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高考定語(yǔ)從句核心考點(diǎn)透析

2018-12-10 07:04河南
教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2018年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:中作真題先行

河南

在定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句和狀語(yǔ)從句這三大從句中,定語(yǔ)從句是高考考查的重點(diǎn)。在備考中,教師需要明確定語(yǔ)從句的命題規(guī)律與趨勢(shì),幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)一步科學(xué)、高效地進(jìn)行備考。

一、考情分析

2014—2018年全國(guó)卷語(yǔ)法填空中定語(yǔ)從句考查分析表

通過(guò)研讀上述表格和高考真題,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),在高考中,定語(yǔ)從句一直是語(yǔ)法填空題中的高頻考點(diǎn)之一,且試題中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞均有涉及。

二、考點(diǎn)透析

(一)關(guān)系代詞

1.who的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2018 ?6 月 浙 江 卷,57)Many westerners_______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.

(2)(2017 ?全 國(guó) 卷 III,64)But Sarah, _______ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

(3)(2016 ?全國(guó)卷 III,67)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, _______ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.

分析:

(1)who/that。先行詞 Many westerners指人,關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故填who/that。

(2)who。兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞Sarah指人,且關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),故填who。

(3)who。 先行詞 the great Chinese scholar Confucius指人,關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故填who。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系代詞who的核心用法一覽表

2.whom的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2016 ?江蘇卷,23 改編)Many young people,most of ________ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

(2)( 2016 ?天津卷,3 改編)When walking down the street, I came across David, ________ I haven’t seen for years.

(3)( 2015 ?江 蘇 卷, 閱 讀 理 解 C 改 編)It was assumed that those people for ________ the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.

分析:

(1)whom。先行詞 Many young people指人,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作為介詞of的賓語(yǔ),故填whom。

(2)whom。第二個(gè)逗號(hào)之后為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞David指人,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作seen的賓語(yǔ),故填whom。

(3)whom。先行詞those people指人,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞for的賓語(yǔ),故填whom。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系代詞whom的核心用法一覽表

3.which的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2018 ?全國(guó)卷 I,66)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _______showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.

(2)( 2017 ?全國(guó)卷 I,70)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _______ is not good for the health.

(3)( 2017 ?11 月 浙 江 卷,57)Like many things in life, it’s an ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement, ________ means you’ll just keep getting better and better.

(4)( 2016 ?6 月 浙 江 卷,11 改 編)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of ________ has been proved.

分析:

(1)which/that??涨暗拿~study為先行詞,關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故填which/that。

(2)which??涨暗?..to have too much of both為先行詞,關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故填which。

(3)which??涨暗囊痪湓捠窍刃性~,關(guān)系代詞在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故填which。

(4)which。many theories為先行詞,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞of的賓語(yǔ),故填which。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系代詞which的核心用法一覽表

4.that的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2018 ?全 國(guó) 卷 II,69)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

(2)( 2018 ?北京卷,9 改編)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists _______ had been trapped in the mountains for two days.

(3)( 2014 ?陜西卷,13 改編)Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.

分析:

(1)that/which??涨暗腶 soil-testing program為先行詞,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),故填that/which。

(2)who/that。先行詞two tourists指人,關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故填who/that。

(3)that。先行詞information指物,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作have的賓語(yǔ),而先行詞由不定代詞all修飾,故填that。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系代詞that的核心用法一覽表

5.whose的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2018 ?天津卷,2 改編)Kate, ________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.

(2)( 2018 ?全國(guó)卷 III,閱讀理解 D 改編)Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl ________ mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.

(3)( 2017 ?江 蘇 卷,28)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

分析:

(1)whose。兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞為Kate,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作sister的定語(yǔ),故填whose。

(2)whose??涨暗?a little girl為先行詞,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作mother的定語(yǔ),故填whose。

(3)whose。the World Food Programme 為 先 行 詞,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作purposes的定語(yǔ),故填whose。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系代詞whose的核心用法一覽表

6.as的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2015 ?江蘇卷,21 改編)The number of smokers,________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

(2)( 2014 ?湖南卷,24 改編)________ John Lennon once said, life is what happens to you while you are busy making other plans.

分析:

(1)as。兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是主句這一句話的內(nèi)容,故填as。as is reported,意為“據(jù)報(bào)道”。

(2)As。逗號(hào)前是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是逗號(hào)之后的一句話的內(nèi)容,而位于句首的定語(yǔ)從句只能使用as引導(dǎo),故填A(yù)s。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系代詞as的核心用法一覽表

(二)關(guān)系副詞

1.when的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2016 ?全 國(guó) 卷 I,65)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

(2)( 2015 ?陜 西 卷,15 改 編)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.

分析:

(1)when。逗號(hào)之后為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞指時(shí)間,且關(guān)系副詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),故填when。

(2)when。先行詞time指時(shí)間,關(guān)系副詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),故填when。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系副詞when的核心用法一覽表

2.where的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2018 ?江蘇卷,23 改編)Self-driving is an area________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.

(2)( 2017 ?6 月浙江卷,64)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ________ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生長(zhǎng) ) through it.

分析:

(1)where。area為定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞,先行詞指地點(diǎn)且關(guān)系副詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故填where。

(2)where??涨暗膅arden是先行詞,先行詞指地點(diǎn),且關(guān)系副詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故填where。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系副詞where的核心用法一覽表

3.why的用法

【真題考例】

(1)( 2016 ?天 津卷,閱讀理解 D 改 編)One day,mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons ________this problem could not be solved.

(2)( 2016 ?北 京 卷, 七 選 五 改 編)The reason________ any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.

分析:

(1)why??涨暗膔easons是先行詞,先行詞指原因,且空格處關(guān)系副詞在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ),故填why。

(2)why。先行詞為reason指原因,且關(guān)系副詞在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ),故填why。

【考點(diǎn)透析】

關(guān)系副詞why的核心用法一覽表

三、誤區(qū)警示

1.不可誤認(rèn)為定語(yǔ)從句之前的詞一定就是先行詞,因?yàn)橄刃性~與定語(yǔ)從句之間有時(shí)會(huì)被狀語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)等隔開(kāi),從而構(gòu)成了分隔式定語(yǔ)從句。例如:

【真題考例】

(2014 ?北 京 卷,26 改 編)I borrowed the bookSherlock Holmesfrom the library last week,________ my classmates recommended to me.

分析:

which。先行詞并不是空前的last week,而是book指物,且關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),故填which。

2.當(dāng)先行詞指時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因時(shí),不可誤認(rèn)為一定使用關(guān)系副詞作為引導(dǎo)詞,關(guān)鍵是確定好先行詞在從句中所作的具體成分。例如,當(dāng)先行詞指地點(diǎn),但關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

【真題考例】

(2015 ?全國(guó)卷 I,64)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.

分析:

that/which。先行詞Li River雖然指地點(diǎn),但是關(guān)系詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故用that/which作為引導(dǎo)詞。

3.當(dāng)關(guān)系詞之前有介詞時(shí),不可誤認(rèn)為關(guān)系詞只能使用whom或which,關(guān)鍵是要確定關(guān)系詞在從句中的具體作用。

【真題考例】

I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ________ help I would never have got this far.

分析:

whose。關(guān)系詞之前雖然有介詞without,但是關(guān)系詞在從句中作名詞help的定語(yǔ),故填whose。

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