文/珠海市斗門區(qū)第二中學(xué)
書面表達(dá)是初中英語學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn),中考的重點(diǎn),許多學(xué)生在此方面丟分比較多,因此提高學(xué)生寫作能力勢(shì)在必行。怎樣才能提高學(xué)生的書面表達(dá)能力呢?
學(xué)生的書面表達(dá)能力,同他們積累的詞匯、句型的多少是緊密聯(lián)系的。假如學(xué)生拿起一篇英語文章,有80%的詞不熟悉,那么怎能理解文章所表達(dá)的信息呢?假如要寫一個(gè)句子,10個(gè)單詞有8個(gè)拼寫不出或拼寫錯(cuò)誤,又怎么能表達(dá)自己的思想呢?可見,衡量一個(gè)學(xué)生英語水平及交際能力的高低,關(guān)鍵還得看他把握詞匯量的多少。他們積累越豐富,表達(dá)就越流暢,就越能寫出地道的英語。筆者認(rèn)為現(xiàn)行的《新目標(biāo)》Go For It!教材就是一個(gè)有豐富的詞匯、句子的倉庫,只要正確引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在日常學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)會(huì)積累,就能提高學(xué)生的書面表達(dá)能力。掌握好詞組、基本句型,再配上合適的時(shí)態(tài),一篇文章就基本完成。以下面為例:
“假如你是Mary,你是一位中學(xué)生,你認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在的社會(huì)對(duì)孩子束縛太多,希望能花時(shí)間去幫助別人。能挑選衣服,還想打耳孔,而且你不喜歡每天晚上都呆在家里,想與朋友一起學(xué)習(xí),周末希望允許熬夜,夜至11點(diǎn),認(rèn)為父母不應(yīng)該對(duì)孩子太嚴(yán)格。用所給的信息及提示寫一封Mary寫給父母的信,表達(dá)出她的心聲,要求80詞左右?!?/p>
學(xué)生在完成了九年級(jí)Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)后,對(duì)該單元的重點(diǎn)句型、詞組已非常熟悉,所以對(duì)于這一書表達(dá)筆者是如此操作的:首先,要求學(xué)生根據(jù)題目信息,從教材中找相關(guān)的短語:I think…,allow sb.to do …,spend …doing…,be allowed to choose clothes,get ears pierced,stay at home,on school nights,study with friends,stay up until 11:00pm,should not be too strict with teenagers;有了這些短語,再引導(dǎo)學(xué)生配上正確的時(shí)態(tài)與文章格式(信件),把句子組合一番后,此篇書面表達(dá)就很順利。下面是學(xué)生的作品:
Dear Mum and Dad,
I’d like to tell you my ideas about my daily life.As a middle school student,I think you don’t allow me to do many things.I have too many rules at home.I want to spend more time doing things like volunteering.I think I should be allowed to choose my own clothes.I should be also allowed to get my ears pierced.It makes us look cool.Well,you always ask me to stay at home on school nights,but I don’t like that at all.It’s too boring for me to study alone at home.I want to study with my friends.I want to stay up until 11.00 pm on weekends too.The most important thing is that parents shouldn’t be too strict with teenagers.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Mary
《新目標(biāo)》中每一單元都出現(xiàn)不少重點(diǎn)詞匯,詞組,例句,對(duì)于詞詞組,筆者都要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用它們來進(jìn)行口頭造句,與此同時(shí),還要求學(xué)生盡量記下由老師或同學(xué)口頭造句的每個(gè)句子。至于書本中的重點(diǎn)例句,如:九年級(jí)Unit 1 How do you study for a test? 就有很多可用的句子,study by working with friends,by asking the teacher for help,by listening to tapes,practice conversations with friends,you can always write the new words in your notebook and study them at home等等。
“熟能生巧”同樣適用于英語寫作。只要在日常教學(xué)中正確引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中多留意,多收集素材,寫作時(shí)就不會(huì)手忙腳亂,無從下手,筆者相信,只要學(xué)生能堅(jiān)持多讀、多背好句子,好文章,便可輕松寫出滿意的文章。
“熟讀唐詩三百首,不會(huì)寫詩也會(huì)吟”,英語文章也是如此。平時(shí)多讀多背好文章、好句子、諺語、俗語,寫書面表達(dá)時(shí)會(huì)起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用,而這些句子、文章往往就在我們身邊。故在多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,筆者都堅(jiān)持讓學(xué)生背誦重點(diǎn)段落,從開學(xué)第一天起,均要求學(xué)生每課背誦,然后當(dāng)堂抽背,單元結(jié)束后,凡要求背誦的部分,均抽其中一段默寫,收上來批閱,避免抽背時(shí)有的學(xué)生未抽到,力求人人過關(guān)。如九年級(jí)Unit 1 How do you study for a test?中Section A 3a 及Section B 3a當(dāng)中就有大量關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)方法的句子,所以這兩部分是筆者學(xué)生必背的重點(diǎn)段落。
這種練習(xí),大大地加強(qiáng)了學(xué)生的臨場(chǎng)應(yīng)變能力。近年升中英語試題包容量大,知識(shí)覆蓋面廣,這就要求學(xué)生在做題時(shí)必須注重速度和節(jié)奏,而中考書面表達(dá)從時(shí)間分配上看,最多也只能是15—20分鐘左右的時(shí)間,學(xué)生必須在這點(diǎn)時(shí)間內(nèi)完成書面表達(dá),并且意思連貫,無嚴(yán)重語法錯(cuò)誤。為達(dá)到這一要求,每年接手的學(xué)生從九年級(jí)開學(xué)第一周開始,便定期作限時(shí)寫作練習(xí)。剛開始時(shí)以仿寫訓(xùn)練為主,以便學(xué)生能更好地進(jìn)入角色。筆者是這樣操作的:學(xué)生閱讀一些教材的文章之后,筆者通常作一些必要的講解。學(xué)生通過閱讀活躍了思維,拓寬了思路,學(xué)習(xí)并掌握了一些書面表達(dá)的寫作技巧和方法。在此基礎(chǔ)上筆者會(huì)再讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行限時(shí)練習(xí)仿寫。如在完成了Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the dark.后,筆者會(huì)要求學(xué)生根據(jù)教材的內(nèi)容與個(gè)人的實(shí)際情況寫寫“自己的過去與現(xiàn)在樣子的變化、常做的事及你所在地方一年前后的變化?!币韵率菍W(xué)生的作品:
I have changed a lot in the last one year.I used to have long hair,but now I have short hair.I used to be fat,now I am not so fat as before because I often did exercise last year,and I will hold on it.I think it is good for my health.I used to take a walk with my mother after supper,but now I don’t have enough time.I am in Grade Nine now,I have to study hard for the entrance exam,so I have to spend most of the time on study.I used to walk to school last year,but I can’t now.I always go to school in my father’s car.It is faster and safer.
My hometown has also changed a lot since last year.The traffic used to be heavy when people went to work or school.But now the government has built more roads and the roads are much wider than before.There was only one park for people to relax.Now two more parks have been built.They are much more beautiful than the first one.Many people go there to do exercise every day.Every one in my hometown goes in for sports now because they know sports make us relaxed and help us keep healthy.Things sure change,so do people!
在這范文中,該學(xué)生不但從基本句型、詞組入手,從已背誦的Unit 2中的重點(diǎn)段落中“偷”取,而且還從之前的閱讀材料中適當(dāng)提煉符合要求的信息。
當(dāng)學(xué)生已熟悉仿寫的技巧和方法后,筆者接著圍繞教材進(jìn)行綜合寫作訓(xùn)練。筆者主要以《新目標(biāo)》九年級(jí)英語每一單元Section B中3b或self check中的2作為材料,該部分是知識(shí)的擴(kuò)展和綜合的語言運(yùn)用,選材全面。如Unit5中,要求學(xué)生對(duì)3a的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行擴(kuò)寫,Unit 7中,則要求學(xué)生化身作旅行社職員給咨詢者回復(fù),這些都是貼近學(xué)生實(shí)際生活的話題內(nèi)容,讓學(xué)生能夠真正做到用所學(xué)過的語言去做事情。做這類練習(xí)時(shí),要求學(xué)生注重以下幾點(diǎn):
1.仔細(xì)審題,吃透要求。對(duì)題目所提供的信息,一定要認(rèn)真分析,弄清楚該題目究竟要表達(dá)什么,把提供的材料多讀幾遍,理解透它的內(nèi)容,并將所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容及要求重新進(jìn)行整理組織,使其條理化,再以合適的口氣、身份從適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌冗M(jìn)行表達(dá)。
2.明確內(nèi)容,把握要點(diǎn)。中考評(píng)改書面表達(dá)時(shí)基本以點(diǎn)給分,即要求考生要信息點(diǎn)齊全,因此必須要求學(xué)生在落筆前要把握住全部要點(diǎn),理清脈絡(luò),既不能無中生有,也不要漏掉要點(diǎn)。如Unit6,selfcheck中的2,以限定時(shí)間內(nèi)要求學(xué)生明確列出回復(fù)中的要點(diǎn):What languages would you like to learn? What kinds of music do you like? What kinds of food do you prefer? Do you like Italian food? What kinds of films do you prefer? 然后根據(jù)要點(diǎn)寫出文章。
3.仔細(xì)檢查,認(rèn)真修改。在限時(shí)完成后,即要求學(xué)生用1分鐘認(rèn)真檢查,然后同桌交換檢查3-5分鐘,最后交上來。在同桌間交換檢查時(shí)要求學(xué)生注意:要點(diǎn)是否遺漏,時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂是否一致,語法是否有錯(cuò),句子是否完整,單詞拼寫是否有錯(cuò)等等。每周平均批改每個(gè)學(xué)生一篇短文,摘抄出普遍性典型性的錯(cuò)誤,抄到黑板上,讓全班一起糾正,其目的是給加深印象,避免再犯類似錯(cuò)誤。盡量從每個(gè)學(xué)生的作品中找出一或兩句好,一同列出,這樣,學(xué)生會(huì)感到特別自豪,慢慢地愛上寫作。