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初中英語閱讀課有效提問策略探究

2019-03-05 02:31:03喻艷霞
英語教師 2019年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:初中英語文本閱讀教學(xué)

喻艷霞

引言

提問是課堂教學(xué)的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一,是師生互動、交流的紐帶,是提升學(xué)生思維水平的重要方式,是有效教學(xué)的重要保障。在各學(xué)科教學(xué)中,英語課堂上的提問頻率較高,答問的頻率也較高。因此,研究初中英語閱讀教學(xué)有效提問策略意義深遠(yuǎn)。

一、當(dāng)前初中英語閱讀教學(xué)存在的問題

(一)問題指向單一,學(xué)生思路受限

大多數(shù)初中英語教師習(xí)慣設(shè)計和使用“封閉式問題”進(jìn)行教學(xué)。在以封閉式問題為主的英語閱讀課堂中,學(xué)生只能按照既定的方向思考問題,答案往往是教師預(yù)先設(shè)置好的,且是唯一的。面對此類問題,學(xué)生的思考角度單一,想象空間狹窄,思維參與度低,難以發(fā)散思維,限制了思維品質(zhì)的發(fā)展。

(二)問題比例不均,難易層次失衡

教師設(shè)計的問題缺乏層次性和連貫性,雜亂無章。展示型、參閱型和評估型問題的比率嚴(yán)重失調(diào),往往是展示型問題過多,思維參與度較高的參閱型和評估型問題較少。學(xué)生思考問題流于表面,無法深入。

(三)信息提取零散,整體意識缺乏

教師在閱讀教學(xué)中太過注重對詞匯和句子的講解,注重文本細(xì)節(jié)并進(jìn)行“肢解式”提問,缺乏宏觀意識。這導(dǎo)致學(xué)生主次不分,重點不明,提取到的信息支離破碎,難以形成從整體角度感知課文、理解課文的能力。

(四)局限淺層文本,推理思維缺乏

在初中英語閱讀教學(xué)過程中,教師的教學(xué)視野僅僅局限于文本表層,無法引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行更深層次的閱讀,導(dǎo)致他們?nèi)狈ν评硭季S,只是淺層理解。

(五)忽略質(zhì)疑過程,批判思維淡化

“質(zhì)疑是創(chuàng)新的起點,質(zhì)疑的過程實際上是一個積極思維的過程?!保ǜ掇?2015)很多英語教師錯誤地認(rèn)為,“英語作為一門外語,學(xué)生能夠讀懂文章就足夠了”。這種片面的認(rèn)識導(dǎo)致部分教師錯失了許多能引發(fā)學(xué)生質(zhì)疑的契機(jī),且沒有充分、有效利用閱讀材料,從而影響了學(xué)生批判性思維的發(fā)展。

二、初中英語閱讀課有效提問的策略

問題是啟發(fā)思維的重要載體,能夠引導(dǎo)學(xué)生的思維由低階層次向高階層次發(fā)展,從而促進(jìn)其批判性思維能力的形成。初中英語閱讀課教學(xué)可以分為讀前、讀中、讀后三個階段。教師可以依據(jù)文本內(nèi)容,遵循教育規(guī)律,根據(jù)閱讀教學(xué)中每個環(huán)節(jié)的具體教學(xué)目標(biāo)和教學(xué)任務(wù),設(shè)計有效問題來展開具體的課堂教學(xué)活動。在初中英語閱讀課教學(xué)中,教師可以通過讀前啟智導(dǎo)入、讀中釋疑解惑、讀后延伸拓展,從而實現(xiàn)提升學(xué)生思維能力和閱讀教學(xué)質(zhì)量的目標(biāo)。

(一)讀前激發(fā)興趣——以問為引,啟發(fā)先行

良好的開端是成功的一半。優(yōu)秀的課堂導(dǎo)入對提升初中英語閱讀教學(xué)效果能起到事半功倍的作用。

1.關(guān)注興趣,激發(fā)閱讀期待

在導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)重點關(guān)注學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣的激發(fā),讓學(xué)生在閱讀期待中進(jìn)入閱讀情境。在這之前,教師一定要走進(jìn)課文,吃透教材,準(zhǔn)確把握文本內(nèi)容,了解學(xué)情,設(shè)計具有啟發(fā)性、趣味性的問題,最大程度地激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀興趣。

【教學(xué)案例1】

在教學(xué)人教版新目標(biāo)Go for it! 八年級(上)Unit 7 Section B 2b Do you think you will have your own robot?時,教師可以在幻燈片上顯示robot 這個詞,并提出以下4 個問題:

Q1:When you see the word “robot”,what do you want to know?

S1:I want to know the history of robots.

S2:I want to know how to make a robot.

S3:I want to know what they look like.

S4:I want to know what they can do.

Q2:Yes,you want to know a lot about the robot,and today we will talk about their shapes and things they can do.Can you tell me,in your opinion,what robots look like?

S1:They look like humans.

S2:They look like snakes.

S3:They look like dogs.

讓學(xué)生針對robot 一詞展開想象,說出他們自己想要知道些什么,以此預(yù)測本堂課的主要內(nèi)容,并根據(jù)已有知識說出機(jī)器人的形狀和功能。通過激活學(xué)生已有的知識經(jīng)驗,建立新、舊知識之間的聯(lián)系,為閱讀掃除障礙,并在閱讀過程中驗證學(xué)生的預(yù)測。

Q3:We have so many shapes of robots.What can they do?

S1:They can dance.

S2:They can play the instruments.

S3:They can shake hands.

S4:They can do the housework.

S5:They can sing.

Ss:...

T:They can not only do the same things as us,but even do better than us.Look! What are they doing?(幻燈片顯示機(jī)器人做家務(wù)的情景)

Ss:They are doing housework.

T:Do you think doing housework is interesting?

Ss:No.

T:So the robots can help with the housework and do the most unpleasant jobs.The robots are useful and helpful.Do you like them?

Ss:Yes.

Q4:Do you think you will have your own robot in the future?Now read the passage to see whether all the scientists agree with us,and try to do true or false.

在閱讀期間,第一遍,學(xué)生通過錄音機(jī)跟讀并回答對錯題;第二遍,在輕音樂的伴奏下,學(xué)生自己閱讀并找出信息:課文中提到了哪些種類的機(jī)器人?它們能做什么?通過這種方式提高學(xué)生閱讀和捕捉信息的能力。

以上4 個問題激發(fā)了學(xué)生對文章的閱讀興趣。學(xué)生期待在文章中找到相關(guān)問題的答案,這種閱讀期待能更好地幫助他們進(jìn)入有效閱讀。學(xué)生在閱讀完后紛紛舉手回答教師提出的問題,課堂氣氛活躍,閱讀能力和口語表達(dá)能力也得到了提升。

2.關(guān)注懸念,建立閱讀期待

除了趣味性問題之外,教師還可以提出一些高難度問題,以激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀期待和閱讀興趣,從而引導(dǎo)其更好地走進(jìn)文本,探尋問題的答案。

【教學(xué)案例2】

標(biāo)題是文本的重要組成部分,是一篇文章的點睛之筆。讀者在開始真正閱讀文本之前,都會先關(guān)注標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題的內(nèi)容往往與文章的內(nèi)容密切相連,對文本標(biāo)題的探究和預(yù)測能有效體現(xiàn)評判性閱讀策略的運用。

在教學(xué)人教版新目標(biāo)Go for it! 七年級(下)Unit 3 Section B 2b Crossing the River to School 時,教師可以先讓學(xué)生閱讀標(biāo)題和文章中的插圖,然后提問。在學(xué)生回答問題的過程中,教師應(yīng)鼓勵他們對閱讀材料展開大膽猜測,從而對即將閱讀的內(nèi)容充滿期待。

(先對文章中的插圖進(jìn)行提問)

T:Look at this picture.Can you imagine how the students get to school?

Ss:They go on a ropeway to cross the river to school.

(再對文章標(biāo)題Crossing the River to School 進(jìn)行提問)

T:Please look at the title.Can you imagine why the students go to school like this?

S1:Because there is a very big river between their school and the village.

S2:Because there is no bridge and the river runs too quickly for boats.

學(xué)生在問題的引領(lǐng)下展開聯(lián)想,帶著自己預(yù)測的答案閱讀文本。標(biāo)題的預(yù)測與探究非常有利于閱讀策略的訓(xùn)練,也有利于評判性閱讀教學(xué)的開展。在這樣的閱讀課堂中,學(xué)生參與的積極性較高,不僅提升了對標(biāo)題的理解和分析能力,而且提升了審題、判斷、質(zhì)疑、推理和創(chuàng)新等能力。

3.關(guān)注關(guān)聯(lián),開啟閱讀聯(lián)想

在導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)中,教師可以借助事物之間的聯(lián)系設(shè)計問題,即通過事物之間縱向的聯(lián)系或橫向的聯(lián)系,新、舊知識之間的聯(lián)系來設(shè)計問題,然后提出問題并讓學(xué)生回答,以激活他們頭腦中已有的知識,促使其聯(lián)想新知,達(dá)到激活思維并啟發(fā)閱讀聯(lián)想的目的。

【教學(xué)案例3】

在教學(xué)人教版新目標(biāo)Go for it! 七年級(下)Unit 10 Section B 2b Birthday Food Around the World 時,教師可以通過設(shè)計問題導(dǎo)入新課,使學(xué)生在積極思考、解決問題的同時開始新的閱讀與探索。例如:

T:Good morning,boys and girls.How are you today?

Ss:We are fine.How are you?

T:I am fine,too.Tomorrow is my birthday.I like celebrating my birthday.On my birthday I like asking some of my friends to my house and have a big dinner and a big birthday cake.Do you like celebrating your birthday,S1?

S1:Yes,I do.

T:What would you like to eat on your birthday?

S1:I would like to eat delicious food and a big birthday cake.

S2:I would like to ask some of my friends to eat seafood in a big restaurant.

T:When is your father’s birthday?

S3:My father’s birthday is on December tenth.

T:How does your family celebrate your father’s birthday?

S4:My mother cooks a big dinner.We sit by the table and enjoy the delicious food.Then we have a big cake.

T:When is your grandfather’s birthday?

S5:My grandfather’s birthday is on November ninth.

T:What food would your grandfather like to eat?(縱向聯(lián)系)

S6:He would like some noodles with eggs.

T:Different people like different food on their birthday in China.What food would people like to eat on their birthday in the UK?(橫向聯(lián)系)

S7:I think they like birthday cakes with candles.

T:Yes.You are right.So this class we will learn Birthday Food Around the World.Let’s find out what food people in China and in the UK would like to eat on their birthday?(啟發(fā)閱讀聯(lián)想)

(二)讀中提高效率——以問為方,整體閱讀

閱讀主要靠學(xué)生完成。教師可以采用問題化策略組織教學(xué),并結(jié)合上下文分析文本,幫助學(xué)生解答疑惑,促使他們完成閱讀任務(wù),提高閱讀效率。

1.關(guān)注重點,梳理文本思路

教師應(yīng)抓住文本的重點信息,根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容設(shè)計問題,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生梳理文本思路,從而深入理解文本內(nèi)容。另外,在梳理文本的過程中,教師應(yīng)該遵循學(xué)生的認(rèn)知規(guī)律和接受能力,依據(jù)文本的邏輯發(fā)展設(shè)計問題,并關(guān)注設(shè)問的連貫性、序列性及層次性,讓學(xué)生在一種積極探究的氛圍中參與閱讀體驗。

【教學(xué)案例4】

在教學(xué)人教版新目標(biāo)Go for it! 七年級(下)Unit 12 Section B 2b Reading A Weekend to Remember 時,教師可以設(shè)計以下問題,幫助學(xué)生把握文章重點。

Q1:How was Lisa’s last weekend?

Q2:What place did Lisa’s parents take them to for a special gift last weekend?

Q3:What did Lisa and her family do in a small village in India?

Q4:How did Lisa and her family get to a lake in the countryside?

Q5:What did Lisa and her family do after they got to the lake?

Q6:What did they do on the first night?

Q7:What did Lisa and her sister see when they looked out of their tent?

Q8:How did Lisa feel?

Q9:What did Lisa and her sister do to let their parents know about the danger?

Q10:What did her father do?

Q11:What lesson did Lisa learn from the weekend?

S1:It was interesting but scary.

S2:Lisa’s parents took them to India for a special gift.

S3:They went camping.

S4:They took a long bus ride to a lake in the countryside.

S5:They put up their tents and made a fire to keep them warm and cook food on.

S6:They just sat under the moon and told each other stories.

S7:They saw a big snake when they looked out of their tents.

S8:She was so scared that she couldn’t move.

S9:They shouted to their parents to let them know about the danger.

S10:Her father started to jump up and down in their tent.

S11:Don’t go near snakes.

學(xué)生在初步理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上,帶著問題閱讀文章。通過二次閱讀,學(xué)生積極回答教師提出的問題,增強(qiáng)了對文本的理解,加深了對文本的印象和感受。學(xué)生快速捕捉信息、整合內(nèi)容和解決實際問題的能力得到了提高,從而達(dá)到了有效閱讀的目的。在這一環(huán)節(jié)中,學(xué)生的閱讀技巧得到了鍛煉,閱讀能力得到了提高,而且他們更好地抓住了文本重點,強(qiáng)化了對文章內(nèi)涵的理解。

2.關(guān)注難點,加深閱讀體悟

學(xué)生閱讀理解的難點在于對文章主旨的把握、難句的理解和閱讀技巧的運用。教師可以在學(xué)生掌握文章主要內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合文章內(nèi)涵及其延伸意義設(shè)計問題。在難點問題的設(shè)計上,教師應(yīng)圍繞中心句設(shè)疑,注重提問策略,從而幫助學(xué)生突破難點,加深對文本內(nèi)容和主旨的理解。

【教學(xué)案例5】

把握文本主題,圍繞主題展開的閱讀活動是有效課堂的關(guān)鍵所在。教師可以結(jié)合文本的體裁結(jié)構(gòu)、作者的創(chuàng)作意圖及標(biāo)題等定位和把握文章主題,并設(shè)計問題。

在教學(xué)人教版新目標(biāo)Go for it! 八年級(下)Unit 9 Section B 2b Reading Singapore—A Place You Will Never Forget!時,教師可以設(shè)計以下問題:

T:Can you tell me why Singapore is a place you will never forget?

S1:Singapore is a place I will never forget because I will find a lot of food from China,India,western countries and Japan in it.

S2:Singapore is a place I will never forget because it has a Night Safari.

S3:Singapore is a place I will never forget because the temperature is almost the same all year round.

T:Why can you speak Putonghua a lot of time in Singapore?

S4:I can speak Putonghua a lot of time in Singapore because more than three quarters of the population are Chinese.

T:Why is the best time to watch some animals at night?

S5:A lot of animals only wake up at night so it is the best time to watch them at night.

T:Why is the temperature almost the same all year round?

S6:It is because the island is so close to the equator.

另外,許多文本的主題不一定很明顯地體現(xiàn)在文本內(nèi)容中,教師可以結(jié)合作者意圖或文章標(biāo)題設(shè)問,以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把握文本主題。

3.關(guān)注亮點,理解閱讀主題

閱讀的亮點往往就是文章的精髓所在。亮點有鮮明的主旨信號,但有時與文章的重點或難點重疊。教師可以對亮點處進(jìn)行提問,從而引導(dǎo)學(xué)生挖掘文章的內(nèi)涵,深入理解文章的含義,實現(xiàn)閱讀的價值。

【教學(xué)案例6】

在教學(xué)人教版新目標(biāo)Go for it! 八年級(上)Unit 7 Section 2b Reading Do you think you will have your own robot?時,教師可以設(shè)計以下問題,以達(dá)到深化閱讀主題的目的。

T:What year will it be in 22 years?

Ss:It will be 2035.

T:Can you imagine the life in 2035? Now let’s see a movie about life in 2035.

在學(xué)生觀看短片后,教師再次發(fā)問:

T:Do you like the life in 2035? Do you think you will have your own robot in 2035?

If you say yes,that will be yes.If you say no,that will be no.Today,I bring a time capsule.Let’s imagine,and write down your predictions on the paper.Then I will put it into the time capsule.When the year is 2035,I will open this time capsule and show my students what you have written on the paper to see whether it becomes true or not.

Do you want to know my opinion in the year of 2035?

Ss:Yes.

T:I hope that in the year of 2035,there will be no wars in the world.

No blood,no wounds,no death,no hate,only love and responsibility.

We live together and love each other.There is no difference between us.And this is my dream,my greatest happiness.

(三)讀后鞏固效果——以問為線,拓展提升

練習(xí)是閱讀課的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),是對課堂教學(xué)效果的直觀檢測。通過練習(xí)的方式,教師教的效果和學(xué)生學(xué)的效果都能得到很好的檢驗。教師以問為線,串聯(lián)各語言知識點,從而幫助學(xué)生更好地提高語言能力和閱讀技能。

1.以問促練,鞏固閱讀知識

在課堂上,教師應(yīng)鼓勵學(xué)生自主提問、互問互答。在教師和學(xué)生互動的過程中,可以達(dá)到更好的課堂效果,從而更好地提高學(xué)生的語言表達(dá)能力和思維能力。

【教學(xué)案例7】

在教學(xué)人教版新目標(biāo)Go for it!九年級Unit 11 Section A 3a Reading The Shirt of a Happy Man(PartⅠ)時,在復(fù)習(xí)鞏固環(huán)節(jié),教師可以鼓勵學(xué)生提出自己的調(diào)查性問題,再鼓勵其他學(xué)生作答。如下:

T:Can you ask a question about the passage to the whole class,S1?

S1:Yes,I can.What does the writer want to tell us?

S2:Power can’t make a person happy.

S3:A lot of wealth can’t make a person happy.

S4:A person who is worried about something is not happy.

S5:Power isn’t everything.

S6:Money isn’t everything.

S7:A famous person may be unhappy.

S8:A poor person may be a happy person.

S9:A person who is in good health may be a happy person.

采用小組競賽的方式,讓學(xué)生在理解語篇的基礎(chǔ)上,口頭再現(xiàn)并升華文本信息,增強(qiáng)了復(fù)習(xí)與鞏固的效果。

2.以問促思,提升思維水平

在讀后環(huán)節(jié),教師應(yīng)創(chuàng)設(shè)新的探究性情境,通過問題引領(lǐng)的方式提升學(xué)生的思維能力,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生圍繞文章內(nèi)容和主題思考、想象和探究,以拓展其思維空間,提升其思維水平。

【教學(xué)案例8】

在教學(xué)人教版新目標(biāo)Go for it! 九年級Unit 7 Section B 2b Reading Should I Be Allowed to Make My Own Decisions?時,在復(fù)習(xí)鞏固環(huán)節(jié),教師可以設(shè)計以下問題:

T:Why do Liu Yu’s parents not allow Liu Yu to practice his hobby at night?

S1:His parents believe that Liu Yu should study hard in the evenings so they don’t allow him to practice running at night.

T:Do you think Liu Yu should be allowed to practice his hobby as much as he wants?

S2:I think Liu Yu should be allowed to practice his hobby as much as he wants because if he wants to achieve his dreams he must practice running more.

T:Why or why not?

S3:I think Liu Yu shouldn’t be allowed to practice his hobby as much as he wants because if he doesn’t end up as a professional runner he needs to think about what will happen.

T:After learning this passage,what can we do to help him?(探究性問題)

Ss:We may give him some suggestions.

探究性問題的設(shè)置既與本課主題相關(guān),又在學(xué)生已有的知識水平上進(jìn)行了拓展,啟發(fā)了學(xué)生的思維,實現(xiàn)了真正意義上的探究性學(xué)習(xí)。

T:Good idea.Let’s write a letter to Liu Yu and tell him what he should do.

書信格式如下:

Dear Liu Yu,I’m sorry to hear that your parents don’t allow you to practice your hobby at night.

Yours,________

(After 7 minutes,ask some students to present their letters.)

引導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用文本提供的語言支持來解決實際問題,并進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)。這個寫作對學(xué)生來說有一定的挑戰(zhàn)性,需要他們積極主動地利用所學(xué)語言,獨立思考作文布局。學(xué)生要完成寫作任務(wù),僅僅依靠掌握的語言和結(jié)構(gòu)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。教師在解讀文本時還要有意識地啟發(fā)和引導(dǎo)學(xué)生挖掘、體驗文本中傳遞的情感態(tài)度價值觀。只有情感態(tài)度到位了,作品才會有吸引讀者、感染讀者的力量。

三、教學(xué)反思

在初中英語閱讀教學(xué)中,教師要以“效”字為前提,同時采用具體有效的策略。教師在設(shè)計問題時,要尊重學(xué)生的個體差異,設(shè)計有針對性、層次性的問題;根據(jù)不同的內(nèi)容靈活選擇多種提問形式。另外,在讀前的話題導(dǎo)入、讀中的文本梳理、讀后的拓展內(nèi)涵等環(huán)節(jié),教師所設(shè)計的問題都要以激發(fā)學(xué)生的思維為前提,以促進(jìn)學(xué)生的思維發(fā)展為導(dǎo)向,引導(dǎo)他們對文本語言、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、文化內(nèi)涵、作者觀點、寫作目的、情感態(tài)度等進(jìn)行分析、綜合和評價,提高其評判性思維能力。

結(jié)語

《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)》提出:“在英語教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)堅持‘以生為本’的理念,面向全體,問字當(dāng)頭,優(yōu)化提問策略,提高教學(xué)效率?!保ń逃?2012)在初中英語閱讀教學(xué)中,有效提問有助于學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維習(xí)慣,同時對提升英語教學(xué)質(zhì)量有積極作用。因此,教師應(yīng)以“效”字為先,策略并舉,善于提問,切實提高初中英語閱讀教學(xué)的效率和質(zhì)量。

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