)價(jià)值。為達(dá)成這一目標(biāo)，該方案設(shè)置了幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵的開放空間節(jié)點(diǎn)。第一階段（示范區(qū)）于2016年竣工，為該新興的生態(tài)城市提供了豐富的野生動(dòng)物棲息地空間，對(duì)恢復(fù)當(dāng)?shù)厣锒鄻有?、?gòu)建生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)起到了重要作用。

在背景研究中，項(xiàng)目組調(diào)查了區(qū)域的土地利用、排水、開放空間和交通規(guī)劃。項(xiàng)目組還聯(lián)合其他專業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的生態(tài)調(diào)查、洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、地下水和巖土工程調(diào)查，在洪峰期間進(jìn)行的多次現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘察，使項(xiàng)目組了解場(chǎng)地限制和極端氣候的潛在影響。

設(shè)計(jì)理念

項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)理念為“可持續(xù)的足跡”，旨在通過建立風(fēng)景秀麗的環(huán)島路，提供騎行、慢跑、馬拉松和游園的連續(xù)線路，減少島嶼內(nèi)部的碳、生態(tài)和水足跡，同時(shí)凸顯長江的文化特征，促進(jìn)健康的生活方式。設(shè)計(jì)盡量保留場(chǎng)地原有的工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)遺跡，通過使用本土材料、循環(huán)利用再生材料以及選用本土植物品種等策略，在減少島嶼碳足跡的同時(shí)提高城市韌性。這一設(shè)計(jì)理念在最近竣工的示范區(qū)中得到完美的體現(xiàn)。示范區(qū)的建立有利于恢復(fù)大片野生動(dòng)物的棲息地、減輕島嶼防洪基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施對(duì)景觀的視覺影響，并通過地形合理規(guī)劃雨水收集系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)土方平衡。

示范區(qū)特色

項(xiàng)目要求對(duì)受到影響的濱水濕地生態(tài)區(qū)進(jìn)行保護(hù)和加強(qiáng)，并最大限度地保留現(xiàn)有森林。在保護(hù)島嶼免受洪水侵襲的多層防御體系中，濱水堤壩是其中最為重要的一道防線。項(xiàng)目組因勢(shì)利導(dǎo)，結(jié)合這一傳統(tǒng)的水利工程，利用堤頂?shù)缆?，為騎行者和慢跑者打造一條濱江觀景路線。

為保護(hù)公眾健康和安全，前往防洪堤外森林的通道被嚴(yán)格限制。天然石階連接著堅(jiān)固的透水鋼格柵路，在現(xiàn)有的楊樹和柳樹林之間迂回。在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘察期間，項(xiàng)目組選擇性地疏伐部分枯樹，為森林再生提供空間；砍伐的木材被原地安置，為野生小動(dòng)物提供棲息地。通過鋼格柵路可穿過森林到達(dá)長江上的觀景點(diǎn)，在抵達(dá)水邊時(shí)，平臺(tái)旁邊高大的柳樹凝望著長江。

1 項(xiàng)目基地南京江心島地處長江中下游，包括一條面向長江、自南向北綿延12km的大江側(cè)濱江風(fēng)光帶The project is located at Jiangxin Island to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Delta in Nanjing. The work included a landscape framework plan for the island loop and landscape design for the 12 km long waterfront scenic belt facing the Yangtze River

2 示范區(qū)結(jié)合防洪措施進(jìn)行景觀化處理，旨在打造一個(gè)促進(jìn)人與自然共存的生態(tài)社區(qū)，包含原生河岸森林以及社區(qū)公園2個(gè)部分Phase one demonstration area is primarily programed as an ecological community that fosters co-existence between people and nature. Flood protection engineering resulted in two ecological zones: native riparian forest and a protected community park

3 本項(xiàng)目修復(fù)了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，還為游客提供了觀賞長江壯闊景象的平臺(tái)。通過鋼格柵路，便可穿過森林到達(dá)長江上的觀景點(diǎn)，遙望長江這條世界上最繁忙的河流The project restores ecological systems and celebrates the majestic scene of the Yangtze River taking advantage of an existing forest clearing to create a view point and gathering place overlooking China’s longest and busiest river

4 天然石階連接著堅(jiān)固的透水鋼格柵路，在現(xiàn)有的楊樹和柳樹林之間迂回A low impact permeable steel boardwalk zig-zags between existing trees taking advantage of gaps and clearings, here seen as a peak annual flood recedes

5 在防洪堤內(nèi)，通過生態(tài)草溝收集到的雨水被匯入生態(tài)滯留池Inside the flood protection levee, stormwater runoff is harvested in vegetated swales which passes under bridges to detention ponds

6 從連接著入口廣場(chǎng)與雨水花園的景觀橋可以俯瞰收集場(chǎng)地近半數(shù)雨水的滯留池An elegant sloping bridge links the entrance plaza to the flood protection levee through/ on which peple can overlook open space, wetlands and detention ponds

堤壩內(nèi)的開放空間節(jié)點(diǎn)，在為野生動(dòng)植物提供庇護(hù)所的同時(shí)，也為周邊社區(qū)的居民提供與自然親近的活動(dòng)。走過天然石階和在多年生及濕生植物中靈活散布的踏腳石塊，人們可以進(jìn)入一片開闊的草坪。本土喬木在夏、秋兩季時(shí)為游人遮蔭。在舒適的草坪邊緣，大塊的石頭隨機(jī)排布，供人小坐休憩或玩耍。項(xiàng)目充分運(yùn)用了海綿城市雨水管理策略，通過生態(tài)草溝收集到的雨水匯集進(jìn)入生態(tài)滯留池，形成優(yōu)美的景觀水體。一條慢跑步道橫跨水面，游客經(jīng)過時(shí)可以近距離欣賞這一生態(tài)舉措帶來的美景。

通過居住區(qū)附近的入口進(jìn)入公園，迎面而來的便是一座連接著入口廣場(chǎng)與雨水花園的景觀橋，從此處可以俯瞰收集場(chǎng)地近半數(shù)雨水的滯留池。滯留池以及雨水花園很好地體現(xiàn)了海綿城市的設(shè)計(jì)理念，極具生態(tài)教育意義。橋的兩端設(shè)有耐候鋼板景墻，上面刻有流線形的島嶼圖案，景橋與堤頂路相連，駐足于此，可以看到堤外現(xiàn)有的茂密楊樹和柳樹林。

防洪堤面向島嶼內(nèi)部的一側(cè)，經(jīng)由微地形改造形成了適合再生林和野花草甸生長的緩坡。當(dāng)夕陽的余暉灑向坡上的花草時(shí)，這些緩坡變得極具吸引力，特別是在秋季的暖陽下。

停車場(chǎng)使用透水混凝土鋪裝、生態(tài)草溝和豐富的混植植物，以確保停車場(chǎng)的生態(tài)性。與堤頂路相連的碎石小徑在草坪周圍的林間穿梭。入口廣場(chǎng)一條長長的大道延伸到可以俯瞰長江的觀江景亭。景亭的“Y”型鋼柱造型靈感源自長江中多見的河道分叉形態(tài)，這也是沉積島形成的主要原因。這個(gè)“Y”型結(jié)構(gòu)也被廣泛應(yīng)用到整個(gè)公園的欄桿、構(gòu)架和路徑布局上。

森林小徑的透水鋼格柵可經(jīng)受住季節(jié)性的洪水。2016年南京經(jīng)歷了自1998年以來最為嚴(yán)重的暴雨和洪水，但由于設(shè)計(jì)堅(jiān)固，森林小徑結(jié)構(gòu)承受住了鋼板表面超過2m的洪水。為確保人員健康和安全，森林小徑的入口處設(shè)立了可封閉的門禁，以防止游客在汛期進(jìn)入。

7 景觀設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)堤壩背水坡的地形進(jìn)行了重整，適當(dāng)增加覆土，為重新造林，生態(tài)草溝、草甸和休憩的草坪提供了空間Generous soil depths behind the flood protection line enable reforestation, tall grasses, wildflower meadow grassland and amenity grassland for community activities

環(huán)境影響與設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)

在城市化和氣候變化的背景下，景觀在塑造韌性城市中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。該項(xiàng)目面臨的一大挑戰(zhàn)是在現(xiàn)代城市發(fā)展的背景下，如何重新喚起人們對(duì)自然種植和本土植物的認(rèn)可。該項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)重要設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)是通過精密的季相種植組合恢復(fù)自然植被的活力。這需要充分了解植物生態(tài)習(xí)性及其在不同環(huán)境下的表現(xiàn)，以確保棲息地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)能夠有效運(yùn)作，在洪水、干旱和城市壓力的威脅下保持穩(wěn)定。

與常規(guī)公園不同，該大江側(cè)濱江風(fēng)光帶示范區(qū)內(nèi)進(jìn)行了多樣化的種植設(shè)計(jì)，增加種植組合中本土落葉喬木、多年生植物和觀賞草的使用。高水位以及廣泛分布的生態(tài)草溝和雨水花園系統(tǒng)，形成了淺層植被洼地，在捕獲雨水徑流的同時(shí)將水儲(chǔ)存在滯留池中。這些天然過濾器不僅改善了水質(zhì)，為野生動(dòng)物提供棲息地，也是生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)中的一大亮點(diǎn)。

現(xiàn)場(chǎng)種植了大片的粉黛亂子草（禾本科，較耐水濕），隨著季節(jié)的變化呈現(xiàn)不同的色彩。春日，綠色的針狀草葉生出，并在夏季逐漸成熟，為多年生植物和夏末花卉提供了極佳的觀賞背景。秋日，大片粉黛亂子草籠罩上一層輕盈的粉色，如同一片片云彩，創(chuàng)造了一幅壯觀的粉色云霞圖。深秋時(shí)節(jié)至冬日，粉紅、紫色及白色的花朵逐漸褪去色彩，露出褐色的種子，作為昆蟲和鳥類的食物來源，這些種子吸引各類有益的昆蟲，如蝴蝶和瓢蟲等。大片叢生的植物也為其他野生動(dòng)物提供了棲息地。

在防洪堤外，項(xiàng)目組還種植了一些本土喬木混合林作為替代目前占據(jù)林地、生命周期相對(duì)短暫的楊樹林的演替林帶。這一策略來源于日本植物學(xué)家和植物生態(tài)學(xué)家Akira Miyawaki教授的理論。種植區(qū)隨機(jī)分布在空曠的區(qū)域或現(xiàn)有森林的邊緣，為20～30年后的森林提供后續(xù)生長的方向。

項(xiàng)目亮點(diǎn)

設(shè)計(jì)的成功歸功于政府、業(yè)主、設(shè)計(jì)師、工程師和分包商之間的緊密合作。示范區(qū)建造的亮點(diǎn)包括濱江風(fēng)光帶的生態(tài)種植，貫徹低影響設(shè)計(jì)以及海綿城市設(shè)計(jì)理念。2017年10月的幾個(gè)周末，累計(jì)超過5萬名游客到訪生態(tài)島，共賞粉黛亂子草的盛放之美。城市自然主義和本土生態(tài)種植的融合吸引了許多當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈蛿z影愛好人士，在秋季觀賞類植物花開之時(shí)，尤為熱鬧。項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)踐的領(lǐng)先理念，為如何在城市環(huán)境中進(jìn)行環(huán)境修復(fù)設(shè)立了新的基準(zhǔn)。該項(xiàng)目屢獲嘉獎(jiǎng)，包括IFLA國際風(fēng)景園林師聯(lián)合會(huì)2018年度AAPME生態(tài)多樣性類景觀項(xiàng)目杰出設(shè)計(jì)獎(jiǎng)等。

8 在長江—這條世界上最繁忙的河流襯托下，大片的粉黛亂子草如夢(mèng)如幻，為多年生植物和夏末花卉提供極佳的觀賞背景Large swathes of pink muhly grass provide a textural backdrop for perennials and late summer flowers with spectacular inflorescence shimmering against the backdrop of the Yangtze River, one of the world’s busiest rivers

9 茂盛的粉黛亂子草及多年生植物使大批城市居民愿意再度親近自然The seed plumes of grasses and perennials attract a new wave of urban residents eager to reconnect with nature

項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)：AECOM

施工單位：棕櫚生態(tài)城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展股份有限公司

業(yè)主：中新南京生態(tài)科技島投資發(fā)展有限公司

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)：

項(xiàng)目總負(fù)責(zé)人：吳順

項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)：李程

項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理：范垂勇、胡彥、曹真

植物設(shè)計(jì)師：劉曉丹

景觀設(shè)計(jì)師：姜昕、孫曄、顧弘毅、郭星寧、喬納森·科比特、陳競(jìng)

平面設(shè)計(jì)師：金艷、劉捷

建筑師：尚邁柯

水務(wù)工程師：許君君、曹喆

生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)師：陳壽嶺、熊斯頓、李琦、胡雪芹、袁敏

施工圖設(shè)計(jì)單位：東南大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司

燈光設(shè)計(jì)：南京路燈工程建設(shè)有限責(zé)任公司

圖片來源：李程、余曉琨、湯振陽

撰文：李程、姜昕

Project location, size and scope

Challenged by pollution, habitat and biodiversity loss, China’s longest waterway the Yangtze River is a key priority for environmental restoration. To the lower reaches in Nanjing, the Sino-Singapore Nanjing Eco Hi-Tech Island (SNEI) is restoring its waterfront to enhance existing environment as part of the island’s urbanization.

Jiangxin Island is a spear-shaped island located in the heart of the Yangtze River, 6.5 kilometres east of Nanjing City Centre, Jiangsu Province, China. In 2009 it became the focus of a Singaporean consortium in agreement with Nanjing Jiangdao Investment &Development Co., Ltd for the development of a Sino-Singapore high-tech, smart industries under an ecologically conscious environment.

In 2014 an international competition was held to design the 12km long (210hm2) waterfront scenic belt to the west side of the island facing the Yangtze River.The winning masterplan provides a holistic solution by considering the waterfront in context of the 15 square kilometre island green infrastructure. Several key open space nodes were proposed to punctuate the ecological corridor to provide environmental and economic value through nature and natural systems.Phase one demonstration area was completed in 2016 and creates an ecological community park. The park creates a rich network of habitats for wildlife and biodiversity for an emerging eco-urban city overlooked by a relocation housing community.

Context studies investigated regional land use,drainage, open space and transport planning. Detailed ecological surveys, flood risk, ground water and geotechnical investigations were carried out by a multidisciplinary team with extensive site walkthroughs and visits during peak flood periods to understand site constraints and potential impacts of climatic extremes.

Design lntent

The design concept ‘Sustainable Footprints’aimed at reducing the island’s carbon, ecological and water footprints whilst tracing the island’s cultural footprint and encouraging healthy lifestyles through the creation of an island jogging and cycling loop.This manifests in ecological parkland that restores a wide range of habitats, mitigates landscape and visual impact of island flood protection infrastructure and carefully balances cut and fill to manage storm water on site. Where sites included an industrial or agricultural heritage, key traces of this heritage are retained in the park design. The use of locally sourced and recycled materials and ecologically suitable plants support a reduced carbon footprint and increased resilience.

Design programme and park features

The brief required protection, conservation and enhancement of the challenged wetland eco-zone along the waterfront and to maximize retention of existing forest. Multi-layered defence to protect the island from flooding includes a combination of conventional engineering and significant landscape enhancements to create a continuous island loop programmed for cyclists and joggers.

Limited access is provided to existing forest outside the flood protection levee, carefully restrained to protect public health and safety. Natural stone steps lead to a robust permeable steel forest boardwalk that zig-zags between existing poplar and willow forest.During site surveys, dead or dying trees were selectively felled to provide clearings for forest regeneration with woody debris retained on site for wildlife habitat. The boardwalk route takes advantage of new clearings as it moves through the forest to a view point over the Yangtze River. On arrival at the water edge the platform embraces a pioneer willow tree that tolerates annual floods and waves from one of the world’s busiest rivers.

Open space park nodes inside the levee include programmes for community activities, recreation and contact with nature. Open lawns are accessed by natural stone steps and playful stepping stone boulders that cross vegetated swales with swathes of perennials and wet-loving grasses. Groves of indigenous trees provide shade in summer and autumn colour to the edge of amenity grassland where larger stone boulders create informal seating and natural play opportunities. A jogging route weaves through the park crossing over detention ponds to enjoy views of ecological water bodies created as a result of sponge city strategies for storm water etention.

Visitors enter the park close to the relocation community and are greeted by an entrance plaza that bridges a confluence of vegetated swales and overlooks a retention pond that collects one half of all storm water on site. Information about sponge city design features and a roadside rain garden provide educational information at the main entrance. The bridge, flanked by weathered steel walls with spear-shaped island motifs rises up to the island flood protection levee to the existing poplar and willow forest.

11 景亭的“Y”形鋼柱造型靈感源自長江中多見的河道分叉形態(tài)，這也是導(dǎo)致沉積島形成的主要原因。在晴朗的日子，可以遠(yuǎn)眺老山的輪廓The steel support columns of the shade pavilion fork to support the shade canopy. This ‘Y’ shape echoes the many forks in the river due to sedimentary islands in the lower reaches. On a clear day the silhouette of Lao Shan Mountain can be seen across the Yangtze River

12 來自城市各處的游客齊聚于此，在夕陽的余暉灑向壯美的長江之時(shí)，共賞這一新落成的自然美景Visitors come from all over the city to celebrate the new nature and gain their first glimpse of the majestic Yangtze River at sunset

The flood protection levee facing the island’s new development is graded to form gentle sloping embankments for reforestation and wild flower meadow grassland. The aspect of these slopes is highly attractive when the setting sun illuminates grass inflorescence,particularly in the peak autumn period.

13 冬季，滯留池、生態(tài)草溝與落葉喬木營造出寧靜而平和的氛圍In winter, detention ponds, tall grasses and deciduous trees create a calm, reflective atmosphere to the park

Car parking uses permeable concrete paving,swales and rich plant mixes to ensure an ecological car park. Crushed stone paths lead through forest patches around lawns and up the levee. A long avenue from the entry plaza extends to the main pavilion overlooking the Yangtze River. The forked steel support columns of the shade pavilion echo the many forks in the Yangtze River which led to the formation of sedimentary islands. This ‘Y’ shaped fork is used in other balustrades,structures and path layouts throughout the park.

The permeable steel-decking to the forest boardwalk ensures resilience to seasonal flood events. In 2016 Nanjing experienced torrential rains and floods(the worst since 1998), but due to the robust design, the forest walkway structure withstood these floods which peaked at over 2m above the deck surface. Gates are fitted to the boardwalk to prevent access during flood season for health and safety.

Environmental impact and concerns

Against a backdrop of urbanisation and climate change, landscapes play an increasingly important role in the shaping of resilient cities. The challenge for this project was gaining acceptance of the naturalistic planting and biophilic design in the context of modern urban development. An important environmental design objective was to evoke the spontaneous vegetation with sophisticated planting combinations with extended seasonal interest. This required considerable understanding of plant ecology and performance to ensure that habitats continue to operate and stay robust despite threats from flooding, drought or urban pressures.

Planting and sowing arrangements were designed to challenge normal park standards by increasing the use of deciduous native trees, perennials and tall grasses in complex mixes. A high water table and extensive network of swales and raingardens create shallow vegetated depressions designed to capture stormwater runoff and allow the water to be stored in detention ponds. These natural filters improve water quality, provide wildlife habitat and become highlights of the ecological design.

Large swathes of Pink Muhly Grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris), from the grass family (Poaceae), is a feature plant suited for rain gardens and provides year-round colours. The green, needle-like foliage of muhly grass emerges during the spring and grows to mature size by summer, providing an excellent texture backdrop for perennials and late summer flowers. In the fall, muhly grass creates a spectacular floral display of light, airy flowers which appear like clouds. Its pink, purple or white flowers fade to tan or brown seed plumes, which hold up well from late fall through winter.The seed plumes are a food source for insects and birds, attracting beneficial insects such as butterflies and ladybirds (Coccinella spp.) whilst its clump forming habit provides a refuge for other wildlife.

Outside the flood protection levee a regenerative native forest mix was planted to establish a new generation of forest to succeed the relatively short lived stands of poplar that currently dominates the woodland. The method drew inspiration from the work of Japanese botanist and plant ecologist Dr. Akira Miyawaki. Plantations randomly distributed in clearings or at the edge of the existing forest provides a succession plan for the forest in 20-30 years’ time.

Project highlights

The success of the design is attributed to the strong collaboration between the government, client, design and specialist consultants, engineers and contractors. Phase one highlights include the naturalistic and ecological planting, low impact design and sponge city features. In October 2017 over 50,000 visitors visited the project over the course of several weekends to enjoy Pink Muhly Grass inflorescence. The blend of urban naturalistic and indigenous ecological planting attracts many local residents,families and photographers particularly in autumn when ornamental grasses bloom.The design approach has created a new benchmark for government of ficials seeking an environmental restoration precedent in an urban context. Recent recognition includes the 2018 IFLA AAPME Outstanding Award in the category of Wildlife,Biodiversity, Habitat Enhancement or Creation.

Lead Designer:AECOM

Local Design Company:Palm Eco-Town Development Co.,Ltd.

Client/Owner:Sino-Singapore Nanjing Eco Hi-Tech Island Dev Co.,Ltd.

AECOM Team:

Principle-in-charge:Wu Shun

Project Director:Lee Parks

Project Management:Fan Chuiyong, Hu Yan, Cao Zhen

Planting Designer:Liu Xiao Dan

Landscape Designer:Jiang Xin, Sun Ye, Agnes Soh, Charlie Gu, Kuo Singning, Jonathan Corbett, Chen Jing

Graphic Designer:Jin Yan, Luo Jie

Architecture:Michael Sangalang

Water Specialist:Xu Junjun, Cao Zhe

Ecologist:Shouling Chen, Xiong Sidun, Shirley Hu, Lizzie Li, Min Yuan

Landscape Contractor:Southeast University Architects and Engineers Co.,Ltd.

Lighting Designer:Nanjing Street Light Engineering Co.,Ltd.

Photography Credit:Lee Parks, Wu Hui, Yu Xiaokun, Tang Zhenyang

Author:Lee Parks, Jiang Xin

(Editor / LIU Yuxia)

（編輯/劉玉霞）