胡慧媚
從茫茫沙漠到南海碧波,從沿海港口到亞、非、歐等眾多國(guó)家和地區(qū),隨處都可見(jiàn)龍泉窯瓷器那動(dòng)人心弦的一抹青翠。龍泉青瓷是中國(guó)的,也是世界的。
千呼萬(wàn)喚,孟冬時(shí)節(jié),久居海內(nèi)外的龍泉青瓷回到故鄉(xiāng)浙江,演繹“天下龍泉”的千年風(fēng)采。
目前在浙江省博物館舉行的“天下龍泉——龍泉青瓷與全球化”特展,展出了全球42家文博機(jī)構(gòu)的513件()文物,展品涵蓋亞、非、歐各洲,是史上展出龍泉窯精品數(shù)量最多、覆蓋地域最廣、規(guī)??涨暗囊淮未笳埂_@也是浙江省博物館與故宮博物院的專(zhuān)家同仁近10年來(lái)研究成果的一次集中展示。
珍品馬蝗絆“回家”展出
此前“天下龍泉——龍泉青瓷與全球化”特展已在故宮博物院展出3個(gè)月,吸引了眾多海內(nèi)外觀眾。如今回到青瓷的故鄉(xiāng)浙江展出,更有著非凡的意義。
為體現(xiàn)地緣性,此次展覽特別增加了從“源”到“流”的追溯內(nèi)容。同時(shí),還增設(shè)了當(dāng)代龍泉青瓷大師創(chuàng)作的作品展,展出78件()當(dāng)代龍泉青瓷作品,創(chuàng)作者既有國(guó)家級(jí)非遺傳承人,也有后起之秀,體現(xiàn)了龍泉青瓷工藝的傳承與發(fā)展。展覽將截至2020年2月16日。
龍泉是青瓷的故鄉(xiāng),在很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間里,龍泉青瓷以如翠似玉的精美釉色和端莊典雅的經(jīng)典造型,影響了東西方人的生活方式和審美取向。12~15世紀(jì)的數(shù)百年間,龍泉青瓷沿著浩渺的海上絲綢之路,行銷(xiāo)到了亞、非、歐等眾多的國(guó)家和地區(qū),同時(shí)也把先進(jìn)的制瓷技術(shù)傳播到各地,引領(lǐng)了當(dāng)時(shí)世界陶瓷的時(shí)尚,也引導(dǎo)了世界不同地區(qū)陶瓷生產(chǎn)的走向。作為國(guó)家強(qiáng)盛與文化繁榮的中國(guó)符號(hào),龍泉青瓷跨越海洋,開(kāi)啟了她的全球化時(shí)代,促進(jìn)了中國(guó)和世界文明之間的交流與融會(huì)。
此次展覽中,眾多來(lái)自英國(guó)、日本、韓國(guó)、伊朗、阿聯(lián)酋、印度等國(guó)國(guó)家博物館的龍泉青瓷瑰寶漂洋過(guò)?;氐焦枢l(xiāng)。其中,最為矚目的當(dāng)屬來(lái)自東京國(guó)立博物館的“馬蝗絆”。它是一件南宋龍泉窯青釉花口碗,日本指定的重要文化財(cái)()。
相傳明代早期,日本使臣曾奉將軍之命攜帶一枚開(kāi)裂的南宋龍泉青瓷碗來(lái)到中國(guó),因?yàn)閷④娞^(guò)鐘愛(ài),請(qǐng)求明廷再賜一枚同樣的碗,但是從南宋到明初龍泉青瓷的風(fēng)格已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化,不管是明朝君臣還是來(lái)華使臣都無(wú)法搜羅到同樣的龍泉青瓷碗,所以只能請(qǐng)人鋦補(bǔ)后再帶回日本。沒(méi)想到鋦補(bǔ)后碗的青釉和鋦釘形成了完美的搭配,被日本稱(chēng)為“馬蝗絆”,一時(shí)名重天下并傳承至今。
來(lái)自國(guó)內(nèi)博物館的展品同樣國(guó)寶云集,其中就有浙江省博物館“十大鎮(zhèn)館之寶”之一的元代龍泉窯舟形硯滴。硯滴造型獨(dú)一無(wú)二,做工考究,代表了龍泉青瓷在鼎盛時(shí)期的制瓷技藝的巔峰水平,曾榮登新中國(guó)建立后第一本關(guān)于龍泉青瓷的專(zhuān)業(yè)性圖錄《龍泉青瓷》的封面。
1998年,我國(guó)郵政部門(mén)曾發(fā)行了一套《龍泉窯瓷器》特種郵票,全套4枚,選擇了4件不同歷史時(shí)期具有代表性的龍泉窯瓷器,分別是:北宋的五管瓶,南宋的鳳耳瓶,元代的葫蘆瓶,明代的刻花三果執(zhí)壺。在本次展覽中大家也可以一睹這幾件明星器物的風(fēng)采。
遙望千年發(fā)展歷史
龍泉青瓷是后起且不斷演進(jìn)的概念,指宋元明時(shí)期以浙江龍泉縣大窯及周邊地區(qū)為中心燒造的青瓷,或同一個(gè)時(shí)期其他窯場(chǎng)燒造的風(fēng)格近同的青瓷器。
五代、北宋早期龍泉窯場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)品,有濃重的越窯、婺州窯、甌窯的風(fēng)格。釉色多呈淡青色,故被稱(chēng)作“淡青釉瓷”。北宋中期或更晚,龍泉窯青瓷釉色青綠,常被稱(chēng)作“翠青釉瓷”。受北方耀州窯及定窯系刻花、劃花和印花工藝影響,龍泉地區(qū)的窯場(chǎng)開(kāi)始燒造單面刻花、雙面刻劃花和刻劃花加篦點(diǎn)紋的瓷器,逐漸形成自己的獨(dú)特風(fēng)格,并由此從越窯系中區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。
南宋時(shí)期,南方經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速發(fā)展,商業(yè)和手工業(yè)更加繁榮。同時(shí),南宋政府鼓勵(lì)開(kāi)展對(duì)外貿(mào)易,以靠近京畿之地的龍泉為代表的南方制瓷業(yè)迎來(lái)了前所未有的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。此時(shí)的龍泉窯制瓷技術(shù)上承越窯工藝,融會(huì)汝窯風(fēng)格,追慕南宋官窯之精雅,可謂是匯四方之菁華,集大成而臻完美。元朝統(tǒng)一,疆土遼闊,為龍泉青瓷在中國(guó)北方市場(chǎng)流行提供了機(jī)遇,龍泉窯生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大,涌現(xiàn)出許多新的窯場(chǎng),并以燒造大件器物為特色,顯示出高超的制瓷技術(shù)。此時(shí)的龍泉窯場(chǎng)不僅受命燒造祭禮用瓷,其產(chǎn)品還是元朝宮廷及各汗國(guó)宮廷日常用瓷的重要組成部分。
明代中期朝廷的海禁政策致使海外貿(mào)易被迫中斷,龍泉窯的瓷業(yè)生產(chǎn)也因此遭遇了前所未有的重創(chuàng)。至明末清初,龍泉境內(nèi)只有寥寥的幾家窯還在生產(chǎn),但質(zhì)差量少,再難恢復(fù)往昔的榮耀與輝煌。
新中國(guó)成立初期,百?gòu)U待舉。1957年,周恩來(lái)總理在全國(guó)輕工廳長(zhǎng)會(huì)議上明確指出,“要恢復(fù)祖國(guó)歷史名窯,首先要恢復(fù)龍泉窯和汝窯青瓷生產(chǎn)?!睍r(shí)代的召喚點(diǎn)燃了不滅的窯火,龍泉青瓷在歷史的時(shí)間軸上再次找到自己的坐標(biāo)。
從龍泉一路走進(jìn)宮廷
在龍泉窯發(fā)韌、發(fā)展、鼎盛直至走向式微的近千年歷史中,從技術(shù)的傳承、風(fēng)格的形成以及產(chǎn)品的流向等都與歷代朝廷有著密不可分的關(guān)聯(lián)。自宋代進(jìn)入皇家視野之后,龍泉窯一直是宮廷用瓷和國(guó)家祭禮用瓷最主要供應(yīng)地之一。
古瓷尚青,深沉、優(yōu)雅、含蓄的青瓷傳承了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)美學(xué),凝聚著文人士大夫的審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。受到儒、釋、道等傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)思想和審美情趣的影響,趙宋時(shí)代君臣、貴族和文人士大夫階層所追求的風(fēng)雅精致在青瓷工藝上體現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致??v觀宋代歷朝帝王,幾乎都嗜好藝術(shù),倡言“復(fù)古”“尚禮”之風(fēng),幾乎貫穿了整個(gè)宋代的文化藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。匠心獨(dú)具的龍泉窯青瓷精品,成為中國(guó)制瓷技術(shù)成就與宋代美學(xué)理念的集中體現(xiàn)。
元代龍泉窯和宮廷、官府的聯(lián)系更加密切。對(duì)元大都、喀拉和林和阿力麻里的考古發(fā)掘表明,從帝國(guó)的都城到汗國(guó)王廷均大量使用龍泉青瓷。據(jù)《元史》記載,至治初年,朝廷曾詔令在江浙行省燒造瓷器。
明代則是龍泉窯生產(chǎn)史上與宮廷關(guān)系最密切的時(shí)期,在故宮博物院舊藏的龍泉青瓷中,以明代的數(shù)量為最多,成為皇宮用瓷的重要來(lái)源。據(jù)《大明會(huì)典》記載,從洪武二十六年(1393年)起,龍泉窯已經(jīng)開(kāi)始承擔(dān)燒造御用瓷器任務(wù),一直至天順八年(1464年),均派太監(jiān)前往龍泉縣監(jiān)督燒造事務(wù)。到了成化時(shí)期,龍泉窯才停止為宮廷燒造瓷器。
引領(lǐng)全球制瓷風(fēng)尚
在中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易中,龍泉青瓷扮演著不可或缺的角色。宋元以來(lái)海外貿(mào)易已然成為國(guó)家要政,龍泉是甌江、閩江、錢(qián)塘江的三江源頭,溪流密布,四通八達(dá)。龍泉窯青瓷藉此通過(guò)寧波、溫州、泉州等港口,經(jīng)海上絲綢之路源源不斷地輸往世界各地;由陸上絲綢之路一直傳到了亞歐大陸。
其中,中國(guó)與東亞諸國(guó)因地緣相近、文脈相通,一直以來(lái)交往頻繁,在此發(fā)現(xiàn)的龍泉青瓷遺存也位居世界各地之首。日本、朝鮮半島與中國(guó)同屬儒家文化圈,相近的生活習(xí)俗和文化審美,使之成為龍泉青瓷最大的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)。
在元明時(shí)期的中外交流史料中,如《島夷志略》《星槎勝覽》《西洋番國(guó)志》《瀛涯勝覽》《明史》等,均有中國(guó)瓷器銷(xiāo)往西亞與南亞地區(qū)的記載。此外,在歐洲、非洲等地區(qū)均發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)量驚人的龍泉窯青瓷。
正是在這種廣泛認(rèn)同的基礎(chǔ)上,龍泉青瓷也開(kāi)始從單純的商品輸出轉(zhuǎn)向更深層的文化與技術(shù)層面的輸出。龍泉青瓷以其技藝精湛、釉色絕倫、造型經(jīng)典引領(lǐng)著世界陶瓷的科技進(jìn)步、藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作和文化審美,帶動(dòng)了多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的瓷業(yè)發(fā)展。中國(guó)南方地區(qū)的一些窯場(chǎng)在市場(chǎng)的帶動(dòng)下,紛紛對(duì)龍泉窯青瓷進(jìn)行模仿。越南、泰國(guó)、緬甸、伊朗、埃及、敘利亞、土耳其、日本、英國(guó)等國(guó)的窯場(chǎng),則以當(dāng)?shù)氐募夹g(shù)與中國(guó)龍泉青瓷生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的交融、互鑒,完成了仿龍泉青瓷的生產(chǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)了從產(chǎn)品到文化的交流,形成了世界范圍內(nèi)影響廣泛的早期全球化進(jìn)程。
July 15, 2019 saw the unveiling of , an exhibition jointly sponsored by the Palace Museum, Zhejiang Museum and Lishui Municipal Peoples Government, at the Palace Museum in Beijing. Altogether, the 833 pieces (sets) of Longquan celadon from 42 institutions at home and abroad highlight the glamour and grace of the porcelain made in the south of Zhejiang. Some exhibits are loaned from major museums in Iran and Japan.
The exhibition went on at the Palace Museum until October 20, 2019. The celadon pieces are now on display at Zhejiang Museum until February 16, 2020.
The exhibition at Zhejiang Museum is smaller than the one at the Palace Museum in Beijing. Now on display are 513 pieces (sets) of Longquan celadon from 42 institutions at home and abroad. The province has never exhibited so many celadon pieces from China and the rest of the world before. Some exhibits are from national museums of the United Kingdom, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Iran, United Arab Emirates, and India.
The exhibition reflects the results of celadon studies over the past decade on the part of experts of both Zhejiang museum in Hangzhou and the Palace Museum in Beijing.
The term “Longquan celadon” is a concept that came afterwards and has kept evolving. It refers to celadon produced during the Song, the Yuan and the Ming, a period spanning the 10th century to the 17th century, in Longquan and neighboring regions. Celadon products produced in similar styles in other regions and even overseas are also recognized as celadon.
In the Five Dynasty that existed essentially in the first six decades of the 10th century as well as in the early phase of the Northern Song (960-1127), celadon made in Longquan resembled the porcelain products made in the Yue Kiln in central and eastern Zhejiang. In the middle or later period of the Northern Song, the porcelain products made in Longquan began to establish a distinct style, adopting a different green color and presenting some special designs.
In the Southern Song (1127-1279) which was housed in present-day Hangzhou, economy boomed in the south of the country, the porcelain making industry engaged more and more in exporting the goods to overseas markets.
The celadon became popular for a number of reasons. As the Southern Song was largely based in present-day Zhejiang, porcelain making in Longquan was largely influenced by elite people. Celadon absorbed and reflected the literati aesthetics and responded to the requirements of the imperial house and noble people of the dynasty. So Longquan celadon became what it is today: presenting a style of elegance, restraint, sophistication, erudition.
After the Yuan reunited China and brought a large part of the Eurasian continent under control, porcelain products from Longquan were exported to overseas markets. Production in Longquan expanded. Some high-quality kilns emerged. Kilns in Longquan not only produced porcelain pieces for the imperial sacrificial ceremonies but also produced finest porcelain products for the imperial house of the Yuan and other royal Khan families, as testified by archaeological finds of modern days. , compiled officially by scholars in the early years of the Ming (1368-1644), records that the court issued an order to Jiang-Zhe province to make porcelain for the royal house.
Kilns in Longquan saw their most glorious days in the Ming Dynasty. According to history, kilns in Longquan began to make celadon pieces for the royal house of the Ming in 1393. High-ranking officials from the Forbidden City were sent to supervise celadon production in Longquan. It was not until 1464 that Longquan ceased making porcelains for the royal house.
The self-imposed ban of export in the middle of the Ming Dynasty dealt a dead blow to the celadon making industry in Longquan. The industry declined fast. In the last decades of the Ming and the early decades of the Qing, Longquan had only a small number of kilns still in operation. The quantity and quality of the porcelain pieces produced there were much inferior to those of the past heyday.
In 1957, the renaissance of Longquan celadon began as the central government issued an important policy to restore production of famed traditional kilns. New masters have long since emerged, producing quality celadon pieces as had never seen before and young masters are carrying on the historical mission.