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老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征與氧化應(yīng)激的相關(guān)性研究

2018-12-14 01:48徐寅陸華東
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2018年24期
關(guān)鍵詞:中重度血氧氧化應(yīng)激

徐寅 陸華東

[摘要] 目的 探討老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)與氧化應(yīng)激的相關(guān)性。 方法 采用回顧性、總結(jié)研究方法,研究時(shí)間為2014年8月~2018年1月,選擇在我院診治的老年OSAHS患者140例為研究對(duì)象,依據(jù)呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)將患者分為輕度組100例與中重度組40例,兩組均采用多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)監(jiān)測(cè),檢測(cè)血清氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)的變化并進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。結(jié)果 中重度組的血氧飽和度低于90%時(shí)間百分比(T90%)高于輕度組,最低血氧飽和度(minimum blood oxygen saturation,LSaO2)、平均血氧飽和度(mean blood oxygen saturation,MSaO2)低于輕度組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。中重度組的總抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)和超氧化物酶(superoxide enzyme,SOD)低于輕度組,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)高于輕度組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。在140例患者中,Pearson相關(guān)性分析顯示AHI、T90與MDA呈顯著正相關(guān)性,與T-AOC、SOD呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性;LSaO2、MSaO2與T-AOC、SOD呈顯著正相關(guān)性,與MDA呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 老年OSAHS患者伴隨有氧化應(yīng)激的激活,兩者存在相關(guān)性,氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)的檢測(cè)可評(píng)價(jià)患者的病情。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征;老年;氧化應(yīng)激;相關(guān)性

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R56 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)24-0004-04

Correlation between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and oxidative stress in the elderly

XU Yin1 LU Huadong2

1.Department of General Practice, Huzhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313000, China; 2.Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313000, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate and study the correlation between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and oxidative stress in the elderly. Methods A retrospective and summary study method was used. The study time was from August 2014 to January 2018. 140 patients with senile OSAHS who treated in our hospital were selected as study subjects. According to apnea hypopnea index(AHI), the patients were divided into mild group(n=100) and moderate-severity group (n=40). The two groups were monitored by polysomnography. The changes of serum oxidative stress were detected and the correlation was analyzed. Results The percentage of time when blood oxygen saturation was below 90% (T90%) was higher in the moderate and severe group than that in the mild group, and the minimum blood oxygen saturation(LSaO2) and the mean blood oxygen saturation(MSaO2) in the moderate and severe group were lower than those in the mild group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity) and SOD(superoxide enzyme) were lower in the moderate to severe group than those in the mild group, and the MDA(malondialdehyde) in the moderate to severe group was higher than that in the mild group. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). In 140 patients, Pearson correlation analysis showed that AHI, T90 were significantly positively correlated with MDA, and negatively correlated with T-AOC and SOD. It also showed that LSaO2, MSaO2 were positively correlated with T-AOC, SOD, and was significantly negatively correlated with MDA(P<0.05). Conclusion Elderly patients with OSAHS are accompanied by the activation of oxidative stress. There is a correlation between the OSAHS and oxidative stress. The detection of oxidative stress can evaluate the patients' condition.

[Key words] Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; Elderly; Oxidative stress; Correlation

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是一種慢性睡眠呼吸疾患,多發(fā)生于老年人,在臨床上主要表現(xiàn)為打鼾、低氧血癥、睡眠中斷、白天嗜睡、呼吸暫停及呼吸淺慢[1-2]。OSAHS可導(dǎo)致高碳酸血癥、酸中毒、記憶力下降、反應(yīng)遲鈍等癥狀,病情長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展可出現(xiàn)高血壓、呼吸衰竭等,甚至誘發(fā)猝死等并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量[3-4]。氧化應(yīng)激理論表明促氧化與抗氧化之間的平衡失調(diào)可能導(dǎo)致集體損害,當(dāng)機(jī)體內(nèi)氧自由基生成增加和(或)清除能力降低,導(dǎo)致活性氧ROS家族在體內(nèi)或細(xì)胞內(nèi)蓄積,從而引起氧化損傷過(guò)程[5-6]。氧化應(yīng)激與血管內(nèi)皮功能損傷、內(nèi)分泌紊亂、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷有一定的相關(guān)性[7-8]?,F(xiàn)代研究也表明呼吸疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展與炎癥反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激和腦組織損傷等有關(guān),抗氧化藥物能夠降低脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化水平,提高抗氧化能力,并顯著改善呼吸疾病病情,改善缺氧狀況,減少呼吸暫停事件[9-10],但是氧化應(yīng)激與OSAHS的關(guān)系相關(guān)報(bào)道較少。本文探討了老年OSAHS氧化應(yīng)激的相關(guān)性,以闡述OSAHS的發(fā)生機(jī)制,為預(yù)防OSAHS的發(fā)生提供參考。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

采用回顧性、總結(jié)研究方法,研究時(shí)間為2014年8月~2018年1月,選擇在我院診治的老年OSAHS患者140例為研究對(duì)象,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡≥60歲;符合OSAHS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);患者簽署了知情同意書(shū);首次診治患者,未進(jìn)行OSAHS相關(guān)的口腔矯正、手術(shù)或呼吸機(jī)治療;呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)≥15次/h;醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)了此次研究。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):嚴(yán)重心腦血管疾病及其他臟器嚴(yán)重疾病患者;3個(gè)月內(nèi)新發(fā)心腦血管意外以及慢性心衰患者;3個(gè)月內(nèi)服用過(guò)影響精神和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物的患者。依據(jù)AHI將患者分為輕度組(AHI 15~20次/h)100例與中重度組(AHI≥21次/h)40例,兩組患者的性別、年齡、體重指數(shù)、收縮壓、舒張壓等比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

1.2 多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)

采用Eseries-57多導(dǎo)睡眠儀(澳大利亞),監(jiān)測(cè)記錄時(shí)間均>7 h,根據(jù)最新的睡眠和呼吸事件分析標(biāo)準(zhǔn),記錄AHI、血氧飽和度低于90%時(shí)間百分比(T90%)、最低血氧飽和度(LSaO2)、平均血氧飽和度(MSaO2)等指標(biāo)。

1.3 氧化應(yīng)激測(cè)定

所有患者在多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)束后晨清醒5 min內(nèi)抽取肘靜脈血4 mL,3000 r/min 4℃離心10 min(離心半徑為10 cm),分離血清,-80℃保存待測(cè)。超氧化物酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、總抗氧化能力(T-AOC)測(cè)試盒購(gòu)自南京建成生物工程研究所(4℃保存),所有操作方法嚴(yán)格按照說(shuō)明書(shū)。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

選擇SPSS 22.00軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),相關(guān)分析采用Pearson分析,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)比較

中重度組的T90高于輕度組,LSaO2、MSaO2低于輕度組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。

2.2 兩組氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)比較

中重度組的T-AOC和SOD低于輕度組,MDA高于輕度組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。

2.3 相關(guān)性分析

在140例患者中,Pearson相關(guān)性分析顯示AHI、T90與MDA呈顯著正相關(guān)性,與T-AOC、SOD呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性;LSaO2、MSaO2與T-AOC、SOD呈顯著正相關(guān)性,與MDA呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。

3 討論

本研究顯示中重度組的T90高于輕度組,LSaO2、MSaO2低于輕度組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。OSAHS是當(dāng)前被廣泛重視的臨床疾病,在臨床上主要表現(xiàn)為肥胖、嗜睡、周期性呼吸等癥狀[11]。OSAHS可造成全身多個(gè)系統(tǒng)功能損害,包括胃食管反流、性功能障礙、哮喘、心腦血管病、糖尿病、胰島素抵抗,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量[12-13]。睡眠是人體的一種重要的生理狀態(tài),并不是腦活動(dòng)的簡(jiǎn)單抑制,睡眠時(shí)機(jī)體處于低代謝狀態(tài),使體力和精力得以恢復(fù)[14]。在腦干存在引起睡眠和腦電波同步化的上行抑制系統(tǒng),睡眠時(shí)相的轉(zhuǎn)化和中樞神經(jīng)及神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的參與,與上行激動(dòng)系統(tǒng)相拮抗,可作用于大腦皮層,調(diào)節(jié)睡眠和覺(jué)醒的相互轉(zhuǎn)化[15]。不過(guò)OSAHS可在睡眠中發(fā)生,從而導(dǎo)致睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)的變化。

本研究顯示中重度組的T-AOC和SOD低于輕度組,MDA高于輕度組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明OSAHS患者體內(nèi)發(fā)生了氧化應(yīng)激的狀態(tài)改變。病理狀態(tài)下,由于活性氧生成增多或抗氧化機(jī)制減弱,平衡被破壞,即可造成氧化應(yīng)激,使脂質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)、膜的損傷,導(dǎo)致炎癥、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能失調(diào)、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖等,引發(fā)多種疾病[16]。OSAHS睡眠時(shí)可出現(xiàn)低氧血癥,其為一種典型的缺氧-復(fù)氧模式,其結(jié)果導(dǎo)致氧自由基增多,機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)發(fā)生改變[17]。OSAHS患者的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重度與其病情密切相關(guān),即AHI越高,其體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重[18]。從機(jī)制上分析,OSAHS睡眠中出現(xiàn)間斷的缺氧-復(fù)氧過(guò)程,可使中性粒細(xì)胞因大量聚集而被激活,釋放大量ROS。呼吸暫?;驎和:蟮脱蹩梢灾苯佑绊懼袠猩窠?jīng)傳感器,使睡眠片段化以及睡眠周期紊亂,引起兒茶酚胺的分泌及腎素、醛固酮和血管緊張素等的分泌,從而睡眠結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,造成惡性循環(huán)[19]。也有研究表明OSAHS患者血中反應(yīng)性氧代謝物是增高的,其增高的程度與AHI呈正相關(guān),血清中的抗氧化能力與AHI呈負(fù)相關(guān)[20]。

本研究Pearson相關(guān)性分析OSAHS患者顯示AHI、T90與MDA呈顯著正相關(guān)性,與T-AOC、SOD呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性;LSaO2、MSaO2與T-AOC、SOD呈顯著正相關(guān)性,與MDA呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性(P<0.05)。從機(jī)制上分析,OSAHS患者上氣道的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能均發(fā)生了改變,睡眠過(guò)程中上氣道反復(fù)的阻塞和打開(kāi),導(dǎo)致黏膜的充血水腫,從而誘發(fā)出現(xiàn)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[21-22]。也有相關(guān)研究表明OSAHS患者血中金屬離子水平明顯升高,長(zhǎng)期微量的重金屬離子暴露或累積可導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能受損甚至癡呆,并與氧化應(yīng)激水平顯著相關(guān)[23-24]。不過(guò)本研究也有一定的缺陷,研究的樣本數(shù)目較少,且兩者的具體作用機(jī)制還不明確,將在下一步的研究中進(jìn)行深入研究。

總之,老年OSAHS患者伴隨有氧化應(yīng)激的激活,兩者存在相關(guān)性,氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)的檢測(cè)可評(píng)價(jià)患者的病情。

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(收稿日期:2018-05-18)

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