李艷平
從近年高考真題來看,每年每套題都有一個或多個小題涉及過去式和過去分詞不規(guī)則變化的動詞。如:
2017年全國Ⅰ卷短文改錯第四處錯誤要求考生將goes改成一般過去式went。
2017年全國Ⅱ卷短文改錯第九處錯誤要求考生將came改成一般現(xiàn)在式come。
2018年全國Ⅲ卷語法填空第63題要求考生填tell的被動語態(tài)was told;短文改錯第二處錯誤要求考生將had改為have,第四處錯誤將took改為taken,第五處錯誤將become改為became。
2018年全國Ⅰ卷短文改錯第二處錯誤要求考生將find改為一般過去式found。
2018年全國Ⅱ卷語法填空第61題要求考生填grow的現(xiàn)在完成時has grown;短文改錯第九處錯誤要求考生將are改為一般過去式were。
2018年全國Ⅲ卷語法填空第69題要求考生填mean的一般過去式meant;短文改錯的第一處錯誤要求考生將begin改為其過去分詞begun。
據(jù)統(tǒng)計,高考考綱詞匯表中含有138個不規(guī)則動詞。為方便考生復(fù)習(xí)記憶,我們在不規(guī)則中找規(guī)律,在差異中找共性,將其歸納成10大類40小組,供師生復(fù)習(xí)參考。
bid—bid—bid 吩咐;命令
rid—rid—rid 使擺脫;除去
hit—hit—hit 撞擊;打擊
split—split—split 劈開;分裂
spit—spit—spit 吐出
quit—quit—quit停止
burst—burst—burst破裂;爆炸
hurt—hurt—hurt 傷害;損害
cut—cut—cut 砍;切
shut—shut—shut關(guān)閉;封閉
put—put—put 放;記錄
let—let—let 使,讓
set—set—set 日落;下沉
※cost—cost—cost花費(fèi);喪失
cast—cast—cast投擲
forecast—forecast—forecast預(yù)告
broadcast—broadcast—broadcast廣播
read [ri:d]—read[red]—read[red] 閱讀
spread—spread—spread 伸展;傳播
beat—beat—beaten敲打;跳動
choose—chose—chosen 選擇;決定
freeze—froze—frozen 凍結(jié),結(jié)冰
steal—stole—stolen 偷竊,竊取
speak—spoke—spoken說話;演說
break—broke—broken打破
wake—woke—woken醒來
awake—awoke—awoken 喚醒;激起
give—gave—given 給予
forgive—forgave—forgiven 原諒
drive—drove—driven駕駛;驅(qū)使
see—saw—seen 看見;察覺
foresee—foresaw—foreseen 預(yù)知
shake—shook—shaken 搖動;抖動
take—took—taken 拿到;帶到
undertake—undertook—undertaken承擔(dān)
mistake—mistook—mistaken 犯錯;誤會
rise—rose—risen 升起;起身
arise—arose—arisen升起;出現(xiàn)
draw—drew—drawn 畫畫;拉;抽簽
withdraw—withdrew—withdrawn撤銷;提取
sew—sewed—sewn 縫補(bǔ);縫合
prove—proved—proven證明,證實(shí)
show—showed—shown出示;表明
sow—sowed—sown 播種
know—knew—known 知道;認(rèn)識
grow—grew—grown 種植;長大
throw—threw—thrown 投,擲
blow—blew—blown(風(fēng))吹;開花
※fly—flew—flown飛;飄揚(yáng);放(風(fēng)箏)
eat—ate—eaten 吃;消耗
fall—fell—fallen 掉下;落下
hide—hid—hidden 躲藏;掩飾
bite—bit—bitten 咬;刺痛
forget—forgot—forgotten 忘記;遺忘
forbid—forbade—forbidden 禁止
ride—rode—ridden騎;乘
write—wrote—written寫;作曲
come—came—come 來;出現(xiàn)
become—became—become變成
overcome—overcame—overcome克服
run—ran—run跑;經(jīng)營
deal—dealt—dealt 處理,處置;交易
mean—meant—meant 意思是;意味著;打算
burn—burnt—burnt 燃燒;曬黑
learn—learnt—learnt學(xué)習(xí);了解
dream—dreamt—dreamt做夢
feel—felt—felt 感覺;摸;相信
smell—smelt—smelt 聞;察覺到
spell—spelt—spelt 拼寫
※spill—spilt—spilt溢出;泄密
※hear—heard—heard聽見;傾聽
keep—kept—kept 保存;保持
weep—wept—wept哭泣;流淚
sweep—swept—swept 清除;掃地
sleep—slept—slept 睡覺
meet—met—met遇見;面臨;滿足
bleed—bled—bled(使)出血;流血
feed—fed—fed 喂;飼(養(yǎng));滿足
speed—sped—sped 迅速前進(jìn);使加速
※lead—led—led領(lǐng)導(dǎo);導(dǎo)致
※flee—fled—fled 逃跑
※shoot—shot—shot射擊;拍攝
bend—bent—bent(使)彎曲;屈服
lend—lent—lent 借給;給予
send—sent—sent 發(fā)送;郵寄;派遣
build—built—built 建造
rebuild—rebuilt—rebuilt 重建
think—thought—thought 想;認(rèn)為
buy—bought—bought買;賄賂
bring—brought—brought 帶來
fight—fought—fought 打仗;打架
seek—sought—sought 尋找;尋求
catch—caught—caught 捉,抓住
teach—taught—taught 教;教書
dig—dug—dug 挖,挖掘
spin—spun—spun 旋轉(zhuǎn);紡織
swing—swung—swung 搖擺;繞道
stick—stuck—stuck 刺入;堅持
strike—struck—struck打;迷住
hang—hung—hung懸掛
sell—sold—sold 賣;交易
tell—told—told 告訴;講述
retell—retold—retold再講;重述
stand—stood—stood 站立;忍受
understand—understood—understood 懂得
misunderstand—misunderstood—misunderstood 誤解
lay—laid—laid擱,放置;下蛋
pay—paid—paid 付款
say—said—said 說
shine—shone—shone 照耀;(使)發(fā)光
win—won—won 獲勝,打敗;贏得
find—found—found發(fā)現(xiàn);斷定
wind—wound—wound卷;纏繞
rewind—rewound—rewound重繞;倒回
sit—sat—sat 坐,坐下
spit—spat—spat 吐出
get—got—got得到
lose—lost—lost失去
light—lit—lit 燃燒;點(diǎn)亮
leave—left—left 離開
have/ has—had—had 有
make—made—made 制造
hold—held—held 握住;舉行
slide—slid—slid悄悄移動;滑動
tear—tore—torn 扯開,撕裂
wear—wore—worn穿(戴);耗損
swear—swore—sworn 發(fā)誓;詛咒
do—did—done 做;解決
go—went—gone去;進(jìn)行;變
begin—began—begun 開始
drink—drank—drunk 喝;吸收
sing—sang—sung 唱歌;自首
sink—sank—sunk 下沉;下跌
shrink—shrank—shrunk萎縮;變小
swim—swam—swum游泳;漂流
ring—rang—rung 使鳴;使響
※lie—lay—lain臥;位于