陳東潔
完形填空給考生一篇被抽空的文章,要求考生從每題所給的4個選項中選出最佳選項,使補全后的短文意思通順,前后連貫,結構完整。那么,如何在完形填空中獲取高分呢?我們先從以下方面來探討。
一、完形填空為何叫做Cloze
完形填空為什么稱其為Cloze呢?請看不少學生在周測中選錯的一個題目。
(2018年3月30日周測)When the boat dried, my kids took the boat and went on a fishing trip. When I returned and noticed they had taken the boat, I was desperate(感到絕望的)because I remembered that the boat had a hole. Imagine my _____ and joy when I saw them returning from fishing.
A. luckB. regretC. excitementD. relief
學生當時只看最后一個句子,找到關鍵詞and,以為和joy并列,所以選C項。但如果這樣就忽略了完型最重要的解題技巧——上下文語境。在上文中提到I was desperate because I remembered that the boat had a hole(我很絕望因為我記得這艘船有一個洞)。這是重要的語境,由此可知作者的感情變化,記得船有個洞后的傷心絕望,因此看到小孩安全歸來后應該先是懸著的心終于放下來,如釋重負,即relief,接著非常高興(joy)。因此本題的正確答案是D項。
由上文的例子可知,為何完形填空叫Cloze:那是因為The blanks in the passage are closely related to the context(文章中的空格是和上下文語境密切聯(lián)系的)。
二、考綱解讀
研讀考綱及2013--2019年高考英語全國卷的完形填空,可知其立意特點:把上下文語境理解放在第一位,詞匯運用放在第二位,設空與語境聯(lián)系更密切。
三、試題類型
近三年的完形填空的題目類型:上下文語境、上下文邏輯關系(承接、因果、轉折、比較、對照、列舉等)、詞匯復現(xiàn)或同現(xiàn)(原詞、同源、近義、上下義)、詞語固定搭配、生活常識及文化背景。而在前三者的考查力度相當大。在20題中通過上下文語境來解題的通常占有14到19題不等,也就是說通過上下文來考慮的題目每年要占70%以上,最多達到95%。
四、備考啟示
由Cloze的含義、考綱解讀、近三年的完形填空的題目類型可知,想要在完形填空上拿高分,必須結合上下文語境,即上下求索。
五、上下求索
完形填空每一道題必有依據(jù),考生需“上下求索找依據(jù)。如何求“索”,需“上下”,即上下文語境。
1. 上文語境
(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)In 1973, I was teaching elementary school. Each day, 27 kids entered“The Thinking Laboratory.”That was_______ the students voted for after deciding that “Room 104”was too dull.
A. nameB. ruleC. brandD. plan
解析:that是解題關鍵,提醒考生關注上文信息“The Thinking Laboratory”。 “那”是學生在覺得“教室104”這個名字太枯燥之后投票所取的名字。因此選A項。
2. 下文語境
(2016年四川卷)By the end of the first chapter, _______ were coming from the back seat:“Please read a little louder.”
A. decisionsB. requestsC. commentsD. promises
解析:什么從后面座位傳來?即后文語境中的“Please read a little louder”,顯然,這是一種requests(請求),所以選B項。
3. 上下文語境
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)The story began during my first week at college. I watched as the ASL Club _______ their translation of a song. Both the hand movements and the very idea of communicating without speaking attracted me.
A. recordedB. performedC. recitedD. discussed
解析:空格處的上文有關鍵詞watched(觀看),下文有 “song(歌曲)”,思考:與觀看、歌曲有關的會是什么?那只能是“表演”了,故選perform。
因此,完形填空的每一道題都有依據(jù),考生須在上下文中尋找依據(jù)。有時候問題的答案只需要考慮句中或句外的上文、下文,但有時需綜合考慮上下文??偨Y成口訣為:每一道題必有據(jù),上下文中找依據(jù)。
六、句間邏輯關系
在上下文語境中,又常常需要考慮句間的邏輯關系。句間的主要邏輯關系有:并列關系(and, not only ... but also);轉折關系(but, however, while, on the contrary);讓步關系(although, though, while);因果關系(because, since, as, thus, so, thereore);條件關系(if, on condition that);遞進關系(even, worse still, to make things worse);解釋關系(破折號,冒號, that is to say);舉例關系(for example, such as)等。
1. 并列關系。
(2014年全國Ⅰ卷) The world is full of ________stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someones passing interest.
A. well-organized ??B. colorfully-printed
C. newly-collected ?D. half-filled
解析:由關鍵詞and可知,空格前后是并列關系,又由并列項unfinished(未完成的)可知,選 half-filled(裝滿一半的),才相匹配。
2. 轉折關系。
(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)I had advised the kids that while verbs (動詞)may seem dull, most of the_________things they do throughout their lives will be verbs.
A. simpleB. uniqueC. funD. clever
解析:由關鍵詞while(雖然,盡管)可知,所填詞應和dull(枯燥的)相反,故選fun(有趣的)。
3. 遞進關系。
(2013年課標Ⅰ卷)I tried to find a comfortable position and thought it might be restful, _________ kind of nice, to be pushed around for a while.
A. yetB. justC. stillD. even
解析:空前find a comfortable position和空后to be pushed around for a while構成了遞進關系,甚至(even)稍好一點,被推一會,故選D項。
4. 解釋關系。
(2017年天津卷)A seminar leader shared her_________story— she had not only lost 125 pounds, but also raised $ 25,000 for homeless children.
A. folkB. successC. adventureD. science
解析:破折號起解釋說明的作用。所以解題依據(jù)看下個句子she had not only lost 125 pounds, but also raised $ 25,000 for homeless children(她不僅減了125磅,還為無家可歸的兒童籌集了2.5萬美元),可知分享的是成功(success)的故事。故選B項。
七、詞語復現(xiàn)與同現(xiàn)
詞語復現(xiàn)包括原詞復現(xiàn)、近義詞復現(xiàn)(如explore與search)、同源詞復現(xiàn)(如ill與illness)、上下義詞復現(xiàn)(如rose 是flower 的下義詞,flower是rose的上義詞)。
反義詞同現(xiàn)(如wrong與right)、同詞場同現(xiàn)(如ill,hospital,doctor, nurse, operation, medicine, patient..)等。如:
(2015年全國Ⅰ卷) In the store, I asked each of my kid to pick something they thought our“friend”there would appreciate. They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a ?????47 ????. ...
When we handed him the bag of ?????52 ????, he lit up and thanked us with ?????53 ????eyes. When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for whatever his family might need, he burst into tears.
47. A. dollarB. job ???C. hot meal ???????D. gift card
52. A . toys?B. medicine ??C. food ?????????????D. clothes
53. A. sleepyB. watery ?????C. curious ?????????D. sharp
解析:
47題原詞復現(xiàn),原詞出現(xiàn)在下段中的When I handed him the gift card ...
52題上下義詞復現(xiàn),上文中的apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice與答案中的food是上下義詞的關系。
53題近義詞復現(xiàn),空格句外的下文的tears與選項中的watery。
又如:
(2011年全國Ⅰ卷)After giving shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the ________ answer ...
A. readyB. possibleC. correctD. difficult
解析:本題為反義同現(xiàn),由上文的wrong可知選correct。
“上下求索”找依據(jù)的解題技巧看似簡單,但也只有在大量有意識地訓練之后,才能熟能生巧,才能根植于我們的思維中,才能形成自覺運用的習慣,在解題中發(fā)揮最大效力,達到高分的目的。
責任編輯 蔣小青