李華軍 舒清海

作者的態(tài)度是指作者對(duì)某事物是持贊成、贊揚(yáng)或支持的態(tài)度，還是持懷疑、批評(píng)或反對(duì)的態(tài)度，是持樂(lè)觀、幽默、熱情、羨慕或關(guān)切的態(tài)度，還是持厭惡、擔(dān)憂、悲觀、失望、沮喪或容忍的態(tài)度，還是持中立的態(tài)度。題干中常含attitude，具體提問(wèn)方式有：

What is the authors attitude towards...？（2017年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）

解答這類題主要是用關(guān)鍵詞推斷法。

[典型例題] （2017年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷閱讀C篇）

讀下列選段，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

After years of heated debate， gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park ...

Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States， but they were gradually displaced by human development ...

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results ...

As early as 1966， biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park ...

The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. ... The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

◇What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？

A. Doubtful.? ?B. Positive.? ?C. Disapproving.? ?D. Uncaring.

點(diǎn)撥：由最后一段最后一句“黃石引狼工程是幫助生物學(xué)家決定是否還要再引狼到別的地方的有價(jià)值的實(shí)驗(yàn)”可知，作者是持肯定態(tài)度的，故選B項(xiàng)。文中關(guān)鍵詞是valuable。

[真題演練]

讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

全國(guó)卷

（一）

（2014年全國(guó)課標(biāo)I卷閱讀C篇）A typical lion tamer （馴獸師）in peoples mind is an entertainer holding a whip（鞭）and a chair. The whip gets all of the attention， but its mostly for show. In reality， its the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lions face， the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided， the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many options， the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.

How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？ How often do you have something you want to achieve（e. g. lose weight， start a business， travel more）—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress？

This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things， and so we take less action， make less progress， and stay the same when we could be improving.

It doesnt have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face， remember this： All you need to do is focus on one thing. You just need to get started. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. If you have somewhere you want to go， something you want to accomplish， someone you want to become... take immediate action. If youre clear about where you want to go， the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.

1. Why does the lion tamer use a chair？

A. To trick the lion.

B. To show off his skills.

C. To get ready for a fight.

D. To entertain the audience.

2. In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair？

A. They feel puzzled over choices.

B. They hold on to the wrong things.

C. They find it hard to make changes.

D. They have to do something for show.

3. What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. Tolerant.? ?B. Doubtful.? ?C. Respectful.? ?D. Supportive.

4. When the world is“waving a chair in your face”， youre advised to ________.

A. wait for a better chance

B. break your old habits

C. make a quick decision

D. ask for clear guidance

（二）

（2013年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)I卷閱讀C篇）It happened to me recently. I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obamas Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of our President. A friend I was talking to agreed with me that it was， in his words，“a brilliantly（精彩地）written book”. However， he then went on to talk about Mr Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all. I sensed that I was talking to a book liar.

And it seems that my friend is not the only one. Approximately two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they havent. In the World Book Days“Report on Guilty Secrets”， Dreams From My Father is at number 9. The report lists ten books， and various authors， which people have lied about reading， and as Im not one to lie too often（Id hate to be caught out）， Ill admit here and now that I havent read the entire top ten. But I am pleased to say that， unlike 42 percent of people， I have read the book at number one， George Orwells 1984. I think its really brilliant.

The World Book Day report also has some other interesting information in it. It says that many people lie about having read Jane Austen， Charles Dickens， Fyodor Dostoevsky（I havent read him， but havent lied about it either）and Herman Melville.

Asked why they lied， the most common reason was to“impress”someone they were speaking to. This could be tricky if the conversation became more in-depth！

But when asked which authors they actually enjoy， people named J. K. Rowling， John Grisham， Sophie Kinsella（ah， the big sellers， in other words）. Forty-two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story（Ill come clean： I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so）.

1. How did the author find his friend a book liar？

A. By judging his manner of speaking.

B. By looking into his background.

C. By mentioning a famous name.

D. By discussing the book itself.

2. Which of the following is a“guilty secret”according to the World Book Day report？

A. Charles Dickens is very low on the top-ten list.

B. 42% of people pretended to have read 1984.

C. The author admitted having read 9 books.

D. Dreams From My Father is hardly read.

3. By lying about reading， a person hopes to _______.

A. control the conversation ? ?B. appear knowledgeable

C. learn about the book? ? ? ? ? ?D. make more friends

4. What is the authors attitude to 58% of readers？

A. Favorable.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. Uncaring.

C. Doubtful.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Friendly.

（三）

（2015年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷閱讀A篇）My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldnt fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later， when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately， I didnt get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.

Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static（靜電）noise. For some reason， when certain shows switched into a commercial， a loud noise would sound for a few seconds. Gradually， this noise began to appear during a show， and to get rid of it， I had to change to another channel and then change it back. Sometimes this technique would not work， and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. I actually began to build up my arm muscles（肌肉）shaking my set.

When neither of these methods removed the static noise， I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away. At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist， and it stopped working altogether. My trip to the repair shop cost me $62， and the set is working well now， but I keep expecting more trouble.

1. Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set？

A. He got an older model than he had expected.

B. He couldnt return it when it was broken.

C. He could have bought it at a lower price.

D. He failed to find any movie shows on it.

2. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off”in Paragraph 1？

A. ended all their programs

B. provided fewer channels

C. changed to commercials

D. showed all-night movies

3. How did the author finally get his TV set working again？

A. By shaking and hitting it.

B. By turning it on and off.

C. By switching channels.

D. By having it repaired.

4. How does the author sound when telling the story？

A. Curious.? ? ?B. Anxious.? ? ?C. Cautious.? ? ?D. Humorous.

各省卷

（四）

（2014年安徽卷閱讀E篇）You may not have heard of Ashoka， but for the past 27 years， this association， founded by Bill Drayton， has fought poverty（貧困）and sickness， promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes， Ashoka provides money for the worlds most? promising “changemakers”seeking to solve（解決）urgent problems and would like to create a? world in which every citizen is a changemaker.

Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about， you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy， healthy， contributing adult. In fact， it is many young peoples ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka， which handled the rubbish problem facing the city， helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.

When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhakas streets， attracting rats and disease， they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost （把……制成堆肥）this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers（化肥）which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first， they were refused， but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made， the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14，000.

Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious， practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.

1. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage？

A. Changemakers? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. Businessmen

C. Social Conditions? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Rubbish Problem

2. What does the underlined word“them”probably refer to in Paragraph 3？

A. the local farmers? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. Masqsood and Iftekhar

C. Drayton and his team? ? ? ? ? ?D. the poor people in Dhaka

3. According to the passage， if you want to become a changemaker， what should you do？

A. Consider Draytons concept.

B. Get permission from Ashoka.

C. Try to improve social conditions.

D. Be a young， happy and healthy adult.

4. What is the authors attitude towards Ashokas program？

A. Changing.? ? ?B. Forgiving.? ? ?C. Cautious.? ? ?D. Positive.

（五）

（2014年陜西卷閱讀D篇）One afternoon last week， I saw three tearful children from my sons school being comforted by teachers. That morning， my 11-year-old had stomach pains， retching（干嘔）into a bowl. Talking to other mothers later， I heard about other children with stomachache or difficulty sleeping the night before.

What caused so much pain？ Sports day. Sports day might be necessary at a highly competitive independent school， but not at a village primary school. For the children who can fly like the wind， sports day causes no problem. For those who are overweight or just not good at sport， it is a nightmare（惡夢(mèng)）. Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents， it can prove a disaster.

Why do we put our children through this annual suffering？ Some may say competition is character building; or its taking part， not winning， thats important; or that it is a tradition of school life. I just felt great pity for those children in tears or in pain.

Team games at the end of sports day produced some close races， wild enthusiasm， lots of shouting—and were fun to watch. More importantly， the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball were hidden a little from everyones eyes. Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side.

I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event. Perhaps an afternoon of team games， with a few races for those who want them， would be less stressful for the children and a lot more fun to watch.

1. What can we learn about the authors son from Paragraph 1？

A. He talked with some mothers.

B. He comforted his classmates.

C. He had difficulty in sleeping.

D. He suffered from stomachache.

2. Why is Sports day still an annual event in this school？

A. This is an independent school.

B. It is a tradition of the school.

C. It helps children lose weight.

D. Children enjoy watching sports.

3. What does the author think about team games？

A. They should include more stressful races.

B. They are acceptable to different children.

C. They should be abandoned at primary schools.

D. They are less fun for those who love running.

4. What is the authors attitude towards sports day？

A. Critical.? ? ?B. Neutral.? ? ?C. Positive.? ? ?D. Ambiguous.

（六）

（2014年重慶卷閱讀C篇）The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly， biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid——we simply weigh too much， and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet， resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.

However， several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus， a lizard（蜥蜴）native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters， avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the waters surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this， wed need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate“hitting.”

But fortunately there is an alternative： cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water（and it does take a lot ）， you can create a“non-Newtonian”liquid that doesnt behave like normal water. Now， if the surface of the water is hit hard enough， particles（粒子）in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step， and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.

So trade-offs will have to be made. Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species（物種）will be forced to move， or will be carefully moved to special accommodations. Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.

The lasting effects of these trade-offs are another matter. The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region. There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind， just like the railroads and the highways.

The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines. So lets remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.

1. What was the problem caused by the construction of the railways？

A. Small towns along the railways became abandoned.

B. Some railroad stops remained underused.

C. Land in the West was hard to manage.

D. Land grants went into private hands.

2. What is the major concern in the development of alternative energy according to the last two paragraphs？

A. The transmission of power.

B. The use of money and power.

C. The conservation of solar energy.

D. The selection of an ideal place.

3. What is the authors attitude towards building solar plants？

A. Cautious.? ?B. Approving.? ?C. Doubtful.? D. Disapproving.

4. Which is the best title for the passage？

A. How the Railways Have Affected the West

B. How Solar Energy Could Reshape the West

C. How the Effects of Power Plants Can Be Reduced

D. How the Problems of the Highways Have Been Settled

（八）

（2013年北京卷閱讀C篇）Does Fame Drive You Crazy？

Although being famous might sound like a dream come true， todays stars， feeling like zoo animals， face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the worlds attention. Paparazzi（狗仔隊(duì)）camp outside their homes， cameras ready. Tabloids（小報(bào)）publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature！

According to psychologist Christina Villarreal， celebrities—famous people—worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually， they start to lose track of who they really are， seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them， not as the people they were before everyone knew their names.“Over time，”Villarreal says，“they feel separated and alone.”

The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C.， painters followed Alexander the Great into battle， hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century， his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans， leading him to complain（抱怨）about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.

Being a public figure today， however， is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous， there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their“story”alive forever.

If fame is so troublesome， why arent all celebrities running away from it？ The answer is there are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place.

Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still， even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already.

1. What can be learned from the passage？

A. Stars today are often misunderstood by the public.

B. Stars today can no longer have their privacy protected.

C. Stars today spend too much on their public appearance.

D. Stars today care little about how they have come into fame.

2. What is the main idea of Paragraph 3？

A. Great heroes of the past were generally admired.

B. The problem faced by celebrities has a long history.

C. Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids.

D. Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.

3. What makes it much harder to be a celebrity today？

A. Availability of modern media.

B. Inadequate social recognition.

C. Lack of favorable chances.

D. Huge population of fans.

4. What is the authors attitude toward modern celebrity？

A. Sincere.? ?B. Sceptical.? C. Disapproving.? D. Sympathetic.

（九）

（2008年浙江卷閱讀D篇）For a while， my neighborhood was taken over by an army of joggers（慢跑者）. They were there all the time： early morning， noon， and evening. There were little old ladies in gray sweats， young couples in Adidas shoes， middle-aged men with red faces.“Come on！”My friend Alex encouraged me to join him as he jogged by my house every evening.“Youll feel great.”

Well， I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day， anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life， and not a day more. Based on my experience， jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise around， and judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army. Im not alone in my opinion.

First of all， jogging is very hard on the body. Your legs and feet a real pounding（重?fù)簦﹔uining down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot， leg， and back problems. Then I read about a nationally famous jogger who died of a heart attack while jogging， and I had something else to worry about. Jogging doesnt kill hundreds of people， but if you have any physical weaknesses， jogging will surely bring them out， as they did with me.

Secondly， I got no enjoyment out of jogging. Putting one foot in front of the other for forty-five minutes isnt my idea of fun. Jogging is also a lonely pastime. Some joggers say，“I love being out there with just my thoughts”Well， my thoughts began to bore me， and most of them were on how much my legs hurt.

And how could I enjoy something that brought me pain？ And that wasnt just the first week： it was practically every day for two months. I never got past the pain level， and pain isnt fun. What a cruel way to do it！ So many other exercises， including walking， lead to almost the same results painlessly， so why jog？

I dont jog any more， and I dont think I ever will. Im walking two miles three times a week at a fast pace， and that feels good. I bicycle to work when the weather is good. Im getting exercise， and Im enjoying it at the same time. I could never say the same for jogging， and Ive found a lot of better ways to stay in shape.

1. From the first paragraph， which of the following is true in the writers neighborhood？

A. Jogging became very popular.

B. People jogged only during the daytime.

C. Alex organized an army of joggers.

D. Jogging provided a chance to get together.

2. What was the writers attitude towards jogging in the beginning？

A. He felt it was worth a try.

B. He was very fond of it.

C. He was strongly against it.

D. He thought it must be painful.

3. What does the underlined word“them”（Paragraph 3） most probably refer to？

A. Heart attacks.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. Back problems.

C. Famous joggers.? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Physical weaknesses.

4. Why did the writer give up jogging two months later？

A. He disliked doing exercise outside.

B. He found it neither healthy nor interesting.

C. He was afraid of having a heart attack.

D. He was worried about being left alone.

（十）

（2012年北京卷閱讀D篇）Wilderness

“In wilderness（荒野）is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection： whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.

As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out， there is a strong appeal in images of the wild， the untouched; more than anything else， they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong， and the danger exploitation（開發(fā)）brings to such landscapes（景觀）is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need——the rainforests， for example， store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr. Sauven， these“ecosystem services”far outweigh the gains from exploitation.

Lee Lane， a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute， takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services， such as water conservation. But that is not， he argues， a reason to avoid all human presence， or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth， and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives， rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved， there is still a growing need for raw materials， and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide， the argument goes， there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not， in itself， a characteristic worth valuing above all others.

I look forwards to seeing these views taken further， and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.

This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings， but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.

1. John Sauven holds that _________.

A. many people value nature too much

B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful

C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities

D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong

2. What is the main idea of Para. 3？

A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.

B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.

C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.

D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.

3. What is the authors attitude towards this debate？

A. Objective.? ? ? ? ? ? B. Disapproving.

C. Sceptical.? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Optimistic.

（十一）

（2012年安徽卷閱讀C篇）When Frida Kahlos paintings were on show in London， a poet described her paintings as“a ribbon（絲帶）around a bomb”. Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly， she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.

Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City， Kahlo suffered from polio（小兒麻痹癥）at the age of seven. Her spine（脊柱）become bent as she grew older. Then， in 1925， her back was broken in several places in a school-bus accident. Throughout the rest of her life， the artist had many operations， but noting was able to cure the terrible pain in her back. However， the accident had an unexpected side effect. While lying in her bed recovering， Kahlo taught herself to paint.

In 1929， she got married to Diego Rivera， another famous Mexican artist. Riveras strong influences on Kahlos style can be seen in her early works， but her later works from the 1940s， known today as her best works， show less influence from her husband.

Unfortunately， her works did not attract much attention in the 1930s and1940s， even in her home country. Her first one-woman show in Mexico was not held until 1953. For more than a decade after her death in 1954， Kahlos works remained largely unnoticed by the world， but in the 1970s her works began to gain international fame（名聲）at last.

1. What does the phrase“a much bigger name”in paragraph 1 most nearly mean？

A. a far better artist? ? ? ? ? ? B. a for more gifted artist

C. a much stronger person? ? D. a much more famous person

2. The terrible pain Kahlo suffered was caused by

A. polio? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. her bent spine

C. back injuries? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. the operations she had

3. Kahlos style had become increasingly independent since the

A. 1930s? ? ? ?B. 1940s? ? ? ? C. 1950s? ? D. 1970s

4. What is authors attitude toward Kahlo？

A. Devotion.? ?B. Sympathy.? ?C. Worry.? ?D. Encouragement.

參考答案與解析

（一）夾敘夾議。作者通過(guò)馴獸表演的例子向人們闡述人生的道理。當(dāng)人們遇到各種選擇時(shí)，也會(huì)像獅子一樣，不知何去何從，影響人們的進(jìn)步。也警示我們，一定要專注一件事，面對(duì)多種選擇，要當(dāng)機(jī)立斷，采取行動(dòng)。

1. A 理解概括題。第一段的最后三句，“當(dāng)馴獅者拿一把椅子在獅子面前時(shí)，獅子會(huì)努力同時(shí)關(guān)注椅子的四條腿。獅子的注意力分散了，它就變得迷茫，不知該做什么。獅子面臨多種選擇時(shí)，只好呆著等待，而不會(huì)去攻擊拿椅子的人”，可見(jiàn)馴獅者用椅子的目的是迷惑獅子，to trick the lion， 故選A項(xiàng)。

2. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段，特別是“only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress （人們面臨多種選擇時(shí)，結(jié)果會(huì)感到困惑，停止不前）”可知， 選A項(xiàng)。其中confused與puzzled同義。

3. B 作者態(tài)度題。由第三段“while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people...are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that...stay the same when we could be improving （當(dāng)所有專家在辯論哪種選擇最好時(shí)，這些互相矛盾的信息把人們弄得困惑，結(jié)果本可以有進(jìn)展的卻停止不前）”可以推知， 作者對(duì)專家的建議是持懷疑態(tài)度的， 故選doubtful。關(guān)鍵詞有upsets， confused， conflicting， cant focus， wrong等。

4. C 理解概括題。由最后一段中的“focus on one thing...get started... take immediate action （專注一件事……馬上開始……立即行動(dòng)）”可推知， 作者建議我們?cè)诿鎸?duì)很多選擇時(shí)， 要快速抉擇（make a quick decision），故選C項(xiàng)。

（二）作者通過(guò)與朋友聊天引出本文的話題book liar，列舉了大家謊稱讀了實(shí)際未讀的書目，以及大家喜歡的一些作家，并闡述了人們?nèi)鲋e的最常見(jiàn)的理由。

1. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段最后二句，即表轉(zhuǎn)折的however后的句子可知，作者跟他的朋友深談書的內(nèi)容時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)朋友的說(shuō)話方式暗示出朋友其實(shí)并沒(méi)有讀過(guò)這本書，他對(duì)奧巴馬的背景一點(diǎn)都不知曉。故選D項(xiàng)。

2. B 推理判斷題。由第二段倒數(shù)第二句表轉(zhuǎn)折的But后內(nèi)容“But I am pleased...George Orwells 1984.”可知，作者讀過(guò)George Orwell的《1984》這本書，而百分之四十二的人卻沒(méi)讀過(guò)。故選B項(xiàng)。

3. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由四段第一句“Asked why they lied ... speaking to.”可知，人們之所以選擇撒謊是想讓對(duì)方覺(jué)得自己知識(shí)淵博，從而給對(duì)方一個(gè)好的印象。故選B項(xiàng)。

4. C 作者態(tài)度題。由最后一段的最后一句“我坦誠(chéng)地說(shuō)，在故事結(jié)束前我翻到書末看故事結(jié)尾，我對(duì)58%的人說(shuō)他們從來(lái)沒(méi)有這樣做感到吃驚”可知，作者對(duì)這58%的人所說(shuō)的話的真實(shí)性表示懷疑。故選C項(xiàng)。關(guān)鍵詞是astonished?！百澩摹薄安魂P(guān)心的”“友好的”顯然不符。

（三）作者以幽默的口吻講述了他購(gòu)買彩電后不久出現(xiàn)故障及如何排除故障的故事。

1. C 推理判斷題。由第一段第三、四句“I let a salesclerk fool me...when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid.”可知，作者認(rèn)為他買電視機(jī)被騙是因?yàn)樗麖膱?bào)紙上得知那種電視機(jī)的價(jià)格比他所付的少75美元，即他本可以更低價(jià)格買到卻多花了錢，故選C項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)言不符實(shí);B項(xiàng)無(wú)中生有;D項(xiàng)顛倒黑白。

2. A 詞義猜測(cè)題。由劃線詞后一句，即第一段最后一句“Fortunately， I didnt get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.”可推斷前句意為“我一直看到電視臺(tái)停止播放節(jié)目為止”，故選A項(xiàng)“結(jié)束所有的電視節(jié)目”。

3. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章最后一句“My trip to the repair shop cost me $62， and the set is working well now”可知選D項(xiàng)“請(qǐng)人把它修好了”。

4. D 作者態(tài)度題。本題看起來(lái)是問(wèn)作者講述故事的語(yǔ)氣，其實(shí)語(yǔ)氣也體現(xiàn)了作者對(duì)待電視機(jī)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題的態(tài)度。第二段末句“I actually began to build up my arm muscles（肌肉） shaking my set（用搖晃和敲打來(lái)消除靜電噪音，手臂肌肉開始逐步增強(qiáng)起來(lái)）”和文尾“but I keep expecting more trouble （但我期望出現(xiàn)更多問(wèn)題）”等，體現(xiàn)了作者幽默的敘述手法，故選D項(xiàng)。其余選項(xiàng)不符：curious好奇的;anxious焦慮的;cautious小心的。

（四）比爾·德雷頓創(chuàng)辦了愛(ài)創(chuàng)家組織，該協(xié)會(huì)一直與貧困和疾病作斗爭(zhēng)，促進(jìn)教育并鼓勵(lì)小企業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)，他樂(lè)觀地認(rèn)為，通過(guò)改變我們看待經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的方式，十年內(nèi)愛(ài)創(chuàng)家就能在改變社會(huì)上取得實(shí)質(zhì)性的進(jìn)展。

1. A 主旨要義題。由第一段最后一句可知，為了支持有價(jià)值的事業(yè)，愛(ài)創(chuàng)家為最有前景的“changemakers”提供資金，并且鼓勵(lì)大家都做“changemakers”，且文章始終圍繞“changemakers”該詞展開，因此選項(xiàng)A最適合做文章標(biāo)題。

2. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段第二句“So they educated the poor people in the city to compost（把……制成堆肥）this waste.”可知，他們教城市里的窮人把這些廢棄物制成堆肥，因此此處的“them”是指生活在Dhaka城里的窮人，故選D項(xiàng)。

3. C 推理判斷題。由第二段中的“In fact it is many young peoples ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions.”可知，很多年輕人有志于發(fā)起提高社會(huì)條件的項(xiàng)目或事業(yè)，因此，如果你想成為“changemakers”，你應(yīng)該嘗試去提高社會(huì)條件，故選C項(xiàng)。

4. D 作者態(tài)度題。由最后一段，特別是“Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious， practical progress”可知對(duì)于Ashoka該項(xiàng)目，作者是持積極樂(lè)觀態(tài)度的，故選D項(xiàng)。

（五）作者通過(guò)一次孩子運(yùn)動(dòng)后的表現(xiàn)， 對(duì)當(dāng)今的體育活動(dòng)提出了自己的看法。

1. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第一段第二句“That morning， my 11-year-old had stomach pains...”可知答案為D項(xiàng)。

2. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第三段倒數(shù)第二句中的“or that it is a tradition of school life”可知答案為B項(xiàng)。

3. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由短文第四段最后兩句“More importantly， the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball... Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side”可知，team games 為不同的孩子接受，所以B項(xiàng)正確。

4. A 作者態(tài)度題。根據(jù)短文最后一段第一句“I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event”可知，作者不贊同sports day，所以A項(xiàng)critical（批判的）正確。其他三項(xiàng)含義：neutral 中立的;positive 贊同的;ambiguous 模棱兩可的。

（六）人們一直對(duì)水上行走能力非常感興趣，但生物學(xué)限制讓我們無(wú)法在不借助人工輔助的前提下完成這件事。本文提出了通過(guò)添加足夠多的玉米粉使水面變硬的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)人們?cè)谒嫘凶?，這個(gè)想法理論上可行但不切實(shí)際。

1. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二句“Sadly， biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid”可知，由于生物學(xué)限制，人們無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)水上行走，故選B項(xiàng)。

2. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第三、四句“It can run across water for a distance of several meters， avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the waters surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward.”可知，蜥蜴能通過(guò)用腳迅速拍打水面在水上行走數(shù)米而不被水打濕，它能以每秒20步的速度保持前行。由此可見(jiàn)，蜥蜴能通過(guò)快速拍打水面穿越水面，故選C項(xiàng)。

3. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段第二句“By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water（and it does take a lot ），you can create a‘non-Newtonianliquid that doesnt behave like normal water.”可知，通過(guò)向水中添加足夠的普通增稠劑，你就可以創(chuàng)造一種表現(xiàn)與正常水不同的“非牛頓”液體。因此玉米粉的作用是使液體變稠，故選A項(xiàng)。

4. D 作者態(tài)度題。由最后一段第一句“Fun though all this may sound， its still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice.”可知，作者認(rèn)為在水上行走這個(gè)想法理論上可行但不切實(shí)際，故選D項(xiàng)。

（七）本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要說(shuō)明了一種新的太陽(yáng)能電力系統(tǒng)如何或好或壞地影響美國(guó)西部地區(qū)。

1. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第一、二句，特別是“and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management.”可知，土地所有權(quán)給土地管理工作帶來(lái)了極大的挑戰(zhàn)，故選C項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)，鐵路沿線的一些小城鎮(zhèn)被荒廢是由于隨后到來(lái)的洲際公路系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)，而非鐵路;B項(xiàng)，在文章并未提及到;D項(xiàng)，政府批地進(jìn)入私人手中是為了鐵路建設(shè)，其結(jié)果是使公有土地與私有土地交叉存在。

2. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第二段最后兩句“There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind， just like the railroads and the highways.”可知，在替代性能源的使用方面主要擔(dān)心的是錢和能源的使用，因?yàn)樗鼈兛赡鼙话装桌速M(fèi)，然后留下新的問(wèn)題，選項(xiàng)B正確。

3. A 作者態(tài)度題。作者由鐵路和高速公路在美國(guó)西部建設(shè)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的好和壞的影響來(lái)說(shuō)明solar plants在西部建設(shè)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)同樣的問(wèn)題，由此可看出作者并非一味地贊同或反對(duì)，而是持著“謹(jǐn)慎的（Cautious）”態(tài)度，故選A項(xiàng)。

4. B 主旨要義題。本文主要說(shuō)明了一種新的太陽(yáng)能電力系統(tǒng)如何或好或壞地影響美國(guó)西部地區(qū)，因此本文的主旨是太陽(yáng)能電力系統(tǒng)如何重塑美國(guó)西部地區(qū)，故選B項(xiàng)。

（八）本文講述的是名人們光鮮背后由于備受關(guān)注而帶來(lái)的煩惱，以及處理這些煩惱的方法，并以此引發(fā)讀者思考。

1. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二、三句“They are at the center of much of the worlds attention. Paparazzi（狗仔隊(duì)）camp outside their homes， cameras ready. Tabloids（小報(bào)）publish thrilling stories about their personal lives.”可知，名人是世界廣泛關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)，狗仔隊(duì)在他們家門口安營(yíng)扎寨，架好攝像機(jī)嚴(yán)陣以待，常有小報(bào)刊刊登關(guān)于他們私人生活的消息。由此可見(jiàn)他們毫無(wú)隱私可言，故選B項(xiàng)。

2. B 段落大意題。第三段第一句“The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages.”為本段的主題句，即跟蹤名人的現(xiàn)象由來(lái)已久，故選B項(xiàng)。

3. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段內(nèi)容可知，作為公眾人物，一旦他們說(shuō)了什么傻話或是做了什么荒唐之事，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)總會(huì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)將新聞迅速傳播并永久存留。由此可見(jiàn)，現(xiàn)代媒體的運(yùn)用使得名人的生活過(guò)得越來(lái)越難，故選A項(xiàng)。

4. D 作者態(tài)度題。通讀全文，可以看出，作者在文中多出使用“worry”“complain”“more difficult”“troublesome”“are tired of”等字眼來(lái)描述名人們的生活狀態(tài)。而且作者把記者稱之為“Paparazzi （狗仔）”。可見(jiàn)作者對(duì)名人們的遭遇表示“同情”，而并非是“忠誠(chéng)的”“懷疑的”或“不贊成的”，故選D項(xiàng)。

（九）本文通過(guò)作者的親身經(jīng)歷引發(fā)了對(duì)慢跑的思考和議論，并非每個(gè)人都喜歡慢跑的。

1. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第一、二句中的“my neighborhood was taken over by an army of joggers（慢跑者）. They were there all the time： early morning， noon， and evening.”可知，“我”附近的地區(qū)被一大群慢跑者占據(jù)了，他們?cè)绯?、中午和晚上都在那里，說(shuō)明慢跑的人特別多，而且他們熱衷于慢跑，由此可見(jiàn)，在作者的鄰居看來(lái)，慢跑很流行，故選A項(xiàng)。

2. A 作者態(tài)度題。關(guān)鍵在于看清題干中的“in the beginning”，由第二段第一、二句“Well， I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day， anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life”可知，在開始的時(shí)候，作者認(rèn)真對(duì)待慢跑，想試著跑兩個(gè)月，故選A項(xiàng)。

3. D 推理判斷題。解答此類題關(guān)鍵是讀前文或后幾句，由第三段最后一句，特別是“if you have any physical weaknesses， jogging will surely bring them out.”可知，如果你有任何“physical weaknesses”，慢跑會(huì)把它們帶出來(lái)，因此此處的them指代前面的“physical weaknesses”，故選D項(xiàng)。

4. B 推理判斷題。由第三段首句“First of all， jogging is very hard on the body.”及第四段首句“Secondly， I got no enjoyment out of jogging.”可知，作者發(fā)現(xiàn)慢跑對(duì)身體不好，而且從慢跑中也得不到樂(lè)趣，所以作者在兩個(gè)月后放棄了慢跑，故選B項(xiàng)。

（十）本文是一篇議論文，文章圍繞“是否要將荒野置于環(huán)境保護(hù)的中心”這一話題展開討論。

1. B 推理判斷題。由第二段最后一句“To Mr. Sauven， these‘ecosystem servicesfar outweigh the gains from exploitation.”可知，Mr. Sauven認(rèn)為這些“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)”遠(yuǎn)比開發(fā)利用所獲取的利益要大得多，由此可推斷他的觀點(diǎn)是開發(fā)荒野有害，故選B項(xiàng)。

2. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段二、三句“ He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services， such as water conservation. But that is not， he argues， a reason to avoid all human presence， or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.”可知，Lee Lane承認(rèn)荒野確實(shí)提供了諸如水資源保護(hù)之類的有用資源，但那不是避開所有人類存在或商業(yè)和工業(yè)開發(fā)的理由。即他認(rèn)為荒野確實(shí)重要，但不能成為阻止人們開發(fā)荒野的理由，故選C項(xiàng)。

3. A 推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段可知，作者并沒(méi)有說(shuō)上述的兩種觀點(diǎn)哪個(gè)更合理，只是建議兩種觀點(diǎn)都需要考慮精神價(jià)值的問(wèn)題，由此可見(jiàn)作者對(duì)于荒野利用的討論只是作出了一個(gè)“客觀的（objective）”評(píng)價(jià)，故選A項(xiàng)。

（十一）本文是一篇人物傳記，介紹了墨西哥著名畫家佛里達(dá)·卡羅的人生經(jīng)歷及遭遇。

1. D 推理判斷題。由第一段的“Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly， she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.”可知，這樣的評(píng)論似乎暗示卡羅在她所處的年代對(duì)藝術(shù)界有著巨大影響，令人悲傷的是，實(shí)際上她今天要比她所在的年代a much bigger name，由“Sadly”一詞可推斷，應(yīng)該是指她的影響力應(yīng)該不止如此，應(yīng)該比她所在的年代的影響力還要大，故選D項(xiàng)。此外，也可根據(jù)常識(shí)做此題，一個(gè)人去世后，她的能力（A項(xiàng)）、天賦（B項(xiàng)）、身體強(qiáng)壯程度（C項(xiàng)）是不會(huì)發(fā)生變化，改變的只是人們對(duì)她的評(píng)價(jià)和了解而已，故可推斷此處指她的名氣更大。

2. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第三、四句“Then， in 1925， her back was broken in several places in a school-bus accident. Throughout the rest of her life， the artist had many operations， but noting was able to cure the terrible pain in her back.”可知，在一場(chǎng)事故中她的背部多處受傷，在她的余生里，這位藝術(shù)家接受了多次手術(shù)，但都未能治愈她背部那可怕的傷痛，故選項(xiàng)C正確。

3. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段最后一句“but her later works from the 1940s， known today as her best works， show less influence from her husband.”可知，她后來(lái)在二十世紀(jì)四十年代創(chuàng)作的作品中，她丈夫?qū)ζ渥髌返挠绊懥p少了，即卡羅的風(fēng)格變得獨(dú)立是在1940s，故選B項(xiàng)。

4. B 推理判斷題。由最后一段首句“Unfortunately， her works did not attract much attention in the 1930s and1940s， even in her home country.”可知，她的作品在二十世紀(jì)三十年代和四十年代并沒(méi)有得到太多的關(guān)注，即便是在她的祖國(guó)，作者用了“Sadly（在第一段）”“Unfortunately”等詞可見(jiàn)作者認(rèn)為在有生之年其作品未能受到應(yīng)有的關(guān)注是不幸的、可悲的，由此可推斷作者對(duì)其遭遇感到同情，故選B項(xiàng)。