黃英 魏小菊 龔劍
摘 要 目的:評(píng)估精細(xì)化生活方式干預(yù)超重肥胖者的效果。方法:招募上海洪廟社區(qū)121名超重肥胖者,年齡21~60歲,隨機(jī)分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組,干預(yù)組61人,其中男性21人(34.4%),女性40人(65.6%);超重23人(37.7%),肥胖38人(62.3%);對(duì)照組60人,其中男性27人(45.0%),女性33人(55.0%);超重24人(40.0%),肥胖36人(60.0%)。干預(yù)組采取精細(xì)化個(gè)性化干預(yù),干預(yù)持續(xù)時(shí)間6個(gè)月;對(duì)照組采取整群健康教育方式。評(píng)估兩組體重下降情況。結(jié)果:干預(yù)組體重下降者39人,體重下降率為63.9%,體重下降≥5%者17人,占27.8%;對(duì)照組體重下降人數(shù)5人,體重下降率為8.3%,沒有人體重下降超過(guò)5%。差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:精細(xì)化生活方式干預(yù)超重肥胖的效果優(yōu)于健康教育,更有助于超重肥胖者的體重控制。
關(guān)鍵詞 肥胖癥; 精細(xì)化生活方式干預(yù)
中圖分類號(hào):R589.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2019)02-0038-02
Evaluation of the effect of meticulous lifestyle intervention on overweight and obese people in the community
HUANG Ying, WEI Xiaoju, GONG Jian(Management Department of General Practitioner Team of Fengcheng Community Health Service Center of Fengxian District, Shanghai 201411, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of meticulous lifestyle intervention on overweight and obese people. Methods: One hundred and twenty-one overweight and obese people aged 21~60 years old were recruited from Hongmiao Community in Shanghai and randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. There were 61 people in the intervention group, including 21 males(34.4%) and 40 females(65.6%); 23 were overweight(37.7%) and 38 obese(62.3%). In the control group, there were 60 people, including 27 males(45.0%) and 33 females(55.0%); 24 were overweight(40.0%) and 36 obese(60.0%). The intervention group took a refined and personalized intervention, and the intervention lasted for 6 months; the control group adopted a whole group of health education method. The weight loss of the two groups was assessed. Results: In the intervention group, 39 people lost weight, the weight loss rate was 63.9%, 17 people lost weight more than 5%, accounting for 27.8%. In the control group, there were 5 people who lost weight, the weight loss rate was 8.3%, and no one lost more than 5%. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion: The effect of meticulous lifestyle intervention on overweight and obesity is better than that of health education, and it is more helpful for weight control in overweight and obese people.
KEY WORDS obesity; meticulous lifestyle intervention
2014年WHO的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球共有超過(guò)9億的成人體重超重[1],全球肥胖人口約為6億[2]。2015年中國(guó)居民營(yíng)養(yǎng)和慢性疾病調(diào)查結(jié)果表明,全國(guó)18歲及以上成人超重率為30.1%,肥胖率為11.9%[3]。英國(guó)的預(yù)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)表明,若按照當(dāng)前的流行趨勢(shì)發(fā)展,到2025年約有40%的世界人口將達(dá)到肥胖癥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。肥胖癥的治療分為生活方式干預(yù)、藥物治療及外科手術(shù)治療。目前循證醫(yī)學(xué)推薦生活方式干預(yù)為一線治療方案[5]。本研究旨在評(píng)估精細(xì)化生活方式干預(yù)超重肥胖的效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 對(duì)象
從上海洪廟社區(qū)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果中招募121名超重肥胖居民作為研究對(duì)象。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)嚴(yán)重心肺、肝腎等器官功能不全者;(2)肢體殘疾、智力殘障者;(3)繼發(fā)性肥胖者。通過(guò)隨機(jī)抽樣(信封法)將研究對(duì)象分成干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組。干預(yù)組61名,其中男性21名,占34.4%,女性40名,占65.6%;超重23名,占37.7%,肥胖38名,占62.3%。對(duì)照組60人,男性27名,占45.0%,女性33名,占55.0%;超重24名,占40.0%,肥胖36名,占60.0%。兩組年齡、性別、超重肥胖分布的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組基線時(shí)患病情況差異也無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法
干預(yù)組按6~7人一組,分成10個(gè)小班,分別開展肥胖對(duì)人體的危害、健康減重飲食篇,健康減重運(yùn)動(dòng)篇等內(nèi)容的健康教育;對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行個(gè)體化指導(dǎo),糾正不良的生活方式;參照《中國(guó)成人超重與肥胖控制指南》[5]計(jì)算每日熱量總量(每公斤體重乘83.8千焦),并按三餐分配(表1);選擇低中強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),如騎車、慢跑、快走、游泳、打乒乓球、羽毛球等,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間持續(xù)30~60 min。對(duì)對(duì)照組60人開展減重飲食及運(yùn)動(dòng)的健康教育,內(nèi)容同干預(yù)組。干預(yù)時(shí)間持續(xù)6個(gè)月。每月隨訪1次,記錄飲食,運(yùn)動(dòng)開展情況,測(cè)量?jī)山M患者試驗(yàn)前和試驗(yàn)后的身體參數(shù)(體重、腰圍、臀圍)。
1.3 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
超重肥胖是根據(jù)2001年中國(guó)肥胖問(wèn)題工作組推薦的體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24 kg/ m2為正常體重,24 kg/m2≤BMI<28 kg/m2為超重,BMI≥28 kg/m2為肥胖[6]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組研究對(duì)象體重下降情況比較
干預(yù)后,干預(yù)組體重下降人數(shù)39人,體重下降率為63.9%,體重下降≥5%有17人,占27.9%;對(duì)照組體重下降5人,體重下降率為8.3%,沒有人體重下降≥5%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=40.41,P<0.05和χ2=19.44,P<0.05)。
2.2 干預(yù)組研究對(duì)象體重下降因素比較分析
干預(yù)組不同性別、年齡和肥胖程度之間的體重下降≥5%的比例差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,(P>0.05,表2)。
3 討論
超重肥胖能引發(fā)高血壓、2型糖尿病、冠心病、高脂血癥、睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征和抑郁癥等多種疾病,嚴(yán)重影響超重肥胖者的身體健康和生活質(zhì)量[6]。2013年美國(guó)的成人肥胖和超重管理指南指出,超重肥胖者的體重減輕≥5%被認(rèn)為可健康獲益,可以降低2型糖尿病、高血壓和冠心病等肥胖相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn);體重減輕3%~5%可以產(chǎn)生降低三酰甘油、血糖、糖化血紅蛋白的效果[7]。本次研究參照《中國(guó)成人超重與肥胖控制指南》[5],對(duì)肥胖個(gè)體采取了個(gè)性化指導(dǎo),糾正不良行為習(xí)慣;并計(jì)算個(gè)體每日攝入最低總熱量,選擇運(yùn)動(dòng)類型、運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)長(zhǎng)等精細(xì)化管理。實(shí)施6個(gè)月后,干預(yù)組超重肥胖者的體重下降率明顯高于對(duì)照組,提示精細(xì)化管理有助于超重肥胖者控制體重。遏制了肥胖的發(fā)生發(fā)展,也相當(dāng)于遏制了許多肥胖相關(guān)代謝疾病的源頭。
肥胖癥的主要患病因素是攝入熱量超過(guò)消耗的熱量,過(guò)多的熱量會(huì)以脂肪堆積的形式積累起來(lái)。因此,限制熱量的攝入和增加熱量的消耗是預(yù)防和治療肥胖癥的首選方案[8]。然而,包括節(jié)食、認(rèn)知行為干預(yù)、體育活動(dòng)、單獨(dú)藥物治療和手術(shù)在內(nèi)的多種減重方法在實(shí)施后的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)會(huì)因患者放松對(duì)自己的管理和要求,使體質(zhì)量復(fù)升,甚至恢復(fù)或超過(guò)原有水平[9-10]。所以對(duì)超重肥胖者的管理需要有長(zhǎng)效的管理方案,如在社區(qū)可以建立減重門診或者是肥胖專項(xiàng)管理團(tuán)隊(duì);建立信息網(wǎng)絡(luò),開展動(dòng)態(tài)化管理;以全科醫(yī)生為主,整合二三級(jí)醫(yī)院的醫(yī)療資源,通過(guò)分級(jí)診療共同管理不同類型肥胖癥患者[11]。
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