楊瓊 余碧英 馬翠玲
[摘要] 目的 探討經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激法對(duì)老年人胃腸術(shù)后胃腸功能的臨床療效。 方法 選取2017年1月1日~12月31日我院胃腸外科收住的90例老年胃腸手術(shù)患者,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和治療組,每組45例。對(duì)照組術(shù)后采用常規(guī)護(hù)理,治療組在術(shù)后常規(guī)護(hù)理的基礎(chǔ)上,每天經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激上巨虛、足三里兩穴,每穴每次10 min,每天2次。治療組治療結(jié)束后1 h開(kāi)始監(jiān)聽(tīng)兩組患者的腸鳴音,并記錄患者術(shù)后首次排氣排便時(shí)間、恢復(fù)全流飲食時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后消化道癥狀等。術(shù)后1周評(píng)估兩組患者胃腸功能恢復(fù)和中醫(yī)證候療效。 結(jié)果 治療組術(shù)后首次排氣排便時(shí)間、恢復(fù)全流飲食時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均較對(duì)照組減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)消化道癥狀的例數(shù)較對(duì)照組少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療組胃腸功能恢復(fù)和中醫(yī)證候療效較對(duì)照組好,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 經(jīng)皮穴位刺激法可以促進(jìn)老年人胃腸術(shù)后胃腸道功能的恢復(fù),減少住院時(shí)間,提高胃腸功能恢復(fù)療效和中醫(yī)證候療效,值得在臨床上推廣使用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激;胃腸手術(shù);老年人;胃腸功能;中醫(yī)藥
[中圖分類號(hào)] R246.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)26-0014-05
Clinical study of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation in the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery
YANG Qiong YU Biying MA Cuiling
Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical effect of transcutaneous acupoint stimulation on gastrointestinal function in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery. Methods From January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, 90 elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery in Zhejiang Provincial Tongde Hospital were randomized into control group and treatment group, with 45 patients in each group. The control group was given routine nursing care after surgery. The treatment group was given transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on two acupoints of Juxu and Zusanli daily on the basis of postoperative routine nursing care. The stimulation lasted for 10 minutes per acupoints, twice a day. The bowel sounds in the two groups of patients began to be monitored one hour after the end of treatment in the treatment group. The time of postoperative first passage of gas and defecation, the time of resuming to full flow diet, the length of hospital stay, postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded. One week after surgery, the recovery of gastrointestinal function and the efficacy of TCM syndromes were evaluated in both groups. Results The time of first passage of gas and defecation, the time of resuming to full-flow diet and length of stay after surgery were lower in the treatment group than in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); the number of gastrointestinal symptoms in the treatment group after surgery was less than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); the recovery of gastrointestinal function and TCM syndromes in the treatment group were better than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Percutaneous acupoint stimulation can promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery, reduce the length of hospital stay, and improve the efficacy of recovery of gastrointestinal function and TCM syndromes, which is worthy of promotion and application in clinical practice.
[Key words] Transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation; Gastrointestinal surgery; The elderly; Gastrointestinal function; TCM
胃腸功能紊亂是腹部胃腸手術(shù)后常見(jiàn)癥狀之一。隨著我國(guó)人口老齡化,越來(lái)越多的老年人需要接受腹部胃腸道手術(shù)治療,老年人機(jī)體老化,體能下降,器官生理功能衰退,常合并各種不同程度慢性疾病,對(duì)外來(lái)的各種刺激適應(yīng)性差,實(shí)際上術(shù)前正常微生態(tài)環(huán)境已經(jīng)失衡,加之手術(shù)再次創(chuàng)擊,術(shù)后腸管運(yùn)動(dòng)受抑制,更易導(dǎo)致程度不等的胃腸功能紊亂,表現(xiàn)為胃腸蠕動(dòng)減弱、腸鳴音消失、腹脹、停止排氣排便等[1]。本研究旨在通過(guò)對(duì)胃腸手術(shù)后的老年患者采用經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激法(transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,TEAS),探討其對(duì)老年人胃腸術(shù)后腸道功能恢復(fù)的臨床療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇2017年1月1日~12月31日間我院胃腸外科收住的老年胃腸手術(shù)患者90例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組和治療組,每組各45例,兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①符合胃腸道手術(shù)后胃腸功能紊亂的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②年齡60~90歲,性別不限;③簽署知情同意書(shū);④住院患者全麻手術(shù)后。
1.2.2排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①其他非手術(shù)所致胃腸功能障礙者;②合并心、腦、腎等系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)重疾病者;③有精神病或癡呆癥史者;④妊娠及哺乳期者;⑤有腹部手術(shù)史者。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 對(duì)照組 術(shù)后給予常規(guī)護(hù)理(包括早期正確進(jìn)食、早期活動(dòng)等措施)再加用促胃腸動(dòng)力藥物莫沙必利(瑞琪,江蘇豪森藥業(yè)股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H19990315)。一次一片(5 mg),一日3次,飯前服用,連用3 d。
1.3.2 治療組 在術(shù)后常規(guī)護(hù)理基礎(chǔ)上,于術(shù)后6 h在患者的雙側(cè)足三里、上巨虛穴進(jìn)行低頻脈沖電治療[所用儀器為健康使者數(shù)碼經(jīng)絡(luò)治療儀(深圳市興泰康科技有限公司生產(chǎn),產(chǎn)品編號(hào):20111012)],每穴每次10 min,刺激強(qiáng)度5級(jí)(總共15級(jí)),每天2次,連用3 d。
1.4評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
治療組治療結(jié)束后1 h開(kāi)始監(jiān)聽(tīng)兩組患者的腸鳴音,并記錄患者術(shù)后首次排氣排便的時(shí)間、恢復(fù)全流飲食時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后消化道癥狀等。采用胃腸功能恢復(fù)療效評(píng)定表,評(píng)估治療前、治療1周后受試者胃腸道恢復(fù)情況,根據(jù)患者腸鳴音、排便、飲食、體溫情況分為四級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí):治愈,腸鳴音恢復(fù)正常,(3~5)次/min,排氣正常,排便每日一次,飲食正常,體溫正常;Ⅱ級(jí):顯效,腸鳴音稍微較弱,(1~2)次/min,排氣正常,排便2 d一次或不規(guī)律,飲食不適,體溫波動(dòng)明顯;Ⅲ級(jí):好轉(zhuǎn),腸鳴音聽(tīng)不清,(0~2)次/min,排氣時(shí)間推遲,不排便、飲流食或不進(jìn)食,體溫波動(dòng)不穩(wěn);Ⅳ級(jí):未愈,腸鳴音消失、在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)未出現(xiàn)排氣、排便現(xiàn)象、禁食水、體溫變化明顯。采用中醫(yī)證候療效評(píng)分表評(píng)估治療前、治療1周后受試者中醫(yī)證候改善情況,療效評(píng)定分臨床痊愈、顯效、有效和無(wú)效4個(gè)級(jí)別。計(jì)算公式(尼莫地平法)為[2]:療效評(píng)分=(治療前積分-治療后積分)/治療前積分×100%。臨床痊愈:癥狀基本消失,證候積分減少≥95%;顯效:癥狀明顯減少,證候積分減少≥70%;有效:癥狀減少,證候積分減少≥30%;無(wú)效:癥狀無(wú)減少或稍有減少,證候積分減少<30%。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩獨(dú)立樣本采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間比較
治療組術(shù)后首次排氣時(shí)間顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療組首次排氣時(shí)間<48 h的有21例(46.7%),較對(duì)照組4例(8.9%)多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2兩組患者術(shù)后排便時(shí)間比較
治療組術(shù)后首次排便時(shí)間顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療組首次排便時(shí)間<48 h的有23例(51.1%),較對(duì)照組9例(20.0%)多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.3兩組患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)全流時(shí)間比較
治療組術(shù)后恢復(fù)全流時(shí)間顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療組首次排氣時(shí)間<48 h的有19例(42.2%),較對(duì)照組5例(11.1%)多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
2.4兩組患者住院時(shí)間比較
治療組術(shù)后住院時(shí)間顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療組住院時(shí)間<10 d的有31例(68.9%),較對(duì)照組17例(37.8%)多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表5。
2.5兩組患者術(shù)后消化道癥狀的比較
治療組消化道癥狀如惡心、嘔吐、腹痛、腹脹的發(fā)生例數(shù)均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表6。
2.6 兩組患者治療后胃腸功能恢復(fù)療效的比較
治療1周后,治療組胃腸功能改善情況優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(χ2=16.037,P=0.001),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表7。
2.7兩組患者治療后中醫(yī)證候療效比較
治療1周后,治療組中醫(yī)證候療效改善情況優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(χ2=11.777,P=0.008),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表8。
3 討論
術(shù)前腸道準(zhǔn)備導(dǎo)致的胃腸黏膜損傷、胃腸手術(shù)中的切割引起的腸道水腫、術(shù)中麻醉藥物引起的腸道麻痹、術(shù)后炎癥因子的升高和術(shù)后免疫功能的減低等均會(huì)引起胃腸手術(shù)后腸道功能的損傷,腸道功能的長(zhǎng)期不恢復(fù)容易導(dǎo)致?tīng)I(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收障礙和腸道細(xì)菌移位,引起術(shù)后營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良和感染加重,重者危及生命[3]。因此,如何恢復(fù)術(shù)后腸道功能是治療的關(guān)鍵,特別是隨著近年來(lái)加速康復(fù)外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念迅速推廣,如何早期恢復(fù)胃腸術(shù)后患者的腸道功能更成為治療的重中之重[4]。近年來(lái)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)研究表明,幾乎所有的全麻手術(shù)患者都會(huì)有一個(gè)腸道功能恢復(fù)的過(guò)程,西醫(yī)的治療主要是使用促進(jìn)胃腸動(dòng)力和調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群藥物,雖然大多數(shù)臨床報(bào)告其有一定的臨床效果,但恢復(fù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),不利于術(shù)后患者的早期恢復(fù)[5]。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為,手術(shù)后腸道功能障礙屬于“脾胃運(yùn)化失?!钡姆懂?,其病位在胃和脾,因此中醫(yī)的治療重在調(diào)理脾胃。在中醫(yī)治療方法上,則有中藥口服、中藥灌腸、中藥外敷、針灸等方法促進(jìn)胃腸功能恢復(fù),但大多數(shù)是有創(chuàng)或者增加患者治療的痛苦,而經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激治療屬于無(wú)創(chuàng)、無(wú)痛苦治療,且相關(guān)研究報(bào)道其臨床效果顯著[6]。
經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激法(TEAS)的興起源于經(jīng)皮神經(jīng)電刺激法(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,TENS),主要是通過(guò)貼在皮膚表面的電極刺激皮膚而發(fā)揮作用。經(jīng)皮神經(jīng)電刺激作為輔助治療,過(guò)去主要用于增強(qiáng)患者的下肢肌肉力量、步行速度、平衡能力、功能活動(dòng)能力和急性、亞急性、慢性中風(fēng)[7]。Tantawy SA等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TENS的治療效果可能通過(guò)外周和中樞神經(jīng)機(jī)制介導(dǎo)。在外周神經(jīng)水平,在慢性卒中的受試者中應(yīng)用TENS發(fā)現(xiàn)刺激可以減少了腿部H-反射的幅度并延長(zhǎng)伸展反射潛伏期和H-反射潛伏期;在皮質(zhì)層面,在單手手掌皮膚施加電刺激,可以減少皮質(zhì)內(nèi)的抑制作用,增強(qiáng)皮質(zhì)-肌肉耦合[9]。目前許多研究表明TEAS不僅僅只用于疼痛的治療,還可以調(diào)節(jié)腸道功能、促進(jìn)手術(shù)后腸道功能的恢復(fù),尤其是在腸易激綜合征的治療上,療效顯著[10-11]。
足三里穴是足陽(yáng)明胃經(jīng)的要穴之一,小腿外側(cè),犢鼻下3寸,其主要的作用是治療胃腸疾病、下肢疾病、精神疾病和虛勞諸證?!鹅`樞》中記載其可以生發(fā)胃氣,可促進(jìn)脾胃功能恢復(fù)?,F(xiàn)代研究[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)刺激足三里穴可以促進(jìn)促生長(zhǎng)素(Ghrelin)的分泌,而促生長(zhǎng)素可以增加胃酸分泌、促進(jìn)腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)、增加食欲等作用。上巨虛,位于足陽(yáng)明胃經(jīng),在小腿前外側(cè),當(dāng)犢鼻下6寸,《內(nèi)經(jīng)》記載:“合治內(nèi)腑”。其主要作用是調(diào)和腸胃,促進(jìn)腸道功能恢復(fù)?,F(xiàn)代研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[13],電刺激上巨虛可以抑制控制腸道的交感神經(jīng)興奮,促進(jìn)副交感神經(jīng)興奮,從而促進(jìn)腸道蠕動(dòng)。
Astokorki A HY等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)經(jīng)皮電刺激上肢前臂,在促進(jìn)局部肌肉和手掌運(yùn)動(dòng)的同時(shí)腸鳴音次數(shù)增多;袁嵐等[15]對(duì)腹腔鏡胃腸手術(shù)的患者每天經(jīng)皮電刺激內(nèi)關(guān)、合谷、足三里等穴一次,連用30 d,發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過(guò)TEAS的術(shù)后患者血清中胃動(dòng)素的濃度顯著升高,且術(shù)后首次排氣、排便、進(jìn)食、住院等時(shí)間及術(shù)后發(fā)生惡心嘔吐的例數(shù)均較未用TEAS的患者低;劉延莉等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激可以降低全麻后引起血清中5-HT(5-羥色胺)濃度的升高,從而減少全麻后惡心嘔吐等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激足三里、上巨虛兩穴,患者的首次排氣、排便時(shí)間、進(jìn)食全流時(shí)間、出現(xiàn)的消化道癥狀、胃腸功能療效、中醫(yī)證候療效均顯著改善,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),與國(guó)內(nèi)外報(bào)道一致[17-18]。加速康復(fù)外科認(rèn)為經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激可以產(chǎn)生上述的臨床療效主要是由于TEAS可以促進(jìn)術(shù)后腸道功能早期恢復(fù),術(shù)后腸道功能的早期恢復(fù)可以縮短術(shù)后進(jìn)食時(shí)間以及術(shù)后下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間,減少患者的思想負(fù)擔(dān),提高患者治療的滿意度和依從性,從而提高臨床療效[19-22]。
綜上所述,TEAS能有效提高老年人胃腸手術(shù)后腸道功能的恢復(fù)和中醫(yī)證候療效,具有較強(qiáng)的科學(xué)性、實(shí)用性、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益及社會(huì)效益,為無(wú)損傷操作,故值得在臨床中推廣應(yīng)用,因其治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚未規(guī)范,故其臨床療效的評(píng)價(jià)還需開(kāi)展多中心、大樣本、雙盲、高質(zhì)量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)加以驗(yàn)證。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-08)