李雪,李峻嶺
國家癌癥中心/中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院肺癌內(nèi)科,北京1000210
肺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(neuroendocrine tumor,NET)是起源于肺的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞的一類上皮性腫瘤,約占原發(fā)性肺腫瘤的25%,可分為4種亞型:典型類癌(typical carcinoid,TC)(2%)、非典型類癌(atypical carcinoid,AC)(<1%)、大細(xì)胞神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma,LCNEC)(3%)和小細(xì)胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)(20%)[1],也可將肺NET分為肺類癌(lung carci‐noid,LC)和高級(jí)別神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(包括LCNEC和SCLC)。由于肺NET生物學(xué)行為特殊,發(fā)病率較低,臨床數(shù)據(jù)多來自小樣本或回顧性研究,故目前對(duì)其診療管理尚缺乏統(tǒng)一規(guī)范,尤其是LCNEC,惡性程度較高,預(yù)后較差。本文結(jié)合國內(nèi)外的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展,對(duì)肺NET的臨床診斷及治療的新觀點(diǎn)作一綜述。
2015年世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)指南基于肺NET的組織病理學(xué)特征更新了相關(guān)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),包括細(xì)胞大小、細(xì)胞形態(tài)、分裂指數(shù)、組織的生長模式、壞死[1‐2],其中有絲分裂率和壞死是兩個(gè)鑒別關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)[1]。指南還提出,使用Ki‐67增殖指數(shù)區(qū)分高級(jí)別肺NET(>40%)和類癌(<20%)[1,3],尤其在粉碎的活檢標(biāo)本和小標(biāo)本中,有助于鑒別類癌和SCLC[4]。雖然 Ki‐67多用于指導(dǎo)胃腸胰NET 的治療,但 Ki‐67并不在肺NET的診斷、分級(jí)和預(yù)后中起重要作用,目前主要用于區(qū)分高級(jí)別肺NET和TC/AC[5‐6]。WHO推薦免疫組織化學(xué)標(biāo)志物協(xié)助診斷肺NET,包括嗜鉻粒蛋白A(chromogranin A,CGA)、突觸小泡蛋白(synaptophysin,SYN)、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞黏附分子(neural cell adhesion molecule,NCAM‐1/CD56),其中SYN的敏感度高于CGA和CD56,而CGA一般與腫瘤負(fù)荷相關(guān),可用于監(jiān)測(cè)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)或治療效果。一般情況下,TC中彌漫性表達(dá)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志物,少數(shù)AC中僅部分表達(dá),然而這些腫瘤標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)無助于區(qū)分肺NET的亞型。
LCNEC組織學(xué)特點(diǎn)復(fù)雜,典型的細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)特點(diǎn)為組織化嵌套、柵欄、花環(huán)或小梁,神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌分化的大細(xì)胞癌,低核質(zhì)比,豐富的核仁和大量壞死,通常具有較高的 Ki‐67增殖指數(shù)和 Bcl‐2表達(dá)水平[7‐8],術(shù)前活檢不足以獲得準(zhǔn)確診斷,通常由術(shù)后標(biāo)本確診,結(jié)合免疫組化證實(shí)[9‐10]。
此外,TC和AC通常發(fā)生在非吸煙患者中[11],高級(jí)別肺NET患者多有吸煙史?;旌狭鲋话l(fā)生在高級(jí)別肺NET中,彌漫性特發(fā)性肺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞增生是只與LC相關(guān)的癌前病變。約5%的TC和AC與多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腺瘤1型相關(guān)[12]。
肺NET的早期診斷和分期原則與常見類型的肺癌相同,疑診患者的影像學(xué)檢查首選胸部計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)[13‐14]。鑒于大多數(shù)TC或AC患者(80%~90%)表達(dá)生長抑素受體(somatostatin type receptor,SSTR),正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像(positron emission tomography,PET)/CT和單光子發(fā)射斷層掃描/生長抑素受體顯像(奧曲肽成像和68Ga‐DOTATATE/TOC)已被用作TC和AC的診斷工具,而68Ga‐DOTATATE/TOC對(duì)SSTR更有親和力,敏感度和特異度更高[5]。脫氧葡萄糖正電子發(fā)射斷層攝影(fluoro‐deoxy‐glucose posi‐tron‐emission tomography,F(xiàn)DG PET)也可用于AC的放射標(biāo)記,尤其是具有較高Ki‐67增殖指數(shù)(10%~20%)的AC,但它在LCNEC和SCLC中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值最大[13,16]。
2.1.1 局限期LC手術(shù)切除是可切除LC患者的首選治療,由于腫瘤生長較慢,N2淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移并不是手術(shù)的絕對(duì)禁忌證,應(yīng)考慮多學(xué)科治療管理[13]。
腔內(nèi)TC除了手術(shù)也可選擇支氣管鏡下切除[13,17‐18],Brokx等[18]對(duì)112例內(nèi)鏡下切除的支氣管類癌患者進(jìn)行了長期隨訪,其中42%(42例TC和5例AC)的患者為治愈性切除,無需后續(xù)治療,而12%鏡下治療后局部復(fù)發(fā)的患者后續(xù)手術(shù)切除范圍和長期生存結(jié)局并未受到影響。Dalar等[19]的研究也支持初始支氣管鏡下治療對(duì)手術(shù)結(jié)局無影響。
由于惡性程度低,TC和AC患者的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率分別為 3%~5%和 20%~25%[20‐21]。目前,對(duì)于這種類型腫瘤的監(jiān)測(cè)頻率尚有爭議。根據(jù)歐洲神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)(European Neuroendocrine Tumor So‐ciety,ENETS)專家共識(shí),TC患者前2年可在第3個(gè)月和第6個(gè)月,然后每12個(gè)月進(jìn)行胸部CT檢查和CGA測(cè)定,2年后每年監(jiān)測(cè)CGA和胸片,每3年進(jìn)行胸部CT檢查,并建議術(shù)后1年進(jìn)行奧曲肽掃描成像。淋巴結(jié)陽性的TC患者后續(xù)隨訪頻率應(yīng)相應(yīng)增加。對(duì)于AC患者,應(yīng)在術(shù)后3個(gè)月,然后5年內(nèi)每6個(gè)月進(jìn)行胸部CT檢查和CGA測(cè)定,之后每年監(jiān)測(cè)胸部CT。對(duì)于高Ki‐67增殖指數(shù)的AC患者,F(xiàn)DG‐PET較奧曲肽掃描成像更有價(jià)值。若患者有局部進(jìn)展癥狀,需進(jìn)行支氣管鏡檢查,建議TC患者每5~10年檢查1次,AC患者每1~3年檢查1次[13,22‐23]。
2.1.2 進(jìn)展期或轉(zhuǎn)移性LC進(jìn)展期或轉(zhuǎn)移性LC患者目前仍缺乏統(tǒng)一管理。腹外腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、不能手術(shù)的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者,不具備手術(shù)指證,而肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的手術(shù)切除和局部治療,一般選擇性應(yīng)用于出現(xiàn)激素分泌癥狀且腫瘤負(fù)荷的90%可被切除的TC和低級(jí)別AC患者,其他晚期患者只能進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性全身治療[13,22‐24]。
盡管缺乏大宗前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)支持,美國國家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(National Compre‐hensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南仍推薦奧曲肽/蘭瑞肽選擇性應(yīng)用于類癌綜合征或奧曲肽掃描陽性的NET及SCLC患者。對(duì)于表現(xiàn)出激素相關(guān)癥狀的肺類癌患者,生長抑素類似物(somatostatin analogues,SSAS)也被ENETS推薦作為一線治療選擇,尤其是針對(duì)低增殖指數(shù)(Ki‐67<10%)、SSTR陽性、緩慢進(jìn)展的腫瘤細(xì)胞,5%~10%的患者部分緩解(partial response,PR),30%~50%的患者疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD),40%~60%的患者癥狀改善[23],而SSAS在非功能性腫瘤中的應(yīng)用尚有爭議[13,25]。
肽受體放射治療(peptide receptor radiothera‐py,PRRT)可選擇性應(yīng)用于高水平表達(dá)SSTR的低級(jí)別肺NET患者,而高級(jí)別肺NET患者一般低水平表達(dá)SSRT,對(duì)PRRT反應(yīng)欠佳[26]。但PRRT迄今主要涉及胃腸道腫瘤的治療,尚無應(yīng)用于TC和AC的Ⅲ期臨床數(shù)據(jù)。
LC通常增殖活性較低,常表現(xiàn)出化療耐藥,但細(xì)胞毒性藥物仍然是具有高增殖活性和低表達(dá)SSTR的進(jìn)展期LC患者的治療選擇[13,22‐23],目前無標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的化療方案。NCCN相關(guān)NET指南表明,對(duì)于進(jìn)展期或轉(zhuǎn)移性LC,僅當(dāng)無其他治療選擇時(shí),才考慮細(xì)胞毒性化療(沒有首選方案)。此外,EN‐ETS指南也表明,全身化療一般僅限于其他治療失敗的AC患者,且必須具備一定的條件(Ki‐67>15%,病情進(jìn)展迅速,SSTR表達(dá)陰性)[27]。
回顧性分析和多項(xiàng)Ⅱ期臨床研究表明,聯(lián)合化療能提高進(jìn)展期或轉(zhuǎn)移性LC患者的治療效果,最常用替莫唑胺或鉑類藥物聯(lián)合化療[13,22‐23]。Bajetta等[28]的一項(xiàng)研究納入27例低至高級(jí)別NET(包括5例LC)患者,采用卡培他濱聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑化療后,27.5%的患者為PR,35.0%的患者為SD,中位無進(jìn)展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)為 18個(gè)月。Ekeblad等[29]的一項(xiàng)回顧性分析納入36例轉(zhuǎn)移性或晚期NET(包括10例TC和3例AC)患者,口服替莫唑胺(100~200 mg/m2,每天1次,連續(xù)5 d,28 d為一個(gè)周期),隨訪2~17個(gè)月后,31%的患者為SD,31%的患者為PR。研究表明,O6‐甲基鳥嘌呤‐DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(O6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐meth‐yltransferase,MGMT)可預(yù)測(cè)腫瘤對(duì)替莫唑胺的治療反應(yīng)[30]。MGMT可促進(jìn)烷化劑如替莫唑胺引起的DNA損傷修復(fù),高水平的胞內(nèi)酶可降低化療藥物的療效,而MGMT基因甲基化可降低胞內(nèi)酶水平。Kulke等[30]的回顧性分析納入97例晚期NET患者,與LC患者相比,胰腺NET患者的MGMT基因甲基化水平較高,對(duì)替莫唑胺的反應(yīng)較好(34%vs 2%)。由于缺乏前瞻性隨機(jī)試驗(yàn),化療方案的選擇應(yīng)綜合考慮患者和腫瘤的特點(diǎn)(組織學(xué)、生長速率、機(jī)體狀態(tài)、合并癥,需要迅速減少腫瘤負(fù)荷進(jìn)行癥狀控制,以及腫瘤MGMT和SSTR狀態(tài))。
目前,肺NET的靶向治療尚缺乏成熟的臨床研究數(shù)據(jù)。臨床前研究顯示,LC通常表現(xiàn)出哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamy‐cin,MTOR)信號(hào)通路的過度活動(dòng)[23],依維莫司為MTOR信號(hào)通路抑制劑。一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期RADⅠANT‐4試驗(yàn)中,與安慰劑相比,依維莫司可明顯延長肺NET患者的PFS,降低疾病進(jìn)展或死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:0.48,95%CⅠ:0.35~0.67,P=0.00001),且大多數(shù)不良反應(yīng)為1級(jí)或2級(jí)[31]。故ENETS指南推薦依維莫司作為轉(zhuǎn)移性/進(jìn)展期肺NET的一線治療,美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局也批準(zhǔn)依維莫司應(yīng)用于不能手術(shù)切除、局部進(jìn)展的無功能性肺NET患者。
2.2.1 局限期LCNECⅠ~Ⅲ期具有潛在切除可能性的LCNEC患者均可進(jìn)行手術(shù)切除,但徹底切除的局限期LCNEC患者預(yù)后很差,即使是Ⅰ期患者,5年生存率僅為27%~67%[32‐34],故系統(tǒng)性化療在LCNEC的治療中起主要作用[35]。
日本的一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究比較了32例單純手術(shù)與15例術(shù)后行2個(gè)周期順鉑、依托泊苷輔助化療的LCNEC患者的生存數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)果顯示,輔助化療組患者術(shù)后2年和5年生存率均為88%,而單純手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后2年和5年生存率分別為65%和47%[36]。隨后擴(kuò)展的72例LCNEC患者的回顧性分析證實(shí)了輔助化療的有效性,輔助化療組患者的5年無病生存率(disease free survival,DFS)為58.9%,單純手術(shù)組為33.0%(P=0.0444)[37]。
Kenmotsu等[38]的研究中,23例LCNEC和17例SCLC完全切除術(shù)后的Ⅰ~ⅢA期患者接受了伊立替康(60 mg/mg,d1,8,15)聯(lián)合順鉑(60 mg/mg,d1)化療,LCNEC組患者的3年生存率和無復(fù)發(fā)生存率分別為86%和74%,SCLC組分別為74%和76%;安全性方面,48%的患者出現(xiàn)了3級(jí)或4級(jí)中性粒細(xì)胞減少,但只有13%的患者出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱性中性粒細(xì)胞減少,2例(5%)患者出現(xiàn)3級(jí)腹瀉,4例(10%)患者出現(xiàn)3級(jí)惡心。因此,對(duì)于高級(jí)別神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌患者,伊立替康聯(lián)合順鉑作為術(shù)后輔助化療方案是積極、可行的。
Tanaka等[39]的一項(xiàng)研究納入63例LCNEC患者,評(píng)估了3種神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志物(CGA、CD56和SYN)的意義,3種標(biāo)志物均陽性者歸類為三聯(lián)陽性組,1種或2種標(biāo)志物陰性者歸類為非三聯(lián)陽性組。多變量分析結(jié)果顯示,圍手術(shù)期化療組患者較單獨(dú)手術(shù)組患者的生存率更高(P=0.042),其中,在非三聯(lián)陽性組中,接受化療的患者的5年生存率明顯高于接受單純手術(shù)的患者(P=0.0081),相反三聯(lián)陽性組未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯差異。
預(yù)防性顱腦照射放療(prophylactic cranial irra‐diation,PCⅠ)在局限或局部進(jìn)展期LCNEC患者中的作用并不清楚。Rieber等[40]回顧性分析了70例接受綜合治療的LCNEC患者的臨床資料,2年隨訪過程中17例患者發(fā)生了腦轉(zhuǎn)移。Ⅰyoda等[37]的研究顯示,LCNEC患者的腦轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率約為19%。鑒于LCNEC腦轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率低,且研究報(bào)告示病理分期與腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的發(fā)展具有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,因此PCⅠ在LCNEC患者中的應(yīng)用應(yīng)仔細(xì)斟酌,尤其是對(duì)于病理分期較低的患者。
2.2.2 進(jìn)展期/轉(zhuǎn)移性LCNEC目前,進(jìn)展期/轉(zhuǎn)移性LCNEC患者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療方案尚有爭議。Sun等[41]的回顧性研究評(píng)估了45例晚期LCNEC應(yīng)用SCLC方案或NSCLC方案的療效,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),SCLC組(n=11)和NSCLC組(n=34)患者一線化療后的緩解率(response rate,RR)分別為 73%和 50%(P=0.19),中位PFS分別為6.1個(gè)月和4.9個(gè)月(P=0.41),中位總生存期(overall survival,OS)分別為16.5個(gè)月和9.2個(gè)月(P=0.10),對(duì)于二線化療,SCLC的常用藥(紫杉烷類、伊立替康或鉑治療)的療效也明顯優(yōu)于NSCLC的常用藥(培美曲塞、吉非替尼或厄洛替尼)。
Le Treut等[42]的一項(xiàng)多中心、前瞻性Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)中,42例進(jìn)展期(Ⅲ/Ⅳ期)LCNEC患者應(yīng)用順鉑聯(lián)合依托泊苷化療后預(yù)后仍然很差,中位PFS和中位OS分別為5.2個(gè)月和7.7個(gè)月,類似于晚期SCLC。
Niho等[43]研究認(rèn)為,進(jìn)展期LCNEC患者采用伊立替康聯(lián)合順鉑化療有效,但RR和OS較SCLC患者差。該研究納入44例患者,重新審閱病理結(jié)果后確診30例為LCNEC,10例為SCLC,1例為NSCLC。伊立替康聯(lián)合順鉑化療后,LCNEC組和SCLC組患者的RR分別為40%和80%(P=0.0823),中位OS分別為12.6個(gè)月和17.3個(gè)月(P=0.047)。
關(guān)于靶向治療,一些LCNEC患者出現(xiàn)表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EG‐FR)突變,并且表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase,EGFR‐TKⅠ)治療有效,然而這些突變極罕見于“純”LCNEC,而更多發(fā)生在混合形式中(尤其混合成 分 為 腺 癌 )[44‐45]。 此 外 ,Yokouchi等[46]的 一 項(xiàng)LCNEC虹膜轉(zhuǎn)移的報(bào)道中,顯示了貝伐珠單抗的有效性??筩‐kit、抗血管內(nèi)皮生長因子、抗HER2藥物有可能成為LCNEC的新的治療選擇[47]。
NET因其生物學(xué)行為特殊,發(fā)病率較低,首先需要有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的病理科醫(yī)師明確診斷。手術(shù)是局限期病變的首選治療方式,進(jìn)展期或轉(zhuǎn)移性病變需要系統(tǒng)性全身治療,必要時(shí)進(jìn)行放療以提高局部控制率,但目前尚無標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的全身治療推薦,有待于前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究證據(jù)進(jìn)一步支持。目前,關(guān)于靶向治療的研究尚不深入,依維莫司成為首個(gè)獲批應(yīng)用于不能手術(shù)切除、局部進(jìn)展的無功能性肺類癌的靶向藥物,而LCNEC暫無明確的靶點(diǎn)及相應(yīng)的藥物報(bào)道。
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